翻譯名義集 4.68

4.68

The *Fajie cidi* states: "Generally speaking of 'truths' (satya), 'truth' takes 'scrutinized reality' as its meaning. This dharma of the four truths is specifically for śrāvakas. Since they produce understanding from hearing, they must rely on teaching. Because the principle expressed is not false, it is called scrutinized reality. If results are brought about by causes, causes should come first and results second. The present practice of placing all results first and causes second is an expedient for the doctrinal gate to guide beings." The first two truths are mundane phenomena: to make beings know suffering in order to sever its origin, the result is placed first and the cause second. The latter two truths are supramundane phenomena: to make beings cultivate the path for the sake of cessation, the result is likewise placed first and the cause second. Eight hundred years after the Buddha's parinirvāṇa, the treatise master Manoratha was honored as a master by the king. He established the position of cause first and result second, stating: "Origin and suffering are contaminated cause and result; the path and cessation are uncontaminated cause and result." A non-Buddhist refuted him, saying: "When your master appeared in the world, he spoke of suffering, origin, cessation, and the path. Why does his disciple speak of origin, suffering, the path, and cessation? You have committed the error of contradicting your master!" Manoratha defended himself, saying: "When the Buddha was in the world, he spoke of result first and cause second to those who did not believe in cause and effect. I now speak in accordance with cause and effect, which does not contradict him." At that time the non-Buddhists were numerous and powerful, and there was no one in the assembly to verify the debate's meaning. The king rewarded the non-Buddhist with seventy ounces of gold and entitled the non-Buddhist treatise *The Treatise of the Golden Seventy*. Manoratha suffered defeat, bit his tongue, and died. In the nine-hundredth year, Vasubandhu opened the non-Buddhist treatise and saw that Manoratha had indeed suffered defeat. He thereupon composed the *Rules for Debate* (Vāda-vidhi), the *Standards for Debate*, and so forth, and presented them to the king to vindicate Treatise Master Manoratha. The king held him in even greater esteem, rewarded Vasubandhu with seventy ounces of gold, and entitled his work *The Treatise Surpassing the Golden Seventy*. The king bound grass and whipped the corpse to expose the non-Buddhist false doctrine, and blood issued from the corpse. Therefore, those who have left home should clearly understand the meaning of the order of the two dharmas of cause and effect in the doctrinal gate of the Four Truths, and take care not to be confused.