Kautilya's Arthashastra 1.16: Chapter 16 (Section 12): Rules for the Envoy

1.16.1

udvṛttamantro dūtapraṇidhiḥ //

WHOEVER has succeeded as a councillor is an envoy.

1.16.2

amātyasampadopeto nisṛṣṭārthaḥ //

Whoever possesses ministerial qualifications is a chargé-d'affaires (nisrishtárthah).

1.16.3

pādaguṇahīnaḥ parimitārthaḥ //

Whoever possesses the same qualifications less by one-quarter is an agent entrusted with a definite mission (parimitárthah).

1.16.4

ardhaguṇahīnaḥ śāsanaharaḥ //

Whoever possesses the same qualifications less by one-half is a conveyer of royal writs (sásanaharah).

1.16.5

suprativihitayānavāhanapuruṣaparivāpaḥ pratiṣṭheta //

Having made excellent arrangements for carriage, conveyance, servants and subsistence, he (an envoy) shall start on his mission, thinking that "the enemy shall be told thus: the enemy (para) will say, thus; this shall be the reply to him; and thus he shall be imposed upon."

1.16.6

śāsanam evaṃ vācyaḥ paraḥ, sa vakṣyaty evam, tasyedaṃ prativākyam, evam atisaṃdhātavyam, ity adhīyāno gacchet //

1.16.7

aṭavyantapālapurarāṣṭramukhyaiś ca pratisaṃsargaṃ gacchet //

The envoy shall make friendship with the enemy's officers such as those in charge of wild tracts, of boundaries, of cities, and of country parts. He shall also contrast the military stations, sinews of war, and strong-holds of the enemy with those of his own master. He shall ascertain the size and area of forts and of the state, as well as strongholds of precious things and assailable and unassailable points.

1.16.8

anīkasthānayuddhapratigrahāpasārabhūmīr ātmanaḥ parasya cāvekṣeta //

1.16.9

durgarāṣṭrapramāṇaṃ sāravṛttigupticchidrāṇi copalabheta //

1.16.10

parādhiṣṭhānam anujñātaḥ praviśet //

Having obtained permission, he shall enter into the capital of the enemy and state the object of the mission as exactly as entrusted to him even at the cost of his own life.

1.16.11

śāsanaṃ ca yathoktaṃ brūyāt, prāṇābādhe 'pi dṛṣṭe //

1.16.12

parasya vāci vaktre dṛṣṭyāṃ ca prasādaṃ vākyapūjanam iṣṭaparipraśnaṃ guṇakathāsaṅgam āsannam āsanaṃ satkāram iṣṭeṣu smaraṇaṃ viśvāsagamanaṃ ca lakṣayet tuṣṭasya, viparītam atuṣṭasya //

Brightness in the tone, face, and eyes of the enemy; respectful reception of the mission; enquiry about the health of friends; taking part in the narration of virtues; giving a seat close to the throne; respectful treatment of the envoy; remembrance of friends; closing the mission with satisfaction;--all these shall be noted as indicating the good graces of the enemy and the reverse his displeasure.

1.16.13

taṃ brūyāt - "dūtamukhā hi rājānaḥ, tvaṃ cānye ca //

A displeased enemy maybe told:--

"Messengers are the mouth-pieces of kings, not only of thyself, but of all; hence messengers who, in the face of weapons raised against them, have to express their mission as exactly as they are entrusted with do not, though outcasts, deserve death; where is then reason to put messengers of Bráhman caste to death? This is another's speech. This (i.e., delivery of that speech verbatim) is the duty of messengers."

1.16.14

tasmād udyateṣv api śastreṣu yathoktaṃ vaktāro dūtāḥ //

1.16.15

teṣām antāvasāyino 'py avadhyāḥ, kim aṅga punar brāhmaṇāḥ //

1.16.16

parasyaitad vākyam //

1.16.17

eṣa dūtadharmaḥ" iti //

1.16.18

vased avisṛṣṭaḥ pūjayā notsiktaḥ //

Not puffed up with the respects shown to him, he shall stay there till he is allowed to depart. He shall not care for the mightiness of the enemy; shall strictly avoid women and liquor; shall take bed single; for it is well-known that the intentions of envoys are ascertained while they are asleep or under the influence of liquor.

1.16.19

pareṣu balitvaṃ na manyeta //

1.16.20

vākyam aniṣṭaṃ saheta //

1.16.21

striyaḥ pānaṃ ca varjayet //

1.16.22

ekaḥ śayīta //

1.16.23

suptamattayor hi bhāvajñānaṃ dṛṣṭam //

1.16.24

kṛtyapakṣopajāpam akṛtyapakṣe gūḍhapraṇidhānaṃ rāgāparāgau bhartari randhraṃ ca prakṛtīnāṃ tāpasavaidehakavyañjanābhyām upalabheta, tayor antevāsibhiś cikitsakapāṣaṇḍavyañjanobhayavetanair vā //

He shall, through the agency of ascetic and merchant spies or through their disciples or through spies under the disguise of physicians, and heretics, or through recipients of salaries from two states (ubhayavétana), ascertain the nature of the intrigue prevalent among parties favourably disposed to his own master, as well as the conspiracy of hostile factions, and understand the loyalty or disloyalty of the people to the enemy besides any assailable points.

