華嚴經內章門等雜孔目章 2.35

2.35

五戒者，一不殺戒、二不盜戒、三不邪婬戒、四不妄語戒、五不飲酒戒。其戒亦得分受，是盡形戒。四戒是性戒、不飲酒是遮戒。《優婆塞戒經》云「食肉得殺生罪。何以故？為愛肉味，見他殺生，生其忍可」故。其戒是三乘，亦通於小乘及人天等。經云「若欲生天，受持五戒，兼持十善。見壁上彩畫女人，不生女想者，其人生天，為天子身，受其化生。」亦通一乘義，為一乘所目故，迴向一乘為方便故。問：何以故偏用酒為遮戒？答：為酒過大故，約酒偏制。故《大論》云「酒有三十五失。」引佛語提迦優婆塞酒有三十五失：一者現世財物虛竭；二者眾病之門；三者鬪諍之本；四者裸露無恥；五者醜名惡聲人所不敬；六者覆沒智慧；七者應所得物而不得、已所得物而散失；八者伏匿之事盡向人說；九者種種事業廢不成辨；十者醉為愁本；十一者身力轉少；十二者身色壞；十三者不知敬父；十四者不知敬母；十五者不敬沙門；十六者不敬婆羅門；十七者不敬伯叔尊長；十八者不尊敬佛；十九者不敬法；二十者不敬僧；二十一者朋黨惡人；二十二者疎遠賢善；二十三者作破戒人；二十四者無慚無愧；二十五者不守六情；二十六者縱色放逸；二十七者人所憎惡不喜見之；二十八者所貴知識親屬共檳棄之；二十九者行不善法；三十者棄捨善法；三十一者智人所不信用；三十二者遠離涅槃；三十三者種狂癡因緣；三十四者身壞命終隨惡道中；三十五者若生人道常當狂驗。為此偏制。

Regarding the five precepts: first is the precept against killing; second is the precept against stealing; third is the precept against sexual misconduct; fourth is the precept against lying; fifth is the precept against drinking alcohol. These precepts may also be taken individually, and they are precepts maintained for the duration of one's life. The [first] four precepts are moral precepts by nature, while abstention from drinking alcohol is a prohibitive precept. The Upāsaka-śīla Sūtra states: "Eating meat incurs the sin of killing living beings. Why? Because out of craving the taste of meat, seeing another kill living beings, one gives rise to approval." These precepts belong to the Triyāna and also apply universally to the Hīnayāna, humans, devas, and the like. A sūtra states: "If one wishes to be born in heaven, one receives and maintains the five precepts together with the ten good deeds. Seeing a painted woman on a wall, if one does not produce the conception of a woman, that person is born in heaven, receives a celestial body, and undergoes apparitional birth." They also apply to the meaning of the Ekayāna, because they are designated by the Ekayāna and because dedicating them toward the Ekayāna serves as an expedient means. Question: Why is alcohol alone singled out as a prohibitive precept? Answer: Because the fault of alcohol is great, a specific prohibition was established regarding alcohol. Thus the Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa states: "Alcohol has thirty-five disadvantages." It cites the Buddha's words to the upāsaka Ti-jia that alcohol has thirty-five disadvantages: first, the property of the present life is wasted and exhausted; second, it is the gateway to many illnesses; third, it is the root of disputes and quarrels; fourth, one becomes naked without shame; fifth, one gains an ugly name and bad reputation and is not respected by others; sixth, it obscures wisdom; seventh, what should be obtained is not obtained, and what has already been obtained is dissipated and lost; eighth, hidden matters are entirely disclosed to others; ninth, various enterprises are ruined and not accomplished; tenth, intoxication is the root of sorrow; eleventh, bodily strength progressively decreases; twelfth, bodily complexion is ruined; thirteenth, one does not know to respect one's father; fourteenth, one does not know to respect one's mother; fifteenth, one does not respect śramaṇas; sixteenth, one does not respect brāhmaṇas; seventeenth, one does not respect uncles and elders; eighteenth, one does not respect the Buddha; nineteenth, one does not respect the Dharma; twentieth, one does not respect the Saṅgha; twenty-first, one associates with evil people; twenty-second, one alienates the virtuous; twenty-third, one becomes a breaker of precepts; twenty-fourth, one lacks shame and conscience; twenty-fifth, one does not guard the six sense faculties; twenty-sixth, one indulges in sensual lust and heedlessness; twenty-seventh, one is detested by others and people do not wish to see him; twenty-eighth, respected friends and relatives jointly cast him out; twenty-ninth, one practices unwholesome dharmas; thirtieth, one abandons wholesome dharmas; thirty-first, one is not trusted or employed by wise people; thirty-second, one remains far from nirvāṇa; thirty-third, one plants the causes and conditions for madness and delusion; thirty-fourth, when the body breaks up at the end of life, one falls into evil destinies; thirty-fifth, if born in the human realm, one is constantly afflicted with madness and delusions. It was for this reason that it was specifically prohibited.