Yāska's Nirukta 171
Niruktavṛtti 171
- Language
- Sanskrit
171.1
“tad ye anādiṣṭadevatā mantrāḥ”| ihaitaduktam,–“yatkāma ṛṣairyasyāṃ devatāyāmārthapatyamicchan stutiṃ prayuṅkte taddaivataḥ sa mantro bhavati”-iti | tadetatprakaṭadevatālakṣaṇeṣu mantreṣu mantradevatālakṣaṇamupapadyate, ye tvanādiṣṭadevatāliṅgā mantrāḥ, teṣu devatāḥ kathamanveṣyāḥ ? iti tadetad vicāryata ityupayuktastacchabdaḥ| ye anādiṣṭadevatāliṅgā mantrāḥ, “teṣu” “devatopaparīkṣā” devatāyā ataḥ paraṃ parīkṣā upapattito varttiṣyata iti vākyaśeṣaḥ |
7 |
4 |
171.2
“yaddevataḥ sa yajño vā yajñāṅgaṃ vā, taddevatā bhavanti” | yaddevataḥ sa yajño yasmin yajñe te anāviṣkṛtadevatāliṅgā mantrā viniyujyante, taddevatā eva hi te bhavanti | tadyathā,-“āgneyo'gniṣṭomaḥ”-iti śrūyate, tatra yo'nāviṣkṛtadevatāliṅgo mantraḥ syāt, sa āgneya eva syāt, 'prakaraṇāddhi sandigdhadevateṣu debatāniyamaḥ' iti nyāyaḥ | “yajñāṅgaṃ vā”| prātaḥsavane yo viniyujyate sa āgneyaḥ, yo mādhyandine sa aindraḥ, yastṛtīyāsavane sa ādityaḥ || ( 2 ) “yaddevataḥ sa yajño vā yajñāṅgaṃ vā taddevatā bhavanti”-ityevamādīnāmaparo vyākhyāmārgaḥ-yaddevataḥ sa yajñaḥ yaddevataṃ pradhānaṃ haviḥ, tadyathā,-prakṛtāvaindraṃ sānnāyyaṃ māhendraṃ vā, tatsaṃskāraparā iṣotvādayaḥ ( ya0 vā0 saṃ0 1, 1 ), tenāviṣkṛtadevatāliṅgā aindrā eva bhavanti, māhendrā vā | yaddevate caudhikāre codakena pradiśyante, taddevatā eva bhavanti | tadyathā,-kuvidaṅgeti prājāpatyagrahaṇe viniyogāt prājāpatya eva bhavati | yajñāṅgaṃ vetyādhārādyabhiprāyeṇa | “ṛṣabho'si śākvaraḥ”-ityanāviṣkṛtadevatāliṅgaḥ pūrṇasruvāsādanamantraḥ, srauve viniyogāta. tasya ca prājāpatyatvāt prājāpatyaḥ |
7 |
4 |
171.3
āha-“atha anyatra yajñāt” kathaṃ mantreṣu devatāparijñānamiti atha punaranyatra yajñāda ye varttante, yeṣāmanuṣṭhānaḥ prayogaḥ, “utsannayajño vā eṣaḥ”-ityutsannatāmapi darśayatyeva brāhmaṇam | teṣūtsannaprakaraṇaprayogeṣu. vācastomeprayogaviniyogakalpeṣu,-“kiṃ brāhma-
ṇasya pitaraṃ pṛcchasi kiṃnu mātaram| śrutavidasmin vedyaṃ sa pitāmahaḥ||”-ityevamādiṣu kathamanveṣyā devatā ? iti | śṛṇu-“athānyatra yajñāt prājāpatyāḥ” te mantrāḥ “iti yājñikāḥ” manyante || kiṃ kāraṇam ?, anirukto hi prajāpatiḥ, aniruktadevatālliṅgāśca mantrā ityetasmātsāmānyāt || ( 3 ) ||
“athānyatra yajñāt” | kvānyatra yajñāt karmaṇo mantrāṇāṃ viniyogaḥ ? upākaraṇabrahmayajñajapaprāyaścitteṣu naiṣṭhikabrahmacāriṇaśca | ‘yo ha vā aviditārṣeyacchandodaivatabrāhmaṇena mantreṇa yājayati vādhyāpayati vā sthāṇuṃ barcchati, gattai vā patati, pravāmīyate, yātayāmānyasya cchandāṃsi bhavanti’-iti pratyavāyaśravaṇāt sarvatrānveṣṭyā devatetyārabdhavyamathānyatra yajñāditi ||