1.16.25

teṣām asambhāṣāyāṃ yācakamattonmattasuptapralāpaiḥ puṇyasthānadevagṛhacitralekhyasaṃjñābhir vā cāram upalabheta //

If there is no possibility of carrying on any such conversation (conversation with the people regarding their loyalty), he may try to gather such information by observing the talk of beggars, intoxicated and insane persons or of persons babbling in sleep, or by observing the signs made in places of pilgrimage and temples or by deciphering paintings and secret writings (chitra-gúdha-lékhya-samjñá-bhih).

1.16.26

upalabdhasyopajāpam upeyāt //

Whatever information he thus gathers he shall try to test by intrigues.

1.16.27

pareṇa coktaḥ svāsāṃ prakṛtīnāṃ pramāṇaṃ nācakṣīta //

He shall not check the estimate which the enemy makes of the elements of sovereignty of his own master; but he shall only say in reply, ‘All is known to thee.’ Nor shall he disclose the means employed (by his master) to achieve an end in view.

1.16.28

"sarvaṃ veda bhavān" iti brūyāt, kāryasiddhikaraṃ vā //

1.16.29

kāryasyāsiddhāv uparudhyamānas tarkayet - "kiṃ bhartur me vyasanam āsannaṃ paśyan, svaṃ vā vyasanaṃ pratikartukāmaḥ, pārṣṇigrāham āsāram antaḥkopam āṭavikaṃ vā samutthāpayitukāmaḥ, mitram ākrandaṃ vā vyāghātayitukāmaḥ, svaṃ vā parato vigraham antaḥkopam āṭavikaṃ vā pratikartukāmaḥ, saṃsiddhaṃ vā me bhartur yātrākālam abhihantukāmaḥ,
sasyapaṇyakupyasaṃgrahaṃ durgakarma balasamuddānaṃ vā kartukāmaḥ, svasainyānāṃ vā vyāyāmasya deśakālāv ākāṅkṣamāṇaḥ, paribhavapramādābhyāṃ vā, saṃsargānubandhārthī vā, mām uparuṇaddhi" iti //

If he has not succeeded in his mission, but is still detained, he shall proceed to infer thus:--

Whether seeing the imminent danger into which my master is likely to fall and desirous of averting his own danger; whether in view of inciting against my master an enemy threatening in the rear or a king whose dominion in the rear is separated by other intervening states; whether in view of causing internal rebellion in my master's state, or of inciting a wild chief (átavika) against my master; whether in view of destroying my master by employing a friend or a king whose dominion stretches out in the rear of my master's state (ákranda); whether with the intention of averting the internal trouble in his own state or of preventing a foreign invasion or the inroads of a wild chief; whether in view of causing the approaching time of my master's expedition to lapse; whether with the desire of collecting raw materials and merchandise, or of repairing his fortifications, or of recruiting a strong army capable to fight; whether waiting for the time and opportunity necessary for the complete training of his own army; or whether in view of making a desirable alliance in order to avert the present contempt brought about by his own carelessness, this king detains me thus?

1.16.30

jñātvā vased apasared vā //

Then he may stay or get out as he deems it desirable; or he may demand a speedy settlement of his mission.

1.16.31

prayojanam iṣṭam avekṣeta vā //

1.16.32

śāsanam aniṣṭam uktvā bandhavadhabhayād avisṛṣṭo 'py apagacchet, anyathā niyamyeta //

Or having intimated an unfavourable order (sásana) to the enemy, and pretending apprehension of imprisonment or death, he may return even without permission; otherwise he may be punished.

1.16.33

preṣaṇaṃ saṃdhipālatvaṃ pratāpo mitrasaṃgrahaḥ /
upajāpaḥ suhṛdbhedo gūḍhadaṇḍātisāraṇam //

Transmission of missions, maintenance of treaties, issue of ultimatum (pratápa), gaining of friends, intrigue, sowing dissension among friends, fetching secret force; carrying away by stealth relatives and gems, gathering information about the movements of spies, bravery, breaking of treaties of peace, winning over the favour of the envoy and government officers of the enemy,---these are the duties of an envoy (dúta).

1.16.34

bandhuratnāpaharaṇaṃ cārajñānaṃ parākramaḥ /
samādhimokṣo dūtasya karma yogasya cāśrayaḥ //

1.16.35

svadūtaiḥ kārayed etat paradūtāṃś ca rakṣayet /
pratidūtāpasarpābhyāṃ dṛśyādṛśyaiś ca rakṣibhiḥ //E

The king shall employ his own envoys to carry on works of the above description, and guard himself against (the mischief of) foreign envoys by employing counter envoys, spies, and visible and invisible watchmen.