大唐西域記 12.15

12.15

呬摩呾羅國，覩貨邏國故地也。周三千餘里。山川邐迤，土地沃壤。宜穀稼，多宿麥，百卉滋茂，眾菓具繁。氣序寒烈，人性暴急，不識罪福，形貌鄙陋。舉措威儀，衣氈皮褐，頗同突厥。其婦人首冠木角，高三尺餘，前有兩岐，表夫父母；上岐表父，下岐表母，隨先喪亡，除去一岐，舅姑俱沒，角冠全棄。其先強國，王，釋種也，葱嶺之西，多見臣伏。境隣突厥，遂染其俗，又為侵掠，自守其境，故此國人，流離異域，數十堅城，各別立主，穹廬毳帳，遷徙往來。西接訖栗瑟摩國。東谷行二百餘里，至鉢鐸創那國。

This country is an old territory of the country of Tu-ho-lo. It is about 300 li in circuit. It is cut up by mountains and valleys. The soil is rich and fertile, and fit for cereals. It produces much winter wheat. Every kind of plant flourishes, and fruits of all sorts grow in abundance. The climate is cold; the disposition of the men violent and hasty. They do not distinguish between wrong and right. Their appearance is vulgar and ignoble. In respect of their modes of behaviour and forms of etiquette, their clothes of wool, and skin, and felt, they are like the Turks. Their wives wear upon their headdress a wooden horn about three feet or so in length. It has two branches (a double branch) in front, which signify father and mother of the husband. The upper horn denotes the father, the lower one the mother. Whichever of these two dies first, they remove one horn, but when both are dead, they give up this style of headdress.
The first king of this country was a Sakya, fearless and bold. To the west of the T'sung-ling mountains most of the people were subdued to his power. The frontiers were close to the Turks, and so they adopted their low customs, and suffering from their attacks they protected their frontier. And thus the people of this kingdom were dispersed into different districts, and had many tens of fortified cities, over each of which a separate chief was placed. The people live in tents made of felt, and lead the life of nomads.
On the west side this kingdom touches the country of Ki-li-si-mo. Going from this 200 odd li, we arrive at the country of Po-to-chang-na (Badakshan).