“prājāpatyā iti yājñikāḥ” | prajāpatisteṣūpākaraṇādikarmasūprāsya iti yājñikā manyante, sa hyanirukta ityaniruktatāsāmānyāt |
7 |
171.4
“nārāśaṃsāḥ” te “iti nairuktāḥ” manyante | narāśaṃso'gniryajño vā | vakṣyati hi,-“yajña iti kātthakyaḥ agniriti śākapūṇiḥ”-iti | yajñaśabdena ca viṣṇurucyate “viṣṇurvai yajñaḥ” iti ha vijñāyate | “agnirhi bhūyiṣṭhabhāg devatānām”iti, ato'nāviṣkṛtadevatāliṅgo mantra āgneyaḥ syāt | sarvadevatāśrayaṇācca “agnirvai sarvā devatāḥ” atra vai sarvā vamati devateti ha vijñāyate || yasminnapi pakṣe nārāśaṃso yajñaḥ, tasminnapi pakṣe yajñaprabhavatvādasya jagato yajñasya śraiṣṭhyam, ‘aparigrahaṃ ca śreṣṭhagāmi’ iti nyāyaḥ || kecittu yena narāḥ praśasyante sa ‘nārāśaṃso mantraḥ’-iti paśyanto manuṣyastutayastā ityevaṃ manyante | tadayukam-na hi manuṣyāṇāmanāviṣkṛtaliṅgairmantraiḥ stutirūpapadyate, durbodhyatvāt teṣāmalpabuddhitvācca manuṣyāṇāmiti || ( 4 ) ||
“nārāśaṃsā iti nairuktāḥ” sauryyā vā āgneyā veti |
7 |
171.5
“api vā sā kāmadevatā syāt” | api vaivamanyathā syāt-sā ṛk, sa mantraḥ, yo'nāviṣkṛtadevatāliṅgaḥ, sa kāmadevataḥ syāt, kāmato hīcchātastasmin devatā kalpayitavyetyabhiprāyaḥ || kiṃ kāraṇam ? gaṇapadamayo hi saḥ, na hi tatra devatāsaṃvijñānapadam anyatamadevatāviśeṣaprakhyāpakamasti, yato viśeṣāt kasyāñcidekasyāṃ devatāyāmanvābhyo
byāvṛttyāvatiṣṭheta, guṇapadānāṃ ca sarveṣāṃ sarvadevatāśrayatvādaiśvaryayogāt sarvāsāṃ deva tānāmiti || ( 5 ) || “api vā sā kāmadevatā syāt” anāviṣkṛtadevatāliṅge mantre yā vicāryyate devatā, 'kasmin devatā syāt ?' iti, sā kāmataḥ kalpyā, icchāt ityarthaḥ | guṇapadamayatvāt tasya | na mantravākyasāmarthyād devatā niyamyate tatra, kiṃ tarhi ? prayokturicchāsāmarthyāt | athavā-prayoktā yatkāmastaṃ mantraṃ prayuṅkte, tasya kāmasya yā devatā adhipatiḥ, tāmeva tasminnabhisandadhīta |
7 |
171.6
“prāyodevatā vā” 'tasmin mantre syāt' iti vākyaśeṣaḥ | prāya iti hyadhikāra ucyate | yaddevatādhikāre hyadhyayanapāṭhānukrame yo'nāviṣkṛtadevatāliṅgo mantro bhavati, sa taddevata eveti boddhavyam | tadyathā,-agnyadhikāre varttamāne āgneya eva mantro bhavati, indrādhikāre caindra eveti || athavā-prāya iti bāhulyamucyate | tadyathā,anṛtaprāyo devadatta ityukte anṛtabahula ityeva gamyate | evamihāpi prāyodevatetyukte bahuladevateti syāt | kiṃ kāraṇam ? “asti hyācāro bahulaṃ loke” asti hīyaṃ loke bahulasya bhūyastvena prasiddhiḥ | nirddiṣṭebhyo