Nyāya Sūtras 397
Nyāyabhāṣya 397
- Language
- Sanskrit
397.2
phalānantaraṃ duḥkham uddiṣṭam, uktaṃ ca ``bādhanālakṣaṇaṃ duḥkham''iti/ tat kim idaṃ pratyātmavedanīyasya sarvajantupratyakṣasya sukhasya pratyākhyānam, āhosvid anyaḥ kalpa iti?
anya ity āha/ katham? na vai sarvalokasākṣikaṃ sukhaṃ śakyaṃ pratyākhyātum/ ayaṃ tu janmamaraṇaprabandhānubhavanimittād duḥkhān nirviṇṇasya duḥkhaṃ jihāsato duḥkhasaṃjñābhāvanopadeśo duḥkhahānārtha iti/
Immediately after fruit, pain was enunciated, and it was said: “Pain is defined by affliction.” Then is this a rejection of pleasure, which is experienced by oneself and is perceived by all living beings, or is there another alternative?
He replies: It is another alternative. How? Pleasure, to which all people are witnesses, cannot indeed be rejected. But this is the instruction to cultivate the concept of pain for one who is despondent from the pain caused by the experience of the continuous succession of birth and death, and who wishes to abandon pain, for the purpose of abandoning pain.
397.3
kayā yuktyā? sarve khalu sattvanikāyāḥ sarvāṇy utpattisthānāni sarvaḥ punarbhavo bādhanānuṣakto duḥkhasāhacaryād bādhanālakṣaṇaṃ duḥkham ity uktam ṛṣibhiḥ, duḥkhasaṃjñābhāvanam upadiśyate atra ca hetur upādīyate---
By what reasoning? All classes of beings, all places of birth, and all rebirth are accompanied by affliction; because of companionship with pain, pain has been defined by the sages as defined by affliction. The cultivation of the concept of pain is taught, and in this regard a logical reason is stated:
397.4
vividhabādhanāyogād duḥkham eva janmotpattiḥ ||
NyS 4.1.54: The arising of birth is pain indeed, because of connection with various afflictions.
397.5
janma jāyate iti śarīrendriyabuddhayaḥ śarīrādīnāṃ ca saṃsthānaviśiṣṭānāṃ prādurbhāva utpattiḥ/ vividhā ca bādhanā, hīnā madhyamā utkṛṣṭā ceti/ utkṛṣṭā nārakiṇām, tiraścāṃ tu madhyamā, manuṣyāṇāṃ tu hīnā, devānāṃ hīnatarā vītarāgāṇāṃ ca/ evaṃ sarvam utpattisthānaṃ vividhabādhanānuṣaktaṃ paśyataḥ sukhe tatsādhaneṣu ca śarīrendriyabuddhiṣu duḥkhasaṃjñā vyavatiṣṭhate/
“Birth” is that which is born, namely the body, sense organs, and cognitions; and the manifestation of the body and the rest, distinguished by bodily configuration, is “arising.” And affliction is manifold: low, middling, and intense. Intense is that of the denizens of hell, middling is that of animals, low is that of humans, and still lower is that of gods and of those free from passion. Thus, for one who sees every place of birth accompanied by various afflictions, the concept of pain becomes established regarding pleasure and its means, [namely] the body, sense organs, and cognitions.
397.6
duḥkhasaṃjñāvyavasthānāt sarvalokeṣv anabhiratisaṃjñā bhavati/ anabhiratisaṃjñām upāsīnasya sarvalokaviṣayā tṛṣṇā vicchidyate, tṛṣṇāprahāṇāt sarvaduḥkhād vimucyate iti/ yathā viṣayogāt payo viṣam iti budhyamāno nopādatte, anupādadāno maraṇaduḥkhaṃ nāpnoti//54//
From the establishment of the concept of pain, the concept of distaste for all worlds arises. For one who is devoted to the concept of distaste, thirst regarding the objects of all worlds is cut off; from the abandonment of thirst, one is liberated from all pain. Just as a person, knowing milk to be poison because of its connection with poison, does not take it, and not taking it does not experience the pain of death. //54
Translations (1)
- English (machine translation) — English, machine translation
Commentaries (2)
- Nyāyavārtikatātparyaṭīkā — Vācaspati Miśra, Sanskrit
- Nyāyavārttika — Uddyotakara, Sanskrit
Linked texts (1)
- Nyāyasūtra — Akṣapāda Gautama, Sanskrit