法苑珠林 6.52

6.52

如智度論說。惡有三品。但造下品之惡。即生餓鬼趣中。依如十地論。亦同此說。於十惡業。隨造何業。一一先生三塗。後得人身。若依正法念經說。若起貪嫉邪佞諂曲欺誑於他。或復慳貪積財不施。皆生鬼道。從鬼命終。多生畜生道中。受遮吒迦鳥身。恒常飢渴受大苦惱。唯飲天雨仰口而承。不得更飲餘水。是故常困飢渴也。依業報差別經說。具造十業生餓鬼中。一身行輕惡。二口行惡。三意行輕惡。四慳澁多貪。五起非分惡。六諂曲嫉妬。七起於邪見。八愛著資生。即便命終。九困飢而亡。十枯渴而死。以是業生餓鬼中。

As the *Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra* says, there are three grades of evil; committing merely the lower grade of evil leads to rebirth in the hungry ghost realm. According to the *Daśabhūmika-śāstra*, it is also stated thus: among the ten evil deeds, whichever one commits, each leads first to rebirth in the three bad destinies, and afterwards to a human body. If one relies on the *Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna-sūtra*, if one gives rise to greed, jealousy, false sycophancy, flattery, deviousness, and deceiving others, or if one is stingy and greedy, hoarding wealth without giving, one is in all cases born into the ghost path. When one dies from the ghost [state], one is mostly born into the animal realm, receiving the body of a cātaka bird, constantly hungry and thirsty, suffering great distress; it drinks only rain from the sky by raising its mouth to catch it, and cannot drink any other water. For this reason, it is constantly beset by hunger and thirst. According to the *Karma-vibhaṅga-sūtra*, fully committing ten deeds leads to rebirth among hungry ghosts: 1. Bodily action of slight evil; 2. Verbal action of evil; 3. Mental action of slight evil; 4. Stinginess and excessive greed; 5. Giving rise to wrongful evil; 6. Flattery, deviousness, and jealousy; 7. Giving rise to wrong views; 8. Dying while passionately attached to the requisites of life; 9. Dying of starvation; 10. Dying of dehydration. Due to these deeds, one is born among hungry ghosts.