Kautilya's Arthashastra 10.2.13

10.2.13

āśrayakārī sampannaghātī pārṣṇir āsāro madhyama udāsīno vā pratikartavyaḥ, saṃkaṭo mārgaḥ śodhayitavyaḥ, kośo daṇḍo mitrāmitrāṭavībalaṃ viṣṭyṛtur vā pratīkṣyāḥ, kṛtadurgakarmanicayarakṣākṣayaḥ krītabalanirvedo mitrabalanirvedaś cāgamiṣyati, upajapitāro vā nātitvarayanti, śatrur abhiprāyaṃ vā pūrayiṣyati, iti śanair yāyāt,
viparyaye śīghram //

When the protective power of fortifications and stores (of the enemies) is on its decay, when it is thought that distress of the hired army or of a friend's army (of the enemy) is impending; when intriguers are not for a quick march; or when the enemy is likely to come to terms (with the invader), slow march should be made; otherwise quick march should be made.

In case of any obstruction, the army should march in crocodile array in the front, in cart-like array behind, and on the sides in diamond-like array (i.e., in four or five rows, each having its front, rear and sides) and in a compact array on all sides. When the army is marching on a path passable by a single man, it should march in pin-like array. When peace is made with one and war is to be waged with another, steps should be taken to protect the friends who are bringing help against enemies, such as an enemy in the rear, his ally, a madhyama king, or a neutral king. Roads with obstructions should be examined and cleared. Finance, the army, the the strength of the armies of friends, enemies, and wild tribes, the prospect of rains, and the seasons should be thoroughly examined.