大乘義章 5.73

5.73

七漏之義，《涅槃經》中具廣分別。如《成實》云「七漏之義，如七漏經。」當應於彼《涅槃經》矣。一切煩惱流注不絕，其猶瘡漏，故名為漏。漏別不同，一門說七。七名是何？一是見漏、二是修漏、三名根漏、四名惡漏、五親近漏、六名受漏、七名念漏。言見漏者，蓋乃從於所障為名，見疑煩惱能障見道，故名見漏。言修漏者，亦月從於所障為名，三漏煩惱能障修道，故名修漏。言根漏者，如經中說「眼耳鼻等能生曰根。」依根生漏，故名根漏。言惡漏者，所謂一切惡象惡王、惡國惡知識等，能損害人，說之為惡。惡能生漏，故名惡漏。親近漏者，衣服飲食房舍醫藥，於此四事近而生漏，名親近漏。言受漏者，受意覺能生諸漏，故名受漏。三惡覺者，如《涅槃》說，欲瞋及惱是三覺也。言念漏者，邪念名念，念能生漏，故名念漏。名義如是。七中前二是其漏體，後五是其生漏因緣。體謂一切諸結煩惱，約道不同，故分二種：障見諦者說為見漏，障修道者說為修漏。就後五種漏因緣中，根、惡、親近是其漏緣，受之與念是其漏因。就彼緣中，有內有外，根漏是內，餘二是外。外有違順，惡漏是違，親近是順。此三同能遠助生漏，故說為緣。就彼因中，因受三覺而生漏故，說受為因。因於邪念而起漏故，說念為因。問曰：經說「受想觸欲同是漏因」，今是何故不說為因？釋言：皆是，直是聖教隱顯言耳。七漏之義，略辨如是。

The meaning of the seven outflows (āsrava) is fully and extensively differentiated in the *Nirvāṇa Sūtra*. As the *Tattvasiddhi* states: 'The meaning of the seven outflows is as in the *Seven Outflows Sūtra*,' which must correspond to that *Nirvāṇa Sūtra*. All afflictions flow incessantly like the discharge from an ulcer; hence they are called 'outflows'. The outflows differ, and one approach speaks of seven. What are the seven names? 1. the outflow of seeing; 2. the outflow of cultivation; 3. the outflow of sense faculties; 4. the outflow of evil; 5. the outflow of association; 6. the outflow of receipt; 7. the outflow of thought. 'The outflow of seeing' takes its name from what is obstructed: the afflictions of views and doubt can obstruct the path of seeing, hence it is called 'the outflow of seeing'. 'The outflow of cultivation' likewise takes its name from what is obstructed: the afflictions of the three outflows can obstruct the path of cultivation, hence it is called 'the outflow of cultivation'. 'The outflow of sense faculties' is as stated in the sūtras: 'Eyes, ears, nose, and so forth can give rise [to mental states] and are therefore called faculties.' Outflows arise depending on faculties, hence they are called 'outflows of faculties'. As for 'the outflow of evil', all evil elephants, evil kings, evil countries, evil companions, and the like can harm people and are called 'evil'. Evil can give rise to outflows, hence it is called 'the outflow of evil'. 'The outflow of association' means that regarding the four items—robes, food and drink, lodgings, and medicine—one comes close to them and generates outflows, hence called 'the outflow of association'. 'The outflow of receipt' means that receiving thoughts of investigation can generate outflows, hence called 'the outflow of receipt'. The three evil thoughts, as explained in the *Nirvāṇa [Sūtra]*, are desire, anger, and malice. As for 'the outflow of thought', false thought is called 'thought'; thought can give rise to outflows, hence called 'the outflow of thought'. Such are their names and meanings. Among the seven, the first two are the substance of the outflows, and the latter five are the causes and conditions that generate outflows. 'Substance' refers to all fetters and afflictions; differentiated according to the path, they are divided into two kinds: those that obstruct seeing the truths are called the outflow of seeing, and those that obstruct the path of cultivation are called the outflow of cultivation. Among the latter five kinds of causes and conditions of outflows, faculties, evil, and association are the conditions (pratyaya) of outflows, while receipt and thought are the causes (hetu) of outflows. Among those conditions, there are internal and external: the outflow of faculties is internal, and the other two are external. In the external, there are adverse and favorable: the outflow of evil is adverse, and association is favorable. Because these three together can distantly aid the generation of outflows, they are termed 'conditions'. Among those causes, because outflows are generated through receiving the three thoughts, receipt is called a 'cause'. Because outflows arise through false thought, thought is called a 'cause'. Question: The sūtra states that 'feeling, conceptualization, contact, and desire are equally the causes of outflows'; why are they not stated as causes here? Explanation: They all are; it is merely that the noble teaching speaks either implicitly or explicitly. The meaning of the seven outflows is briefly explained thus.