大乘法苑義林章 2.46.5

2.46.5

Or nine truths are spoken of: first, the truth of impermanence; second, the truth of suffering; third, the truth of emptiness; fourth, the truth of selflessness; fifth, the truth of craving for existence; sixth, the truth of craving for non-existence; seventh, the truth of the means for abandoning them; eighth, the truth of nirvāṇa with residue; ninth, the truth of nirvāṇa without residue. They are divided and established based on the four objects of suffering, the future states of eternalism and annihilationism, the two kinds of craving as origination, one path, and two cessations. These are the four truths, and are precisely subsumed under the third conventional and second ultimate. Or ten truths are spoken of: first, the truth of the suffering of affliction; second, the truth of the suffering of the lack of wealth and position; third, the truth of the suffering of disharmony among the elements; fourth, the truth of the suffering of the ruin of the beloved; fifth, the truth of the suffering of coarse heaviness; sixth, the truth of karma; seventh, the truth of afflictions; eighth, the truth of hearing the correct Dharma and proper attention; ninth, the truth of right view; tenth, the truth of the fruit of right view. The first five are tainted fruits; the next two are causes of vipāka; the next two are the supramundane path; the last one is unconditioned cessation. Among the five of the truth of suffering, the first one subsumes four sufferings, namely the sufferings of birth, old age, death, and meeting with the disliked. The second is precisely the suffering of not getting what one seeks. The third is the suffering of illness. The fourth is the suffering of separation from the beloved. The fifth briefly subsumes all sufferings of the five clinging aggregates. Because the eight sufferings, two originations, two paths, and one cessation are distinct, they are subsumed under the third conventional truth and the second ultimate. Here, the mutual subsumption of the marks of the truths has been briefly correlated; both broad and fine doctrinal approaches should be explained separately. The verse says: / 'Non-deceptive, true, marks, suffering, / Truth of cause and craving, operational, / Impermanence, and affliction: / Each begins the increasing counts up to ten truths.'