釋氏稽古略 2.213

2.213

姓拓跋氏。其祖本北狄鮮卑（山名）胡人也。秦漢之前。未甞與中國通。魏明帝景初年間。始與之和親。晉初有拓跋猗廬。出居樓煩。惠帝太安二年乃拓跋祿官之九年也。拓跋居代郡。甞佐劉琨拒石勒。晉封之為代王。世有代北及部落分散經六十餘年。至東晉時。秦主符堅伐代拾翼健。健為子實所弑。實亦卒。其孫珪走依獨孤部。是曰廬孫。東晉武帝太元元年。廬孫拾翼涉珪魏書云珪即太祖道武皇帝也。出據朔州東三百里築城邑號恒安。為秦護軍故羈屬符秦。晉太元八年十一月符堅敗於晉。太元十一年春正月。珪乃大會部落宗族於牛川。即代王位。年曰登國元年。徙居定襄之盛樂（定襄乃冀寧路忻州之郡名也。冀域）。務農息民。國人悅之。珪尋改稱魏王。丙申晉太元二十一年。珪始建天子旌旗出警入蹕。改年曰皇始。戊戌年遷都平城（今西京路大同也。郡名雲中。單于臺白登在焉。冀域）。始營宮室。建宗廟立社稷。歲五祭宗廟。用分至及臘也。十二月珪即皇帝位。改年曰天興。命朝野皆束髮加帽。追尊遠祖毛以下二十七人皆為皇帝。始依傚古制定郊廟朝饗禮樂。置五經博士。增國子大學生員合三千人。己酉年十月。珪為賀蘭氏夫人所生子清河王紹所弑。珪歷位二十四年。壽三十九歲。珪長子嗣殺紹而立。明元帝也。泰常八年拔洛陽袞豫皆平。是時天下唯二國。謂之南北朝。柔然寇魏邊。魏築長城。自赤城西至五原延袤二千里。備置戍卒以備柔然。五月明元還平城。十一月殂。在位十五年。壽三十二。太子世祖太武帝燾立。毀殘釋教在位二十九年。壽三十五。皇孫高宗文成帝濬立。詔復釋氏之教尊敬之。在位十三年。壽二十六。長子顯祖獻文帝弘立。在位五年。遜位于子宏。群臣上尊號曰太上皇帝。總軍國大事。高祖孝文帝宏即位。年五歲。在位二十九年。遷都洛陽。去胡衣冠。絕虜語。尊華風。初服袞冕朝饗。定戶籍。制五等公服。起明堂辟雍。太和十五年馮太后崩。孝文依古禮服喪三年。太和十六年命群臣議行次。承晉。為水德。太和二十年詔謂土者黃中之色。萬物之元。改姓元氏。壽三十三歲。第二子世宗宣武帝恪立。在位十六年。壽三十三。宣武第二子肅宗孝明帝詡立。在位十二年。壽十九。敬宗孝莊帝立。在位三年。壽二十四。節閔帝恭平安定王元朗立。二俱被害。孝武帝修避高歡西奔長安。自是西東分理。

