Nyāya Sūtras 196
Nyāyabhāṣya 196
- Language
- Sanskrit
196.2
na vai padārthena na bhavituṃ śakyam, kaḥ khalv idānīṃ padārtha iti?
Indeed, it is not possible that there is no referent of a word. What then, now, is the referent of a word?
196.3
vyaktyākṛtijātayas tu padārthaḥ ||
NyS 2.2.66: But the referent of a word is the individual, the bodily form, and the universal.
196.4
tuśabdo viśeṣaṇārthaḥ/ kiṃ viśiṣyate? pradhānāṅgabhāvasyāniyamena padārthatvam iti/ yadā hi bhedavivakṣā viśeṣagatiś ca tadā vyaktiḥ pradhānam aṅgaṃ tu jātyākṛtī/ yadā tu bhedo 'vivakṣitaḥ sāmānyagatiś ca, tadā jātiḥ pradhānam aṅgaṃ tu vyaktyākṛtī/ tad etad bahulaṃ prayogeṣu/ ākṛtes tu pradhānabhāva utprekṣitavyaḥ//66//
The word 'but' serves to qualify. What is qualified? That their being the referent of a word occurs without restriction as to the relation of principal and subordinate. For when there is an intention to express distinction and a comprehension of the specific, then the individual is principal, while the universal and the bodily form are subordinate. But when distinction is not intended to be expressed and there is a comprehension of the commonality, then the universal is principal, while the individual and the bodily form are subordinate. This is abundant in linguistic usages. The principal status of the bodily form, however, is to be inferred.
Translations (1)
- English (machine translation) — English, machine translation
Commentaries (2)
- Nyāyavārtikatātparyaṭīkā — Vācaspati Miśra, Sanskrit
- Nyāyavārttika — Uddyotakara, Sanskrit
Linked texts (1)
- Nyāyasūtra — Akṣapāda Gautama, Sanskrit