法界圖記叢髓錄 2.20

2.20

Master Fachang's Commentary on the Mahāyānasaṃgraha says: First, birth-and-death through upāya: taking ignorance as the condition that induces birth-and-death, which is not the direct cause, it is therefore called upāya. Second, birth-and-death through causes and conditions: taking untainted karma as the cause that induces birth-and-death; because it is the direct cause, it is called causes and conditions. Third, possessing existence: because the previous causes and conditions induce the result of being born into existence, having this result, it is called possessing existence. Fourth, non-existence: the link of old age and death passes away; after its retribution is exhausted, there is no longer any result of possessing existence, hence it is called non-existence [and so forth].