Kaṭha Upaniṣad 4

Commentary of Śaṅkarācārya of Śaṅkarācārya 4

Language: Sanskrit

4.1

parāñci parāgañcanti gacchantīti, khāni khopalakṣitāni śrotrādīnīndriyāṇi khānītyucyante | tāni parāñcyeva śabdādiviṣayaprakāśanāya pravartante | yasmādevaṃsvabhāvakāni tāni vyatṛṇat hiṃsitavān hananaṃ kṛtavānityarthaḥ | ko'sau ? svayaṃbhūḥ parameśvaraḥ svayameva svatantro bhavati sarvadā na paratantra iti | tasmāt parāṅ parāgrūpānanātmabhūtāñchabdādīn paśyati upalabhate upalabdhyā nāntarātman nāntarātmānamityarthaḥ | evaṃsvabhāve'pi sati lokasya kaścit nadyāḥ pratisrotaḥpravartanamiva dhīraḥ dhīmānvivekī pratyagātmānaṃ pratyak cāsāvātmā ceti pratyagātmā | pratīcyevātmaśabdo rūḍho loke, nānyatra | vyutpattipakṣe'pi tatraivātmaśabdo vartate; ‘yaccāpnoti yadādatte yaccātti viṣayāniha | yaccāsya saṃtato bhāvastasmādātmeti kīrtyate’ ityātmaśabdavyutpattismaraṇāt | taṃ pratyagātmānaṃ svasvabhāvam aikṣat apaśyan paśyatītyarthaḥ, chandasi kālāniyamāt | kathaṃ paśyatīti, ucyate— āvṛttacakṣuḥ āvṛttaṃ vyāvṛttaṃ cakṣuḥ śrotrādikamindriyajātamaśeṣaviṣayāt yasya sa āvṛttacakṣuḥ | sa evaṃ saṃskṛtaḥ pratyagātmānaṃ paśyati | na hi bāhyaviṣayālocanaparatvaṃ pratyagātmekṣaṇaṃ caikasya saṃbhavati | kimicchanpunaritthaṃ mahatā prayāsena svabhāvapravṛttinirodhaṃ kṛtvā dhīraḥ pratyagātmānaṃ paśyatīti, ucyate | amṛtatvam amaraṇadharmatvaṃ nityasvabhāvatām icchan ātmana ityarthaḥ ||

4.2

yattāvatsvābhāvikaṃ parāgevānātmadarśanaṃ tadātmadarśanasya pratibandhakāraṇamavidyā tatpratikūlatvādyā ca parāgevāvidyopapradśiteṣu dṛṣṭādṛṣṭeṣu bhogeṣu tṛṣṇā tābhyāmavidyātṛṣṇābhyāṃ pratibaddhātmadarśanāḥ parācaḥ bahirgatāneva kāmān kāmyānviṣayān anuyanti anugacchanti bālāḥ alpaprajñāḥ te tena kāraṇena mṛtyoḥ avidyākāmakarmasamudāyasya yanti gacchanti vitatasya vistīrṇasya sarvato vyāptasya pāśaṃ pāśyate badhyate yena taṃ pāśaṃ dehendriyādisaṃyogaviyogalakṣaṇam | anavarataṃ janmamaraṇajarārogādyanekānarthavrātaṃ pratipadyanta ityarthaḥ | yata evam atha tasmāt dhīrāḥ vivekinaḥ pratyagātmasvarūpāvasthānalakṣaṇam amṛtatvaṃ dhruvaṃ viditvā | devādyamṛtatvaṃ hyadhruvam , idaṃ tu pratyagātmasvarūpāvasthānalakṣaṇaṃ dhruvam , 'na karmaṇā vardhate no kanīyān' iti śruteḥ | tadevaṃbhūtaṃ kūṭasthamavicālyamamṛtatvaṃ viditvā adhruveṣu sarvapadārtheṣu anityeṣu nirdhārya, brāhmaṇā iha saṃsāre 'narthaprāye na prārthayante kiṃcidapi pratyagātmadarśanapratikūlatvāt | putravittalokaiṣaṇābhyo vyuttiṣṭhantyevetyabhiprāyaḥ ||

4.3

yadvijñānānna kiṃcidanyatprārthayante brāhmaṇāḥ, kathaṃ tadadhigama iti, ucyate—yena vijñānasvabhāvenātmanā rūpaṃ rasaṃ gandhaṃ śabdān sparśāṃśca maithunān maithunanimittānsukhapratyayān vijānāti vispaṣṭaṃ jānāti sarvo lokaḥ | nanu naivaṃ prasiddhirlokasya ātmanā dehādivilakṣaṇenāhaṃ vijānāmīti | dehādisaṃghāto'haṃ vijānāmīti tu sarvo loko'vagacchati | nanu dehādisaṃghātasyāpi śabdādisvarūpatvāviśeṣādvijñeyatvāviśeṣācca na yuktaṃ vijñātṛtvam | yadi hi dehādisaṃghāto rūpādyātmakaḥ san rūpādīnvijānīyāt, tarhi bāhyā api rūpādayo'nyonyaṃ svaṃ svaṃ rūpaṃ ca vijānīyuḥ | na caitadasti | tasmāddehādilakṣaṇāṃśca rūpādīn etenaiva dehādivyatiriktenaiva vijñānasvabhāvenātmanā vijānāti lokaḥ | yathā yena loho dahati so'gniriti tadvat ātmano'vijñeyam | kim atra asmim̐lloke pariśiṣyate na kiṃcitpariśiṣyate sarvameva tvātmanā vijñeyam , yasyātmano'vijñeyaṃ na kiṃcitpariśiṣyate, sa ātmā sarvajñaḥ | etadvai tat | kiṃ tat yannaciketasā pṛṣṭaṃ devādibhirapi vicikitsitaṃ dharmādibhyo'nyat viṣṇoḥ paramaṃ padaṃ yasmātparaṃ nāsti tadvai etat adhigatamityarthaḥ ||

