翻譯名義集 4.99

4.99

Karma (Karmavācanā / Ritual Action): Nanshan cites the *Commentary on the Clear Treatise* (*Vibhāṣā* / *Vinayaviniccaya-ṭīkā*): "It is translated as 'action' (karma), because what is performed is action; it is also translated as 'activity'." The *Śata-śāstra* says: "It means 'affair'. If sought by its meaning, it is translated as 'accomplishing affairs', meaning that undertaking and completing according to the Dharma will surely achieve functional efficacy." The Tiantai Dhyāna-gate translates it as "procedural action" (zuofa). All karmavācanā must possess four factors: first, the Dharma; second, the matter; third, the persons; and fourth, the boundary (sīmā). Regarding the first, the Dharma, there are three kinds of karmavācanā: 1. Mindful intention (manasikāra): generating the intention directed at the object and expressing the intent oneself by mouth; it does not mean not speaking, but rather accomplishing the matter by oneself. 2. Face-to-face procedure: where individuals face one another and together execute the Dharma. 3. Saṅgha procedure: four or more people executing the karmavācanā. Because the three motions encompass the preceding single motion, it is called a "motion and three proclamations" (jñapticaturtha-karma). The *Dharmaguptaka-vinaya* says: "If performing a karmavācanā, do not fail to make a motion according to the rules of motion, and do not fail to make a karmavācanā according to the rules of karmavācanā. [Failing in this] gradually leads to the destruction of the precepts and thereby the extinction of the true Dharma. Conform to the phrasing and do not allow additions or subtractions." The *Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya* says: "If it is not within a karmavācanā ground, one must not conduct saṅgha affairs."