釋氏要覽 3.422

3.422

梵語。塔婆。此云高顯。今略稱塔也。又梵云。蘇偷婆。此云寶塔。又梵云。窣堵波。此云墳。又云抖擻婆。此云讚護。或云浮圖。此云聚相○西域記云。立表寄歸傳云。作俱攞。皆壘塼石為之。形如小塔。上無輪。蓋且立塔。有三意。一表人勝。二令他（生信）三為報恩而有等級若初果一級二果二級三果三級四果四級表超三界也。辟支佛十一級表未超無明一支故佛塔十三級。表超十二因緣故。若凡夫比丘有德行者。亦得立塔。即無級。僧祇云。持律比丘法師營事比丘。有德望者皆應立塔○五百問云。得為亡師立塔用自物得不得用師物○塔有銘記非起今世按佛本行集經云。迦葉佛滅度後。波羅奈國王名吉利尸。收舍利用七寶造塔。為作銘記名達舍婆陵迦隋言十相。

In Sanskrit, *thūpa*; here translated as "lofty and prominent"; now abbreviated as *ta*. In Sanskrit, it is also called *stūpa*, here translated as "precious pagoda." In Sanskrit, it is also called *stūpa*, here translated as "grave mound." It is also called *stūpa*, here translated as "praising and protecting"; or called *futu*, here translated as "gathered forms." The *Record of the Western Regions* speaks of "erecting pillars," and the *Account of the Inner Law Sent Home from the South Seas* speaks of "making *kula*"; both are made by piling bricks and stones, shaped like a small stūpa, without wheels and umbrellas on top. Furthermore, erecting a stūpa has three intentions: first, to show the excellence of the person; second, to cause others [to give rise to faith]; third, to repay kindness. Moreover, there are tiers: for the first fruition, one tier; for the second fruition, two tiers; for the third fruition, three tiers; for the fourth fruition, four tiers, showing transcendence of the three realms. For a pratyekabuddha, eleven tiers, showing that one branch of ignorance has not yet been transcended. For a Buddha's stūpa, thirteen tiers, showing transcendence of the twelve links of dependent origination. If an ordinary bhikṣu possesses virtuous conduct, he may also have a stūpa erected, which has no tiers. The *Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya* states: "For bhikṣus who uphold the vinaya, Dharma masters, and bhikṣus who manage affairs, if they have virtue and prestige, all should have stūpas erected." The *Five Hundred Questions* states: "May one erect a stūpa for a deceased master? One may do so using one's own property, but may not use the master's property." Stūpas having inscriptions did not begin in present times. According to the *Abhiniṣkramaṇa-sūtra*, after Kāśyapa Buddha entered extinction, the king of Vārāṇasī named Kṛkī collected the relics, built a stūpa with the seven treasures, and made an inscription for it called *Daśabala-liṅga*, which in Sui language means "ten signs."