翻譯名義集 7.100

7.100

[Vidyācaraṇa-saṃpanna / Accomplished in Knowledge and Conduct]: Endowed with the three knowledges and the six supernormal powers. The Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa states: 'First, the power of psychic transformation; second, the divine eye; third, the divine ear; fourth, knowing the minds of others; fifth, knowledge of past lives; sixth, the extinction of outflows.' Regarding 'supernormal powers' (shentong), the Yijing states: 'That which cannot be fathomed by yin and yang is called spiritual (shen); silent and unmoving, it responds and penetrates (tong).' The Yingluo jing states: 'Shen is called the heavenly mind, tong is called the nature of wisdom. Wisdom of the natural state, penetrating and illuminating without obstruction, is therefore named supernormal power.' First, psychic transformation has three kinds: the power to arrive, alteration, and noble psychic transformation. The power to arrive further has four: 1. flying bodily like a bird without impediment; 2. shifting the far to make it near, arriving without traveling; 3. vanishing here and appearing there; 4. reaching [any destination] in a single thought. Alteration means making the great small, the small great, the one many, and the many one; various objects can all be transformed. Transformations by non-Buddhists last at most seven days. For the buddhas and their disciples, alteration is sovereign, without length or brevity of time. Noble psychic transformation means that regarding the external six sense objects, one can view undesirable and impure things and make them pure; and one can view desirable and pure things and make them impure. This noble psychic transformation is possessed by the Buddha alone. As for the divine eye, obtaining pure form produced from the four great elements of the form realm at the eyes is called the divine eye. What is seen by the divine eye—one's own level and lower levels, the sentient beings of the six paths, and all things, whether near or far, coarse or subtle, forms of every kind—there is nothing it cannot illuminate. This divine eye has two kinds: first, obtained through retributive karma; second, obtained through cultivation. The divine eye among the five paths is obtained through cultivation, not from retribution. Why? Because it is obtained by constantly mindfully recollecting various lights (and so forth). As for the divine ear, obtaining pure form produced from the four great elements of the form realm at the ears can hear all sounds: heavenly sounds, human sounds, and sounds of the three evil paths. How is the divine ear obtained through cultivation? By constantly recollecting various sounds, this is called the divine ear. As for knowledge of past lives, through past deeds one constantly recollects days, months, and years back to the womb, and further to past lives: one life, ten lives, a hundred lives, thousands of myriads of koṭis of lives. Even great arhats and pratyekabuddhas know up to eighty thousand great kalpas; great bodhisattvas and buddhas know immeasurable kalpas. This is called knowledge of past lives. As for knowing the minds of others, one knows the minds of others, whether defiled or undefiled. It is obtained because one constantly recollects when observing the arising, abiding, and cessation of one's own mind. Furthermore, observing the marks of joy, wrath, fright, and fear in others, upon seeing these marks, one thereafter knows their minds; this is the knowledge of others' minds. As for the power of the extinction of outflows, the Tathāgatālaṅkārabuddhaviṣayāvatāra Sūtra states: '"Extinction of outflows" refers to freedom from the four outflows, namely the outflow of desire, the outflow of existence, the outflow of ignorance, and the outflow of views. Because one does not grasp at those four kinds of outflows, it is called being far removed from all outflows.' The Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa asks: 'What is the difference between supernormal power and knowledge (vidyā)?' Answer: 'Simply knowing past affairs is called a power; knowing past causes, conditions, and karma is called knowledge (past lives). Simply knowing dying here and being born there is called a power; knowing that causes, conditions, and karmic retribution never fail to meet is called knowledge (divine eye). Simply exhausting defilements without knowing whether one will be reborn again or not is called a power; knowing that outflows are exhausted and that one will never be reborn again is called knowledge (extinction of outflows).'