摩訶止觀 5.218

5.218

又《釋論》明三種有：相待有、假名有、法有。「相待有」者，長因短有，短亦因長；此、彼亦爾。物東則以此為西，在西則東；一物未異，而有東西之別。有名無實，是為相待有。「假名有」者，如酪色、香、味、觸，四事因緣和合，故假名為酪。雖有，不同因緣之有；雖無，不如兔角、龜毛之無。但以因緣和合故有，假名為酪。又如極微色、香、味、觸，故有毛分，毛分故有毳，毳故有㲲，㲲故有衣，是為假名有。「法有」者，即是色、香、味、觸，四微和合，故名法有。

Furthermore, the *Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa* clarifies three kinds of existence: relative existence, provisional existence, and dharmic existence. "Relative existence": long exists because of short, and short also exists because of long; "this" and "that" are also like this. If an object is to the east, one considers this to be west; if it is in the west, it becomes east. Before the single object has changed, there are the distinctions of east and west. Having names without real substance is relative existence. "Provisional existence": just as with curd, the four matters—color, smell, taste, and touch—come together in harmonious combination, and therefore it is provisionally designated as curd. Although it exists, it is not like the existence of conditions; although it is nonexistent, it is not like the nonexistence of hare horns or tortoise hair. It exists merely through the harmonious combination of causes and conditions, and is provisionally designated as curd. Furthermore, just as because of the color, smell, taste, and touch of infinitesimal atoms there are strands of hair, because of strands of hair there is fine wool, because of fine wool there is felt, and because of felt there is clothing—this is provisional existence. "Dharmic existence": that is, the harmonious combination of the four subtle atoms—color, smell, taste, and touch; hence it is called dharmic existence.