翻譯名義集 1.258

1.258

[Śramaṇa] Also rendered sangmen, or shajiamanna (with the character men in the rising tone), which are all corruptions. The correct forms are śramaṇa or śramaṇa. Here this means 'toil', meaning that cultivating the Way involves much toil. Master Kumārajīva said: "In both the Buddha's Dharma and non-Buddhist teachings, all who leave householder life are named śramaṇas." Sengzhao said: "It is the general name for those who leave householder life. The Qin gloss defines its sense as 'diligent practice'; practicing diligently to attain nirvāṇa." The Āgama sūtra says: "Renouncing affection and love, leaving householder life to cultivate the Way, restraining and mastering the sense faculties, untainted by external desires; being loving-kind toward all without harming anything; not rejoicing upon encountering pleasure and not grieving upon meeting suffering, able to endure like the earth—hence one is called a śramaṇa." The 'Treatise on Sacrifices' in the Book of the Later Han says: "Śramaṇa, in the language of the Han, means 'stilling the mind'. Shaving the hair and leaving the household, severing emotion and washing away desire, one returns to the unconditioned." The Ruiying jing says: "Stilling the mind and penetrating the original source, one is therefore called a śramaṇa." It is also said that the full name is śramaṇa, which here is translated as 'remedying deficiency through the Way'. Because they are a good field of merit, they can sever sentient beings' famine and deficiency; because they cultivate the eightfold noble path, they can sever all heterodox paths. Therefore the 'Kāśyapa Chapter' says: "Śramaṇa refers to the eightfold noble path; the fruit of the śramaṇa means completely and permanently severing all greed, anger, delusion, and so forth through the Way (and so on)." In worldly explanation, śrama means 'deficiency', and ṇa means 'Way'. Such a Way severs all deficiency and severs all heterodox ways; for this reason, the eightfold noble path is called śramaṇa. Because one obtains the fruit from this Way, it is called the fruit of a śramaṇa. Alternatively, śramaṇa is translated as 'diligent stilling'. The Chuiyu ji says: "It means diligently practicing all goods and stilling all evils. Stilling evils within the realm is the śramaṇa of the Tripiṭaka and Common Teachings; successively stilling evils within and outside the realm is the śramaṇa of the Distinct Teaching; with one mind universally stilling all internal and external evils is the śramaṇa of the Perfect and Harmonious Teaching." The Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra says: "There are four kinds of śramaṇas: 1. the śramaṇa of the victorious path, namely the Buddhas and their like; 2. the śramaṇa who teaches the path, meaning those who explain the true Dharma; 3. the śramaṇa who lives the path, meaning those who cultivate all wholesome factors; 4. the śramaṇa who defiles the path, meaning those who engage in heterodox conduct."