摩訶止觀 4.4

4.4

If based on the gradual, there are four kinds of expedients. Expedients each have the distant and the near. As the Abhidharma explains: the fivefold mind-stopping contemplations are distant, and the four wholesome roots are near. The expedients of the shared and distinctive can be understood by analogy. In the perfect teaching, because the stages of provisional designation, contemplation practice of the five ranks, and so forth, are still far from the true, they are called distant expedients; the purity of the six faculties, which is a semblance bordering on the true, is called a near expedient.