Their surname was Tuoba. Their ancestors were originally northern barbarian Xianbei (the name of a mountain) barbarians. Before the Qin and Han, they never had intercourse with the Central Plains. During the Jingchu reign era of Emperor Ming of Wei, marriage alliances were first established with them. At the beginning of the Jin, there was Tuoba Yilu, who moved out to reside in Loufan. The second year of Tai'an under Emperor Hui was the ninth year of Tuoba Luguan. The Tuoba resided in Dai Commandery; he once assisted Liu Kun in resisting Shi Le, and Jin enfeoffed him as King of Dai. They possessed the lands north of Dai generation after generation, and their tribes dispersed for over sixty years. Coming to the Eastern Jin, the Qin ruler Fu Jian attacked Dai and Shiyijian. Jian was murdered by his son Shi; Shi also died. His grandson Gui fled to rely on the Dugu tribe; this was the grandson of Lu. In the first year of Taiyuan under Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin, Lu's grandson, Shiyi Shegui—the Weishu says that Gui was Taizu, Emperor Daowu—emerged to occupy the territory three hundred li east of Shuozhou, built a city and town named Heng'an, and served as Qin's military protector, hence tied as a vassal to the Fu Qin. In the eleventh month of the eighth year of Taiyuan of Jin, Fu Jian was defeated by Jin. In the spring of the eleventh year of Taiyuan, in the first month, Gui held a great assembly of the tribal lineage at Niuchuan and ascended the throne as King of Dai, naming the year the first year of Dengguo. He moved to reside at Shengle in Dingxiang (Dingxiang is the commandery name of Xinzhou in Jining Circuit, in the territory of Jizhou). He encouraged agriculture and gave rest to the people, and the people of the state rejoiced. Gui soon changed his title to King of Wei. In the bingshen year, the twenty-first year of Taiyuan of Jin, Gui first established the banners and flags of the Son of Heaven and clearing the way for imperial departures and returns, changing the era to Huangshi. In the wuxu year, he moved the capital to Pingcheng (present-day Datong in Xijing Circuit; the commandery name was Yunzhong; the Chanyu Terrace and Baideng were situated there; in the territory of Jizhou). He first constructed palaces, built the ancestral temple, and established the altars of soil and grain, making five seasonal sacrifices to the ancestral temple annually using the solstices, equinoxes, and the year-end La sacrifice. In the twelfth month, Gui ascended the imperial throne and changed the year to Tianxing. He ordered that throughout the court and the populace all should bind their hair and wear caps, and posthumously honored twenty-seven men from his remote ancestor Mao downward, making them all emperors. He first modeled rites and music for the suburban sacrifices, ancestral temples, court gatherings, and banquets upon ancient institutions, established Erudites of the Five Classics, and increased the students of the National University to three thousand in total. In the tenth month of the jiyou year, Gui was murdered by the son borne to him by Lady Helan, King Shao of Qinghe. Gui occupied the throne for twenty-four years, dying at the age of thirty-nine. Gui's eldest son Si killed Shao and was enthroned; he was Emperor Mingyuan. In the eighth year of Taichang, he captured Luoyang, and Yan and Yu were all pacified. At that time, there were only two states in the realm, known as the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The Rouran raided the Wei borders, and Wei built the Great Wall, stretching two thousand li from Chicheng in the west to Wuyuan, stationing garrison troops to guard against the Rouran. In the fifth month, Mingyuan returned to Pingcheng; in the eleventh month, he died, having occupied the throne for fifteen years, dying at the age of thirty-two. The Crown Prince, Shizu, Emperor Taiwu, Tao, was enthroned; he destroyed and ruined the Śākya teachings, occupied the throne for twenty-nine years, and died at the age of thirty-five. The Imperial Grandson, Gaozong, Emperor Wencheng, Jun, was enthroned; he issued an edict restoring the teachings of the Śākya lineage and revered them; he occupied the throne for thirteen years, dying at the age of twenty-six. His eldest son, Xianzu, Emperor Xianwen, Hong, was enthroned, occupying the throne for five years; he abdicated to his son Hong, and the multitude of ministers offered him the honorific title Supreme Emperor, while he oversaw the grand affairs of state and military. Gaozu, Emperor Xiaowen, Hong, ascended the throne at the age of five and occupied the throne for twenty-nine years; he moved the capital to Luoyang, abandoned barbarian clothing and caps, banned barbarian speech, honored Chinese customs, first wore the imperial robe and crown at court audiences and banquets, established household registers, instituted the five ranks of official robes, and erected the Bright Hall and Biyong. In the fifteenth year of Taihe, Empress Dowager Feng passed away, and Xiaowen observed the three-year mourning according to ancient rites. In the sixteenth year of Taihe, he ordered the ministers to deliberate the dynastic element succession; continuing Jin, they adopted the Virtue of Water. In the twentieth year of Taihe, an edict stated that earth is the yellow central color, the origin of myriad things, and changed the surname to Yuan; he died at the age of thirty-three. His second son, Shizong, Emperor Xuanwu, Ke, was enthroned, occupying the throne for sixteen years, dying at the age of thirty-three. Xuanwu's second son, Suzong, Emperor Xiaoming, Xu, was enthroned, occupying the throne for twelve years, dying at the age of nineteen. Jingzong, Emperor Xiaozhuang, was enthroned, occupying the throne for three years, dying at the age of twenty-four. Emperor Jiemin, Gong, was enthroned, as was King of Anding, Yuan Lang; both were murdered. Emperor Xiaowu, Xiu, avoided Gao Huan and fled west to Chang'an. From this point, the realm was divided into Western and Eastern rules.