翻譯名義集 3.235

3.235

理非數量，如虛空無丈尺；事有法度，猶丈尺約虛空。故《大品》「須菩提白佛：『無數、無量、無邊，有何等算？』佛言：『無數者，名不墮數中，若有為性中、無為性中。無量者，量不可得，若過去、若未來、若現在。無邊者，諸法邊不可得，雖性非算數所知，而相有分齊之量。』」今附此集編出數量。《俱舍論》五十二數，皆從一增至十也。謂一、十、百、千、萬、洛叉（億也）、度洛叉（兆也）、俱胝（京也）、未陀（秭也）、阿庾多（垓也）、大阿庾多（壤也）、那庾多（溝也）、大那庾多（㵎也）、鉢羅庾多（正也）、大鉢羅庾多（載也）、矜羯羅（或甄迦羅）、大矜羯羅、頻婆羅（或頻跋羅）、大頻婆羅、阿閦婆（或阿芻婆）、大阿閦婆、毘婆訶、大毘婆訶、嗢蹭伽、大嗢蹭伽、婆喝那、大婆喝那、地致婆、大致地婆、醯都、大醯都、羯臈縛、大羯臈縛、印達羅、大印達羅、三磨鉢耽、大三磨鉢耽、揭底、大揭底、拈筏羅闍、大拈筏羅闍、姥達羅、大姥達羅、跋藍、大跋藍、珊若、大珊若、毘步多、大毘步多、跋羅攙、大跋羅攙、阿僧企耶。《算經》黃帝為數，法有十等：億、兆、京、秭、垓、壤、溝、㵎、正、載。《風俗通》云：「千生萬，萬生億，億生兆，兆生京，京生秭，秭生垓，垓生壤，壤生溝，溝生㵎，㵎生正，正生載。載地不能載也。」億分四等，一以十萬為億，二以百萬為億，三以千萬為億，四以萬萬為億。《虞書》曰：「自伏犧畫八卦，由數起。」《律歷志》引書曰：「先其算命，本起於黃鍾之數，始於一而三，之三積之，歷十二辰之數，十有七萬七千一百四十七，而五數備矣（孟康曰：『初以子十乘三，三餘則轉因其成數以三乘之，歷十二辰，得是積數也。五行陰陽之數備矣。』）。其算法，用竹徑一分六寸，二百七十一枚而成六觚，為一握（六觚，六角也。度角至角，其度一寸，面容一分）。其數以易大衍之數，五十其用四十九，成陽六爻，得周流六虛之象也。」《論語》周衰官失，孔子陳後王之法，曰謹權量（權衡嘉量）、審法度、修廢官、舉逸民，四方之政行矣。《漢書》衡權者，衡平也，權重也。衡所以任權而均物平輕重也。其道如底（師古曰：「底，平也。」），以見準之正、繩之直。左旋見規，右折見矩。其在天也佐助璇璣，斟酌見指，以齊七政（師古曰：「月、五星、日也。」），故曰玉衡。權者：銖、兩、斤、鈞、石也。所以稱物平施知輕重也。本起於黃鐘之重，一龠容千二百黍重十二銖。兩之為兩，二十四銖為兩。十六兩為斤，三十斤為鈞，四鈞為石。忖為十八，易十有八變之象也（孟康曰：「忖，度也。度其義有十八也。黃鍾、龠、銖、兩、鈞、斤、石，凡七；與下十一象，為十八也。」）。

