Markandeyapurana 49.41

49.41

caturṇāmatha durgāṇāṃ svasamutthāni trīṇi tu /
caturthaṃ kṛtrimaṃ durgaṃ te cakruryatnatastu vai //

Now of the four kinds of fortresses three occur naturally; the fourth kind of fortress is artificial. Now those men constructed it laboriously;[19] and they also constructed, O brāhman,[20] the pura,[21] and the kheṭaka, the droṇīmukha[22] likewise,[23] and śākhā-nagarakas and the three kinds of karvaṭakas,[24] and the grāmas together with the arrangement of the ghoṣas,[25] and the separate habitations therein; and they built lofty ramparts surrounded on all sides with fosses. They made the pura, or town, extend for a quarter of a yojana in every direction, and slope down to water on the east; they made it auspicious and peopled it with colonies from noble families.[26] And with a half of it they laid out the kheṭa,[27] and with a quarter of it the karvaṭa;[28] and then the inferior portion which is made with the remaining quarter is called the droṇīmukha.[29] A town destitnte of ramparts and fosses[30] is called a varmavat; and a śākhā-nagaraka[31] is another kind of town which possesses ministers and feudatory princes. Moreover, a dwelling place[32] which abounds with śūdras and water,[33] where the cultivators are independently prosperous,[34] and which is situated on land that can he used for fields, is called a grāma.[35] The dwelling-place, which men make, different from cities and other abodes, for the sake of their business, is to be known as a vasati by modern men.[36] The grāma which springs up on the land of another grāma, and thrives, which has no fields of its own, which is for the most part vicious, and which is the resort of a king’s favourites, is called an ākrimī.[37] And a collection of cattle and herdsmen, who have brought their utensils there on carts, where there is no barter, is called a ghoṣa;[38] its situation on the land may be wherever they please.