四教義 1.5

1.5

第一、正釋四教名。即為四：一釋三藏教名，二釋通教名，三釋別教名，四釋圓教名。第一釋三藏教名者，此教明因緣生滅四聖諦理，正教小乘，傍化菩薩。所言三藏教者，一修多羅藏，二毘尼藏，三阿毘曇藏。一修多羅藏者，修多羅，此或言有翻或言無翻。言有翻，亦有多家不同，然多用「法本」——出世善法言教之本。故云「法本」，即是《四阿含經》也。二毘尼藏者，毘尼，此翻為「滅」。佛說作、無作戒，能滅身、口之惡，是故云「滅」，則是《八十誦律》也。三阿毘曇藏者，阿毘曇，此翻云「無比法」。聖人智慧分別法義，世所無比，故云「無比法」。若佛自分別法義、若佛弟子分別法義，皆名阿毘曇也。然此三法通名「藏」者，「藏」以含藏為義，但解者不同。有言：「文能含理，故名為藏。」又言：「理能含文，故名為藏。」今言：「三法之名各是一句，三名各含一切文理，故名藏也。」《阿含》即是定藏，《四阿含》多明修行法也。《毘尼》即是戒藏，正明因事制戒，防止身、口之惡法也。《阿毘曇》即是慧藏，分別無漏慧法，不可比也。此之三藏教的屬小乘，故《法華經》云：「貪著小乘三藏學者。」

First, properly explaining the names of the four teachings. This consists of four parts: first, explaining the name of the Tripiṭaka teaching; second, explaining the name of the shared teaching; third, explaining the name of the distinctive teaching; and fourth, explaining the name of the perfect teaching. First, regarding explaining the name of the Tripiṭaka teaching: this teaching elucidates the principle of the four noble truths of arising and ceasing through causes and conditions, fundamentally instructing the Hīnayāna and collaterally transforming bodhisattvas. What is called the "Tripiṭaka teaching" comprises: first, the Sūtra-piṭaka; second, the Vinaya-piṭaka; and third, the Abhidharma-piṭaka. First, regarding the Sūtra-piṭaka: sūtra is said by some to have a translation and by others to have none. As for having a translation, there are various differing traditions; however, most use "root of the Dharma"—the root of the verbal teachings of world-transcending wholesome dharmas. Thus it is called "root of the Dharma," which refers to the Four Āgamas. Second, regarding the Vinaya-piṭaka: vinaya is translated here as "extinction." The Buddha expounded active and non-active precepts capable of extinguishing the evils of body and speech; therefore it is called "extinction," which refers to the Vinaya in Eighty Recitations. Third, regarding the Abhidharma-piṭaka: abhidharma is translated here as "incomparable dharma." The wisdom of the sage discriminates the meanings of dharmas, incomparable in the world; hence it is called "incomparable dharma." Whether the Buddha himself discriminated the meanings of dharmas, or the Buddha's disciples discriminated the meanings of dharmas, both are termed abhidharma. These three dharmas are collectively called "piṭaka" (treasury) because a treasury has the meaning of containing; however, commentators differ. Some say: "The text can contain the principle; therefore it is called a treasury." Others say: "The principle can contain the text; therefore it is called a treasury." Now I say: "The names of the three dharmas are each a single phrase, and each of the three names contains all text and principle; therefore it is called a treasury." The Āgama is the treasury of concentration, for the Four Āgamas mostly clarify methods of practice. The Vinaya is the treasury of precepts, properly clarifying the establishment of precepts in response to events to guard against evil dharmas of body and speech. The Abhidharma is the treasury of wisdom, discriminating untainted dharmas of wisdom, which are beyond compare. This Tripiṭaka teaching definitely belongs to the Hīnayāna; hence the Lotus Sūtra says: "greedy for and attached to the Hīnayāna, learners of the three collections."