dravyebhyo yadanyadavaśiṣyate, tat sādhāraṇaṃ bhavati | tadyathāṃ, kaścit gṛhī nirddiśāti “idaṃ me devadaivatyaṃ dravyam” “idaṃ me ātithidaivatyam” “idaṃ me pitṛdaivatyam”-iti | tatraivaṃ nirddiṣṭe tato rāśeryadanyadavaśiṣyate, taddevapitṛmanuṣyāṇāṃ sādhāraṇaṃ bhavati | tathā carunirvvapaṇakarmaṇi ‘idaṃ devatānām’ iti niruttamabhimṛśya ‘idaṃ naḥ saha ’ iti śeṣamabhimṛśati sarvasādhāraṇatvaprakhyāpanārtham | evamihāpyādiṣṭadevatāliṅgānmantrarāśeryo'nyo'nādiṣṭadevatāliṅgo mantrarāśiḥ syāt, sa sarvasādhāraṇatvād bahudevato vaiśvadevaḥ syāditi || ( 6 ) || “prāyo devatā vā” samānameva pūrveṇa |
171.7
āha-kaḥ punaretasmin vicāre niścayaḥ ? ucyate-“yājñadaivato mantraḥ” | yo'nāviṣkṛtadevatāliṅgo mantraḥ sa yājño vā syād daivato vā | “viṣṇurvai yajñaḥ”-iti ha
vijñāyate| viṣṇuḥ punarāditya eva nairuktānām, dyusthāne samāmnānāt, “yacca kiñcit pravrāhutamādityakarmaiva tat”–iti hi vakṣyati | tasmādādityadevataḥ sa mantraḥ, iti syāt || athavā–daivataḥ sa mantraḥ | devatā asmin devateti daivataḥ, aviśiṣṭaṃ hi devatātvamagnāveva, sarvadevatābhivādāt | “agnirvai sarvā devatāḥ”--iti ha vijñāyate, “agnirve devatānāṃ bhūyiṣṭhabhāk” iti ca | ‘aparigrahaṃ ca pradhānagāmi’-iti nyāyaḥ, tasmādāgneyaḥ sa mantraḥ syāditi || tadyadupodvāta uktam “nārāśaṃsā iti nairuktāḥ”– iti, tadeva kātthakyaśākapūṇimatenāvadhṛtaṃ yajño'gnirveti, tau hi nairuktāviti ( 7 )
“api hyadevatā devatāvat stūyante” | “yatkāma ṛpiryasyāṃ devatāyāmārdhapatyamicchan stutiṃ prayuṅkte”--iti mantradevatālakṣaṇamuktam, tadupapadyate devānāmārthapatyasambandhāt, anāviṣkṛtadevateṣvapi saṃvijñātapadābhāvāt kalpyate devatā kāmasya adhipatirapi | yatra tu sphuṭam adevatā devatāvat stūyante nanu tatraitallakṣaṇaṃ vyāhanyate ? tadyathā,– “aśvaprabhṛtīnyoṣadhiparyyantāni” | etasmin varge kānicit sattvāni, kānicid dravyāṇi, aśvādīni sattvāni, akṣādīni dravyāṇi | tāni ca punarāsannamarthaṃ cetayante, nātītam, nānāgatam iti, ātmano'pi ca hitāhitaṃ na pratipadyante | tāni kathamabhiṣṭutāni stoturabhimatasyārthasya patitvaṃ kariṣyanti ? na hi tāni stutininde viśeṣato viduḥ | api cāśvādiṣu citirapi kācidasti, na tvakṣādiṣvasāvastītyuktam |
4 14 ||
171.8
tasmāt “saḥ” śiṣyaḥ medhāvī “na manyeta” na jānīyāt,–samyagaviruddhametallakṣyeṇa lakṣaṇamucyata iti | api ca sutarāṃ na manyeta,–“āgantū nivārthān devatānām” manyamānaḥ | loke tāvadete manuṣyāṇāmanityānāmaśvādayo'rthāḥ, āgantavaḥ apāyinaścānityāḥ | tadyadi devatānāmapyevameva, tatastāsāṃ teṣāṃ cānityatvāt stutiranarthikā | api ca “pratyakṣadṛśyametad bhavati” pratyakṣata evaitat dṛśyate | yathā--upakaraṇamaśvādayaḥ, upakarttavyā manuṣyāḥ | devatānāmapi cendrāgnisūryyaprabhṛtīnāmupakaraṇaṃ harirohidvārī-
