翻譯名義集 2.204

2.204

【阿濕婆】此云馬。《漢書．西域傳》云：「大宛國有高山，其上有馬，不可得。因取五色母馬，置其下，與集生駒，皆汗血，因號天馬。李伯樂，字孫陽，行至虞之山坂，遇鹽車至，有一龍馬，而人不識，用駕鹽車。遙見伯樂，乃嘶。伯樂以坐下馬易之，日行千里。」《淮南子》云：「秦穆公與伯樂曰：『子有使求馬者乎？』答曰：『馬不在形容筋骨相也。天下之馬，若減若沒，臣之子，皆下材。可告天下之馬，有擔纏束薪者，九方堙，其於馬，非臣之下也。求馬三月而反，曰得馬矣。在沙丘，牡（莫后）而黃，及馬至，則牝（毘忍）而驪。』公謂伯樂曰：『子所求馬者，毛色牝牡，不知販矣。』伯樂太息曰：『一至此乎！堙之所覩者，天機也。得其精而忘其麁，見其內而忘其外，果千里馬也。』」《阿含》：「佛告比丘：『有四馬：一、見鞭影即便驚悚，二、觸毛乃驚，三、觸肉始驚，四、徹骨方覺。初合聞他聚落無常即驚，二如聞己聚落無常生厭，三如聞己親無常生厭，四如己身病苦方厭。』」《涅槃》四馬，喻生、老、病、死。或名婆訶羅，此云長毛。

[Aśva] (阿濕婆): Here translated as 'horse' (馬). The *Book of Han*, 'Treatise on the Western Regions', says: 'In the kingdom of Dayuan there is a high mountain where horses cannot be caught. Therefore, five-colored mares were taken and placed beneath it to mate with them and produce foals, all of which sweat blood; hence they were called heavenly horses. Li Bole, courtesy name Sunyang, was traveling to the mountain slope of Yu when he encountered a salt cart arriving. There was a dragon-horse among them that people did not recognize, using it to draw the salt cart. Seeing Bole from afar, it whinnied. Bole traded the horse he was riding for it, and it could travel a thousand *li* in a single day.' The *Huainanzi* says: 'Duke Mu of Qin said to Bole: "Do you have someone who can seek out horses?" He replied: "A horse is not judged by physical appearance, sinews, and bones. The exceptional horses of the world appear faint and hidden; my sons are all of inferior talent. For someone who can identify the horses of the world, there is Jiufang Gao, a carrier of bundled firewood; his eye for horses is not inferior to mine." He sought horses for three months and returned, saying, "I have found a horse. It is at Shaqiu, a yellow stallion." When the horse arrived, it was a black mare. The Duke said to Bole: "The person you sent to seek horses cannot even tell coat colors or male from female; what does he know about trade?" Bole sighed deeply and said: "Has he reached such heights as this! What Gao perceives is the heavenly mechanism. He grasps its essence and forgets its coarseness; he perceives its interior and forgets its exterior. It is indeed a horse that can run a thousand *li*."' The *Āgama* says: 'The Buddha told the bhikṣus: "There are four kinds of horses: first, one that is startled and alert just upon seeing the shadow of the whip; second, one that is startled only when the whip touches its hair; third, one that is startled only when the whip touches its flesh; fourth, one that feels it only when it reaches the bone. The first corresponds to hearing of impermanence in another village and becoming startled; the second is like hearing of impermanence in one's own village and giving rise to disillusionment; the third is like hearing of impermanence among one's own relatives and giving rise to disillusionment; the fourth is like giving rise to disillusionment only when one's own body suffers sickness and pain."' The four horses in the *Nirvāṇa Sūtra* are metaphors for birth, old age, sickness, and death. It is also called *vahala* (婆訶羅), here translated as 'long hair' (長毛).