法苑珠林 2.30

2.30

第一四天王者。依長阿含經云。東方天王名多羅咤。此云治國主（智度論云提頭賴吒）領乾闥婆及毘舍闍神將。護弗婆提人不令侵害。南方天王名毘瑠璃。此云增長主（智度論名毘樓勒叉）領鳩槃茶及薜荔神。將護閻浮提人。西方天王名毘留博叉。此云雜語主（智度論云毘樓博叉）領一切諸龍及富單那。將護瞿耶尼人。北方天王名毘沙門。此云多聞主。領夜叉及羅剎。將護欝單越人。智度論云。天帝釋具依梵音應云提婆那因。釋迦者（秦言能也）提婆（言天）因（言主）合而言之。是能天主也。須夜摩天者（秦言妙善）兜率陀者（秦言妙足）須涅蜜陀者（秦言化樂）婆舍跋提者（秦言他化自在天也）梵天王名曰尸棄（秦言大頂別云大器）首陀婆天者（秦言淨居天。且依智度論逐要釋。此少多自外天。已上天名具如婆沙論為文煩故不可具錄也）中阿含經云。時有異比丘。來詣佛所稽首佛足。退住一面白佛言。世尊。何因緣名釋提桓因。佛告比丘。釋提桓因本為人時行於䪺施。沙門婆羅門貧窮困苦。施以飲食錢財燈明等。以堪能故名釋提桓因。復何因緣名富蘭陀羅。告曰。彼本為人時數數行施。衣被飲食乃至燈明。故名富蘭陀羅。復何因緣故名摩訶婆。告曰。本為人時名摩伽婆。即以本為名。復何因緣故名娑婆婆。告曰。本為人時以婆詵私衣布施供養。故名娑婆婆。復何因緣故名憍尸迦。告曰。本為人時為憍尸迦姓故。復何因緣故名舍脂鉢低。告曰。彼舍脂為天帝釋第一天后。復何因緣故名千眼。告曰。本為人時聰明智慧。於一坐間思千種義觀察稱量故。復何因緣故名因提利。告曰。天帝於諸三十二天為主故。佛告比丘。然彼釋提桓因本為人時。受持七種受得天帝釋。何等為七。謂供養父母乃至等行惠施。如經偈說。為天帝釋。

Regarding the first [group], the Four Heavenly Kings: according to the Dīrgha-āgama, the Heavenly King of the east is named Duoluocha, which means Ruler of the State (the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra calls him Dhṛtarāṣṭra); he commands gandharvas and piśācas as divine generals, protecting the people of Pūrvavideha from being harmed. The Heavenly King of the south is named Biliuli, which means Ruler of Growth (the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra calls him Virūḍhaka); he commands kumbhāṇḍas and pretas, generals who protect the people of Jambudvīpa. The Heavenly King of the west is named Biliubocha, which means Ruler of Diverse Languages (the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra calls him Virūpākṣa); he commands all nāgas and pūtanas, generals who protect the people of Aparagodānīya. The Heavenly King of the north is named Vaiśravaṇa, which means Ruler of Much Learning; he commands yakṣas and rākṣasas, generals who protect the people of Uttarakuru. The Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra says: "In standard Sanskrit, Śakra Devānām-Indra should be pronounced Devānām-Indra; Śakra means 'able' in Qin, deva means 'god' (deva), and indra means 'lord' (indra). Combined, it means 'Able Lord of the Devas'." Suyāma means "wondrously good" in Qin; Tuṣita means "wondrous contentment" in Qin; Sunirmita means "delighting in transformations" in Qin; and Vaśavartin means "freely transforming others" in Qin. The king of the Brahmā heavens is named Śikhin (which means "great crest" in Qin, or alternatively "great vessel"). The Śuddhāvāsa heavens mean "Pure Abodes" in Qin. (This explains only the essentials following the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra, touching briefly upon some heavens; the other names of the heavens above are fully stated in the Vibhāṣā-śāstra, but because the text would be burdensome they cannot all be recorded here.) The Madhyama-āgama says: At that time, a certain monk came to where the Buddha was, bowed his head at the Buddha's feet, withdrew to stand to one side, and said to the Buddha, "World-Honoured One, for what reason is he named Śakra Devānām-Indra?" The Buddha told the monk, "When Śakra Devānām-Indra was formerly a human being, he practiced generous giving to śramaṇas, brahmins, the poor, and the destitute, providing them with food and drink, money and property, lamps, and so forth; because of his great capability he is called Śakra Devānām-Indra." [The monk asked,] "Again, for what reason is he named Purandara?" [The Buddha] replied, "When he was formerly a human being, he gave alms repeatedly—clothing, food and drink, and even lamps; therefore he is named Purandara." [The monk asked,] "Again, for what reason is he named Maghavan?" [The Buddha] replied, "When he was formerly a human being, his personal name was Maghava; so he was named after his original name." [The monk asked,] "Again, for what reason is he named Vāsava?" [The Buddha] replied, "When he was formerly a human being, he made offerings and donations of vāsas garments; therefore he is named Vāsava." [The monk asked,] "Again, for what reason is he named Kauśika?" [The Buddha] replied, "Because when he was formerly a human being, he belonged to the Kauśika clan." [The monk asked,] "Again, for what reason is he named Śacīpati?" [The Buddha] replied, "Because that Śacī is the chief queen of the heavenly emperor Śakra." [The monk asked,] "Again, for what reason is he named Thousand-Eyed (Sahasrākṣa)?" [The Buddha] replied, "When he was formerly a human being, he was clever and wise, contemplating, examining, and weighing a thousand kinds of meanings in a single sitting." [The monk asked,] "Again, for what reason is he named Indra?" [The Buddha] replied, "Because the heavenly lord is the master over all the thirty-two heavens." The Buddha told the monk, "Yet when that Śakra Devānām-Indra was formerly a human being, he received and kept seven precepts, by which he attained the state of Śakra, Lord of the Devas. What are the seven? Namely, making offerings to parents, and so on up to practicing generosity impartially. As the verses of the sūtra say, he became Śakra, Lord of the Devas."