大乘義章 3.8

3.8

次辨其相。何者生苦？如《五王經》說「始從識支乃至出胎，名之為生。」《涅槃經》云「生通始終。」始終不同，經分為五：一者初出，所謂識支報始名初，初起名出。二者至終，謂名色支色心具足，對前說終。三者增長，謂前名色增為六入。四者出胎。五者種類，謂出胎後乃至老死。於中運運剎那新起，名之為生。何者老苦？如《涅槃》中，釋有兩義：一者終身老，所謂髮白、形枯色變，是時名老；二者念念老，始從識支乃至老死，運運遷遷，名之為老。就念念中，經分為二：一者增長，謂從識支乃至盛年，念念遷變；二者滅壞，年衰已後念念老也。何者病苦？如《涅槃》中，釋有兩義：一者身病，所謂四大增損不調及餘客病；二者心病，所謂歡喜憂愁恐怖愚癡等也。何者死苦？如《涅槃》中說死有三：一放逸死，謂謗大乘方等經典；二破戒死，謂犯三世諸佛禁戒；三壞命死，所謂身盡。此壞命中，經分為二：一命盡死、二外緣死。命盡死中，經說有三：一者命盡而福不盡，正報雖滅，依報猶存；二者福盡而命不盡，依報雖亡，正報猶在，此亦通名命盡死也；三福命俱盡，依正俱滅。外緣死中，經說有三：一者自害、二者他害、三者俱害。何者是其愛別離苦？所別有二：一內、二外，內者自身，外者所謂親戚眷屬及餘資生。何者是其怨憎會苦？怨憎有二：一內、二外，內者所謂三惡道報，外者所謂刀杖等緣。何者是其求不得苦？所求有二：一因、二果。因中有二：一者惡法求離不得、二者善法求欲不得。果中亦二：一者苦事求離不得、二者樂事求欲不得。苦復有二：一內、二外。三塗苦報求離不得，是名為內；刀杖等苦求離不得，是名為外。樂事亦二：一內、二外。人天樂果求欲不得，是名為內；資生眷屬求欲不得，是名為外。何者是其五盛陰苦？如《涅槃》說「通攝前七，以為第八五盛陰苦。」八苦體相，麁辨如是。

Next is distinguishing their characteristics. What is the suffering of birth? As the Sūtra of the Five Kings states: 'From the consciousness link onward until emerging from the womb is called birth.' The Nirvāṇa Sūtra states: 'Birth extends across beginning and end.' Beginning and end are not the same; the sūtra divides them into five: first, initial emergence, meaning that the beginning of retribution in the consciousness link is called the beginning, and its initial arising is called emergence; second, reaching the culmination, meaning that in the name-and-form link, materiality and mind are complete, which is spoken of as the culmination in contrast to the former; third, growth, meaning that the former name-and-form grows into the six sense bases; fourth, emerging from the womb; fifth, kind, meaning from after emerging from the womb up until old age and death. Within this, the novel arising at every movement and moment is called birth. What is the suffering of old age? As in the Nirvāṇa [Sūtra], two meanings are explained: first, lifelong old age, meaning white hair, withered form, and altered complexion—this time is called old age; second, moment-to-moment old age, meaning from the consciousness link up to old age and death, shifting and transforming at every movement, which is called old age. With respect to moment-to-moment, the sūtra divides it into two: first, growth, meaning from the consciousness link up to prime years, shifting and altering from moment to moment; second, decay and destruction, meaning old age from moment to moment after years of decline. What is the suffering of sickness? As in the Nirvāṇa [Sūtra], two meanings are explained: first, bodily sickness, meaning disharmony in the increase and decrease of the four great elements as well as other adventitious illnesses; second, mental sickness, meaning joy, grief, fear, delusion, and the like. What is the suffering of death? As in the Nirvāṇa Sūtra, death is stated to be of three kinds: first, death through negligence, meaning slandering the Mahāyāna vaipulya sūtras; second, death through breaking the precepts, meaning violating the prohibitive precepts of the Buddhas of the three times; third, death through destruction of life, meaning the exhaustion of the body. Within this death through destruction of life, the sūtra divides it into two: first, death when life is exhausted; second, death through external conditions. Within death when life is exhausted, the sūtra states there are three kinds: first, life is exhausted while merit is not exhausted, where although direct retribution is destroyed, dependent retribution still remains; second, merit is exhausted while life is not exhausted, where although dependent retribution is gone, direct retribution still remains—this is also generally called death when life is exhausted; third, merit and life are both exhausted, where both dependent and direct retributions are destroyed. Within death through external conditions, the sūtra states there are three kinds: first, self-harm; second, harm by others; third, harm by both. What is the suffering of separation from what is loved? What is separated from is of two kinds: first, internal; second, external. The internal is one's own body; the external refers to relatives, kin, and other requisites of life. What is the suffering of association with what is hated? The hated is of two kinds: first, internal; second, external. The internal refers to retribution in the three evil destinies; the external refers to conditions such as swords and staves. What is the suffering of not getting what is sought? What is sought is of two kinds: first, cause; second, fruit. Within cause there are two: first, seeking separation from unwholesome dharmas and failing to get it; second, seeking and desiring wholesome dharmas and failing to get it. Within fruit there are also two: first, seeking separation from painful matters and failing to get it; second, seeking and desiring pleasant matters and failing to get it. Suffering is again of two kinds: first, internal; second, external. Seeking separation from painful retribution in the three paths and failing to get it is called internal; seeking separation from suffering such as swords and staves and failing to get it is called external. Pleasant matters are also of two kinds: first, internal; second, external. Seeking and desiring the pleasant fruits of humans and devas and failing to get them is called internal; seeking and desiring requisites of life and relatives and failing to get them is called external. What is the suffering of the five flourishing aggregates? As the Nirvāṇa [Sūtra] states: 'Subsuming all the preceding seven constitutes the eighth, the suffering of the five flourishing aggregates.' Such is the rough distinction of the essential characteristics of the eight sufferings.