Principle is without number or quantity, just as empty space lacks measures of length; phenomena possess rules and standards, just as measures of length demarcate empty space. Hence the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā Sūtra states: 'Subhūti said to the Buddha: "Countless, measureless, boundless—what manner of calculation do they have?" The Buddha said: "'Countless' means not falling within number, whether in the nature of the conditioned or in the nature of the unconditioned. 'Measureless' means that measure cannot be obtained, whether in the past, the future, or the present. 'Boundless' means that bounds of phenomena cannot be obtained. Although their nature is not known by calculation, their characteristics have standard measures."' Now, appended to this collection, numbers and quantities are compiled. In the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya, the fifty-two numbers all increase by tens starting from one: one, ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, lakṣa (an yi [hundred thousand]), dulakṣa (a zhao [million]), koṭi (a jing [ten million]), mida (a zi [hundred million]), ayuta (a gai), mahāyuta (a rang), nayuta (a gou), mahānayuta (a jian), prayuta (a zheng), mahāprayuta (a zai), kaṅkara (or jianjialuo), mahākaṅkara, bimba (or binbala), mahābimba, akṣobhya (or achupo), mahākṣobhya, vivaha, mahāvivaha, utsaṅga, mahotsaṅga, vāhana, mahāvāhana, titibha, mahātitibha, hetu, mahāhetu, karabha, mahākarabha, indra, mahendra, samāpatta, mahāsamāpatta, gati, mahāgati, nivraja, mahānivraja, mudrā, mahāmudrā, bala, mahābala, saṃjñā, mahāsaṃjñā, vibhūta, mahāvibhūta, balakṣa, mahābalakṣa, asaṃkhyeya. The Suanjing states that the Yellow Emperor established numbers with ten tiers: yi, zhao, jing, zi, gai, rang, gou, jian, zheng, and zai. The Fengsu Tong says: 'A thousand generates a ten-thousand; a ten-thousand generates an yi; an yi generates a zhao; a zhao generates a jing; a jing generates a zi; a zi generates a gai; a gai generates a rang; a rang generates a gou; a gou generates a jian; a jian generates a zheng; a zheng generates a zai. Zai means the earth cannot carry (zai) it.' Yi is divided into four tiers: first, taking one hundred thousand as an yi; second, taking one million as an yi; third, taking ten million as an yi; fourth, taking one hundred million as an yi. The Book of Yu states: 'Ever since Fuxi drew the eight trigrams, it arose from numbers.' The Treatise on Pitchpipes and Calendars quotes a text saying: 'First their calculation was determined: it originally arose from the number of the Yellow Bell, beginning at one and multiplied by three; multiplying by three and accumulating, passing through the count of the twelve earthly branches, yielding 177,147, and the five numbers were complete (Meng Kang says: "Initially take the Zi branch 10 multiplied by 3; with the remainder of 3, continuously take the resulting number and multiply by 3; passing through the twelve earthly branches, one obtains this accumulated number. The numbers of the five phases and yin-yang are thereby complete"). As for its method of calculation, it uses bamboo stalks with a diameter of one fen and a length of six cun; two hundred and seventy-one pieces form a hexagonal bundle, making one handful (six corners make six angles; measuring from corner to corner, its measure is one cun, and each face holds one fen). Its number matches the Great Expansion number of the Yijing: fifty, with forty-nine in use, completing the six yang lines and obtaining the image of circulating through the six voids.' The Analects states that when Zhou declined and office-holding decayed, Confucius expounded the regulations of the former kings, saying: 'Carefully attend to weights and measures (balances and standard measures), examine the legal standards, restore abandoned offices, and promote retired worthies, and the governance of the four quarters will prevail.' The Hanshu states: 'The balance and weights: the balance is level, and the weight is heavy. The balance is that by which the weight is applied to equalize things and level light and heavy. Its way is like a whetstone (Shigu says: "Di means flat"), to manifest the correctness of the water level and the straightness of the plumb line. Rotating to the left, it manifests the compass; bending to the right, it manifests the square. In the heavens, it assists the armillary sphere, weighing the indicators to align the seven regulators (Shigu says: "The moon, the five planets, and the sun"); hence it is called the Jade Balance. The weights are: the zhu, the liang, the jin, the jun, and the shi. They are that by which things are weighed and evenly distributed, knowing light and heavy. They originally arose from the weight of the Yellow Bell: one yue holds one thousand two hundred grains of millet, weighing twelve zhu. Doubling this makes a liang; twenty-four zhu make a liang. Sixteen liang make a jin; thirty jin make a jun; four jun make a shi. Measured, they make eighteen, an image of the eighteen changes of the Yijing (Meng Kang says: "Cun means measure. Measuring its meaning, there are eighteen. The Yellow Bell, the yue, the zhu, the liang, the jun, the jin, and the shi are seven in all; combined with the eleven images below, they make eighteen").'