釋氏要覽 1.82

1.82

梵語杜多。漢言抖擻。謂三毒如塵。能坌污真心。此人能振掉除去。故今訛稱頭陀○善住意天子經云。杜多者。抖擻貪欲嗔癡三界內外六入。若不取不捨不修。不著。非是不著。我說彼人。名為杜多○頭陀十二功德。一阿蘭若處。二常乞食。三次第乞。四一受食。五節量食。六中後。無飲漿。七弊衣。八但三衣九塚間。十樹下坐。十一露地坐。十二長坐不臥（彼經廣有說文）。

In Sanskrit, it is dhūta; in Chinese, it means 'shaking off.' It means that the three poisons are like dust that can soil the true mind, and this person is able to shake them off and eliminate them; hence it is nowadays corruptly called tóutuó. The Suvikrāntacintā-devaputra-paripṛcchā-sūtra states: "Dhūta means shaking off greed, anger, and delusion within the three realms, both internal and external six sense bases. If one neither grasps nor abandons, neither cultivates nor clings, yet is not non-clinging, I declare that person to be called a dhūta." The twelve ascetic practices (dhūtaguṇa) are: 1. dwelling in an araṇya; 2. constantly begging for food; 3. begging in regular order; 4. eating at a single sitting; 5. regulating food portions; 6. not drinking juices after noon; 7. wearing rag robes; 8. possessing only three robes; 9. dwelling in a charnel ground; 10. sitting beneath a tree; 11. sitting in the open; and 12. sitting constantly without lying down (that sūtra contains an extensive text on this).