四分戒本疏卷第一．第二．第三 3.103

3.103

飲酒戒第五十一　制意者。酒為毒水。飲則成患。令人志性猖狂廣興諸惡。妨修廢業。損道招譏。生患之本。寧容不禁。是故聖判　別緣有三。一是酒。二無重病。三飲即犯。已下正明戒本。此戒因婆伽陀比丘起過。故制斯戒　若比丘飲酒者波逸提　滿足戒本文有三句。一犯人。二所飲之酒。三飲而結罪。辨相中初句可知。二言飲酒者。於中有二。初列五種酒。如律所明。一木酒。二粳米酒。三餘米酒。四大麥酒。五有餘法作酒者。二就木酒偏舉料簡。律云。木酒者有六。一梨汁酒。二閻浮菓酒。三甘蔗酒。四舍樓伽菓酒。五麴汁酒。六蒲桃酒。梨酒者若以蜜石蜜雜作。乃至蒲桃酒亦如是。三言波逸提者。是結罪。律云。但使是酒。乃至草木作者。無酒色香味。若非酒而有酒色香味。並不合飲。若酒初和和飲皆犯提。甛酢酒食麴酒糟一切吉羅。十云。若飲似酒酢酒糟醫。若麴能醉人。咽咽皆墮。多云。酒酒相酒疑酒無酒想一切墮罪。無酒有酒想疑皆吉。莫非取境犯。謂前有方便。又不得強勸飲酒前人。若飲勸者犯提。不飲吉羅。祇云。一切果漿令人醉越。若麴飯相和食者提。善見云。若酒煮藥故有酒香味犯吉。無者得飲。四分云。以我為師者。不得以草木內酒中渧口。五分以降龍故得酒醉。衣盋縱橫。乃至佛說偈。昔日敬佛。今不能敬。昔伏毒龍。今不能降蝦䗫。多云。此戒極重。能作四逆。除一破僧。又亦能破諸戒律行。而及能作眾作差。故律重制。律云。不犯者。若有病餘藥持不善。以酒為藥。若以酒塗瘡。一切不犯。五分云。若先習酒人不酒者氣絕欲死。飲食不消。聽嗅酒器。若不差者以酒著餅粥中合食。不差者以酒與。飲漸漸斷之。

The fifty-first precept on drinking alcohol. The purpose of the institution: alcohol is poisonous water; if consumed, it causes harm. It makes a person's disposition frantic and widely gives rise to all evils, obstructing practice, abandoning cultivation, harming the path, and inviting criticism. As the root of producing troubles, how could it be tolerated without prohibition? Therefore the Sage decreed it. The specific conditions are three: 1. It is alcohol; 2. Absence of severe illness; 3. Drinking immediately constitutes the offense. Below is the proper explanation of the Prātimokṣa text. This precept was instituted because the bhikṣu Svāgata committed a transgression, and thus this precept was instituted. "If a bhikṣu drinks alcohol, it is a prāyaścittika." The complete Prātimokṣa text contains three phrases: first, the transgressor; second, the alcohol consumed; third, drinking and determining the offense. In distinguishing the characteristics, the first phrase can be understood. Second, regarding "drinks alcohol": herein are two parts: first, listing the five kinds of alcohol, as explained in the Vinaya: 1. alcohol from trees, 2. nonglutinous rice alcohol, 3. other grain alcohol, 4. barley alcohol, 5. that made into alcohol by other methods. Second, specifically citing and examining alcohol from trees: the Vinaya states that alcohol from trees is of six kinds: 1. pear juice alcohol, 2. jambu fruit alcohol, 3. sugarcane alcohol, 4. śaluka fruit alcohol, 5. fermenting-yeast juice alcohol, 6. grape alcohol. As for pear alcohol, if made mixed with honey or rock sugar, down to grape alcohol, it is also like this. Third, regarding "prāyaścittika": this determines the offense. The Vinaya states that as long as it is alcohol, down to that made of grasses or trees, even if it lacks the color, smell, or taste of alcohol; or if it is not alcohol but has the color, smell, or taste of alcohol—in all such cases it is not permissible to drink. If alcohol is initially mixed [with other drinks], drinking it when blended in all cases constitutes a prāyaścittika. Sweet and sour alcohol, eating yeast, and distillers' grains are all duṣkṛtas. The Sarvāstivāda Vinaya states that if one drinks what resembles alcohol, sour alcohol, wine lees, or medicine, if the yeast can intoxicate a person, every swallow is a fall (prāyaścittika). The Sarvāstivāda-vinaya-vibhāṣā states: regarding alcohol, thinking it is alcohol, doubting it is alcohol, or having no notion of alcohol—in all cases it is an offense of falling. If there is no alcohol, but one thinks it is alcohol or doubts, it is in all cases a duṣkṛta. All of these are offenses incurred in grasping the object, meaning that there was prior preparation. Furthermore, one must not forcefully urge another person to drink alcohol: if the other person drinks, the one who urged commits a prāyaścittika; if he does not drink, a duṣkṛta. The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya states that all fruit syrups that intoxicate people are duṣkṛtas; if yeast and cooked rice are mixed together and eaten, it is a prāyaścittika. The Samantapāsādikā states that if medicine is boiled in alcohol so that it has the smell and taste of alcohol, one commits a duṣkṛta; if it does not have them, one may drink it. The Dharmaguptaka Vinaya states: "Those who take me as their teacher must not put a blade of grass or wood into alcohol and drop it onto the mouth." The Mahīśāsaka Vinaya states that because of subduing a dragon, he received alcohol and became drunk, with his robes and bowl scattered haphazardly, down to the Buddha speaking a verse: "In the past you respected the Buddha, now you cannot respect him; in the past you subdued a poisonous dragon, now you cannot subdue a toad." The Sarvāstivāda-vinaya-vibhāṣā states: this precept is extremely serious; it can cause the four deadly sins, except for the one of causing a schism in the Saṅgha. Moreover, it can also break all conduct of the precepts and Vinaya, and can cause numerous offenses; therefore the Vinaya strictly institutes it. The Vinaya states: as for non-offense, if one has an illness and other medicines do not effect a cure, using alcohol as medicine, or applying alcohol to a wound—in all such cases there is no offense. The Mahīśāsaka Vinaya states that if a person who formerly had a habit of drinking alcohol does not drink alcohol and his breath ceases and he is about to die, with his food and drink undigested, he is permitted to smell the alcohol vessel; if he does not recover, alcohol is put into cakes or gruel and eaten together; if he does not recover, he is given alcohol to drink, breaking it off gradually.