Nyayasutra 102
Nyāyabhāṣya 102
- Language
- Sanskrit
102.3
tayor apy abhāvo vartamānābhāve tadapekṣatvāt ||
In the absence of the present [time], those two [times] also do not exist, because they depend on it.
102.4
nādhvavyaṅgyaḥ kālaḥ/ kiṃ tarhi? kriyāvyaṅgyaḥ patatīti/ yadā patanakriyā vyuparatā bhavati sa kālaḥ patitakālaḥ/ yadotpatsyate sa patitavyakālaḥ/
Time is not manifested by space. By what then? It is manifested by action, as in 'it falls'. When the action of falling has ceased, that time is the fallen time [the past]. When it will arise, that is the time yet to be fallen [the future].
102.5
yadā dravye vartamānā kriyā gṛhyate sa vartamānaḥ kālaḥ/ yadi cāyaṃ dravye vartamānaṃ patanaṃ na gṛhṇāti kasyoparamam utpatsyamānatāṃ vā pratipadyate/ patitaḥ kāla iti bhūtā kriyā, patitavyaḥ kāla iti cotpatsyamānā kriyā, ubhayoḥ kālayoḥ kriyāhīnaṃ dravyam; adhaḥ patatīti kriyāsambaddham/ so 'yaṃ kriyādravyayoḥ sambandhaṃ gṛhṇātīti vartamānaḥ kālaḥ, tadāśrayau cetarau kālau tadahāve na syātām iti//40//
When an action occurring in a substance is apprehended, that is the present time. And if one does not apprehend the falling occurring in the substance, the cessation or the future occurrence of what does he perceive? 'Fallen time' means the past action, and 'time yet to be fallen' means the action yet to arise; in both times the substance is devoid of action. In 'it falls downwards', it is connected with action. Thus, it is present time that apprehends the connection between an action and a substance; and the other two times, being grounded in it, could not exist in its absence. //40
Translations (1)
- English (machine translation) — English, machine translation
Commentaries (2)
- Nyāyavārttika — Uddyotakara, Sanskrit
- Nyāyālaṃkāra — Abhayatilaka, Sanskrit
Linked texts (1)
- Nyāyasūtra — Akṣapāda Gautama, Sanskrit