4.4

atisūkṣmatvādurvijñeyamiti matvaitamevārthaṃ punaḥ punarāhasvapnāntaṃ svapnamadhyaṃ svapnavijñeyamityetat | tathā jāgaritāntaṃ jāgaritamadhyaṃ jāgaritavijñeyaṃ ca | ubhau svapnajāgaritāntau yena ātmanā anupaśyati lokaḥ iti sarvaṃ pūrvavat | taṃ mahāntaṃ vibhumātmānaṃ matvā avagamyātmabhāvena sākṣādahamasmi paramātmeti dhīraḥ na śocati ||

4.5

kiṃca, yaḥ kaścit imaṃ madhvadaṃ karmaphalabhujaṃ jīvaṃ prāṇādikalāpasya dhārayitāramātmānaṃ veda vijānāti antikāt antike samīpe īśānam īśitāraṃ bhūtabhavyasya kālatrayasya. tataḥ tadvijñānādūrdhvamātmānaṃ na vijugupsate na gopāyitumicchati, abhayaprāptatvāt | yāvaddhi bhayamadhyastho'nityamātmānaṃ manyate tāvadgopāyitumicchatyātmānam| yadā tu nityamadvaitamātmānaṃ vijānāti, tadā kaḥ kiṃ kuto vā gopāyitumicchet | etadvai taditi pūrvavat ||

4.6

yaḥ pratyagātmeśvarabhāvena nirdiṣṭaḥ, sa sarvātmetyetaddarśayati--yaḥ kaścinmumukṣuḥ pūrvaṃ prathamaṃ tapasaḥ jñānādilakṣaṇādbrahmaṇa ityetat ; jātam utpannaṃ hiraṇyagarbham | kimapekṣya pūrvamiti, āha--adbhyaḥ pūrvam apsahitebhyaḥ pañcabhūtebhyaḥ, na kevalābhyo'dbhya ityabhiprāyaḥ | ajāyata utpannaḥ yastaṃ prathamajaṃ devādiśarīrāṇyutpādya sarvaprāṇiguhāṃ hṛdayākāśaṃ praviśya tiṣṭhantaṃ śabdādīnupalabhamānaṃ bhūtebhiḥ bhūtaiḥ kāryakāraṇalakṣaṇaiḥ saha tiṣṭhantaṃ yo vyapaśyata yaḥ paśyatītyetat; ya evaṃ paśyati, sa etadeva paśyati— yattatprakṛtaṃ brahma ||

4.7

kiṃca, yā sarvadevatāmayī sarvadevatātmikā prāṇena hiraṇyagarbharūpeṇa parasmādbrahmaṇaḥ saṃbhavati śabdādīnāmadanāt aditiḥ tāṃ pūrvavadguhāṃ praviśya tiṣṭhantīm aditim | tāmeva viśinaṣṭi—yā bhūtebhiḥ bhūtaiḥ samanvitā vyajāyata utpannetyetat ||
kiṃca, yaḥ adhiyajñam uttarādharāraṇyornihitaḥ sthitaḥ jātavedā agniḥ punaḥ sarvahaviṣāṃ bhoktā adhyātmaṃ ca yogibhiḥ, garbha iva garbhiṇībhiḥ antarvatnībhiragarhitānnabhojanādinā yathā garbhaḥ subhṛtaḥ suṣṭhu samyagbhṛto loke, itthameva ṛtvigbhiyoṃgibhiśca subhṛta ityetat | kiṃca, dive dive ahūnyahani īḍyaḥ stutyo vandyaśca karmibhiyoṃgibhiścādhvare hṛdaye ca jāgṛvadbhiḥ jāgaraṇaśīlaiḥ apramattairityetat | haviṣmadbhiḥ ājyādimadbhiḥ dhyānabhāvanāvadbhiśśca manuṣyebhiḥ manuṣyaiḥ agniḥ ; etadvai tat tadeva prakṛtaṃ brahma ||
kiṃca, yataśca yasmātprāṇāt udeti uttiṣṭhati sūryaḥ, astaṃ nimlocanaṃ tirodhānaṃ yatra yasminneva ca prāṇe ahanyahani gacchati, taṃ prāṇamātmānaṃ devāḥ sarve agnyādayaḥ adhidaivaṃ vāgādayaścādhyātmaṃ sarve viśve arā iva rathanābhau arpitāḥ saṃpraveśitāḥ sthitikāle | so'pi brahmaiva | tat etatsarvātmakaṃ brahma, u nātyeti nātītya tadātmakatāṃ tadanyatvaṃ gacchati, kaścana kaścidapi etadvai tat ||

4.10

yadbrahmādisthāvarānteṣu vartamānaṃ tattadupādhitvādabrahmavadavabhāsamānaṃ saṃsāryanyatparasmādbrahmaṇa iti mā bhūtkasyacidāśaṅketīdamāha— yadeveha kāryakāraṇopādhisamanvitaṃ saṃsāradharmavadavabhāsamānamavivekinām, tadeva svātmastham amutra nityavijñānaghanasvabhāvaṃ sarvasaṃsāradharmavarjitaṃ brahma| yacca amutra amuṣminnātmani sthitam, tadanu iha tadeva iha kāryakāraṇanāma rūpopādhim anu vibhāvyamānaṃ nānyat | tatraivaṃ sati upādhisvabhāvabhedadṛṣṭilakṣaṇayā avidyayā mohitaḥ san ya iha brahmaṇyanānābhūte parasmādanyo'haṃ matto'nyatparaṃ brahmeti nāneva bhinnamiva paśyati upalabhate, sa mṛtyormaraṇāt mṛtyuṃ maraṇaṃ punaḥ punaḥ jananamaraṇabhāvamāpnoti pratipadyate | tasmāttathā na paśyet | vijñānaikarasaṃ nairantaryeṇākāśavatparipūrṇaṃ brahmaivāhamasmīti paśyediti vākyārthaḥ ||

4.11

prāgekatvavijñānādācāryāgamasaṃskṛtena manasaiva idaṃ brahmaikarasam āptavyam ātmaiva nānyadastīti | āpte ca nānātvapratyupasthāpikāyā avidyāyā nivṛttatvāt iha brahmaṇi nānā nāsti kiṃcana aṇumātramapi | yastu punaravidyātimiradṛṣṭiṃ na muñcati iha brahmaṇi nāneva paśyati, sa mṛtyormṛtyuṃ gacchatyeva svalpamapi bhedamadhyāropayannityarthaḥ ||
punarapi tadeva prakṛtaṃ brahmāha- aṅguṣṭhamātraḥ aṅguṣṭhaparimāṇaḥ | aṅguṣṭhaparimāṇaṃ hṛdayapuṇḍarīkaṃ tacchidravartyantaḥkaraṇopādhiraṅguṣṭhamātraḥ aṅguṣṭhamātravaṃśaparvamadhyavartyambaravat | puruṣaḥ pūrṇamanena sarvamiti | madhye ātmani śarīre tiṣṭhati yaḥ tam ātmānam īśānaṃ bhūtabhavyasya viditvā, na tata ityādi pūrvavat ||
kiṃca, aṅguṣṭhamātraḥ puruṣaḥ jyotiriva adhūmakaḥ, adhūmakamiti yuktaṃ jyotiḥparatvāt | yastvevaṃ lakṣito yogibhirhṛdaye īśānaḥ bhūtabhavyasya sa eva nityaḥ kūṭasthaḥ adya idānīṃ prāṇiṣu vartamānaḥ sa u śvo'pi vartiṣyate, nānyastatsamo'nyaśca janiṣyata ityarthaḥ | anena ‘nāyamastīti caike’ ityayaṃ pakṣo nyāyato'prāpto'pi svavacanena śrutyā pratyuktaḥ, tathā kṣaṇabhaṅgavādaśca |

4.14

punarapi bhedadarśanāpavādaṃ brahmaṇa āha — yathā udakaṃ durge durgame deśe uccchite vṛṣṭaṃ siktaṃ parvateṣu parvavatsu nimnapradeśeṣu vidhāvati vikīrṇaṃ sadvinaśyati, evaṃ dharmān ātmano'bhinnān pṛthak paśyan pṛthageva pratiśarīraṃ paśyan tāneva śarīrabhedānuvartinaḥ anuvidhāvati | śarīrabhedameva pṛthak punaḥ punaḥ pratipadyata ityarthaḥ ||

4.15

asya punavidyāvato vidhvastopādhikṛtabhedadarśanasya viśuddhavijñānaghanaikarasamadvayamātmānaṃ paśyato vijānato munermananaśīlasyātmasvarūpaṃ kathaṃ saṃbhavatīti, ucyate-- yathā udakaṃ śuddhe prasanne śuddhaṃ prasannam āsiktaṃ prakṣiptam ekarasameva nānyathā, tādṛgeva bhavati ātmāpyevameva bhavati ekatvaṃ vijānato muneḥ mananaśīlasya he gautama | tasmātkutārkikabhedadṛṣṭiṃ nāstikakudṛṣṭiṃ cojjhitvā mātṛpitṛsahasrebhyo'pi hitaiṣiṇā vedenopadiṣṭamātmaikatvadarśanaṃ śāntadarpairādaraṇīyamityarthaḥ ||
iti caturthavallībhāṣyam ||

Linked texts (1)

Kaṭhopaniṣad — Sanskrit