tvamṛ̱tayo'śvāḥ | tasmādubhayeṣāmupakaraṇopakarttavyatāsāmānyāt manuṣyāśvavadanityatvamiti yuktam || yat sa śiṣyo na manyate naitat samyagabhidhīyata iti, tasmāt pratisamādhātavyametadityupodghṛtya uttaramucyate,-“māhābhāgyāda devatāyāḥ eka ātmā bahudhā stūyate” yasmāt, tasmāt sarvametat samyagiti | bhajyata iti bhāgaḥ, sevyata ityarthaḥ | tacca punaraiśvaryaṃ mahat | “aṇimā mahimā laghimā prāptiḥ prākāmyameva ca | īśitvaṃ ca vaśitvaṃ ca yatra kāmāvasāyitā ||”-ityevamanena mahataiśvaryeṇa bhajyate | mahadetadaiśvaryaṃ bhajate iti vā mahābhāgā devatā, tadbhāvo māhābhāgyam, tasmāt māhābhāgyāddhetoraiko'pi san devatātmā bahudhā stūyate, prakṛtibhedena vā aprakṛtibhedena vā varddhamānaḥ, nigamo'pi hi bhavatyaiśvaryaprakhyāpakaḥ - “rū̱paṃ rū̍pa ma̱ghavā̍ bobhavīti mā̱yāḥ kṛ̍ṇvā̱nasta̱nva̱ṃ 1 pari̱svām | trirya̱ddi̱vaḥ pari̍muhūrttamāgātsvairmantrai̍ranu̱tupā ṛtāvā̍ || ( ṛ0 saṃ0 3, 3, 20, 3 )”-iti || yathā yathā ca lakṣyaṃ tathā lakṣaṇaṃ pravarttayitumarhati, dṛṣṭānuvidhānācchandasaḥ, chandasi hi lakṣye yāvadabhidhānaṃ devatānānātvavidhivyavasthā | marutsūktāni ca kayāśubhādīni indramarudādisaṃvādavyapadeśahetunā gamayanti, tadaśakyamapāsitum | tathā tristhānānāṃ yānyasaṅkaravarttīni havirvahanarasānupradānarasādānalakṣaṇāni yamīndrasūryāṇāṃ karmāṇi liṅgānyarthadarśanahetūpabṛṃhitāni tritvaṃ gamayanti, tadapi cāśakyamapāsitum | tathā caikātmyamindraṃ mitraṃ varuṇamagnimāhurityevamādayo gamayanti nigamāḥ | “indra̍ṃ mi̱traṃ varu̍ṇama̱gnimā̍huratho̍ di̱vyaḥ sa su̍pa̱rṇo ga̱rutmā̍n | eka̱ṃ sadviprā̍ bahu̱dhā va̍dantya̱gniṃ ya̱maṃ mā̍ta̱riśvā̍namāhuḥ || ( ṛ0 sa0 2, 3, 22, 6 )”-iti || tadapyaśakyamapāsitum, triṣvapi caiteṣu pakṣeṣu aiśvaryamaparihīṇaṃ devatāyāḥ |
171.9
tatraivaṃ satyaikātmyaṃ tāvadāśritya pratisamādhānam “ekasyātmano'nye devāḥ pratyaṅgāni bhavanti” | māhābhāgyādevasya devatātmanaḥ prakṛtibhedena cāprakṛtibhedena veti | cetanācetanavikaraṇadharmitvādātmānaṃ vikurvato'sya “anye devāḥ pratyaṅgāni bhavanti” agnī-
ndrasūryāṇāṃ parasparasāpekṣamanyatvam, ananyatvaṃ tvekena devatātmanā mahatā saha | yathā ghaṭādīnāṃ mṛdā | na hyaṅginamaṅgānyatiricyante, bhedenāgrahaṇāt | na cāṅgānyapekṣya pratyaṅgāni bhavanti, na hyadhiṣṭhānamanapekṣya pratyadhiṣṭhānaṃ nāma bhavati | tasmādagnīndrasūryātmakasya devatātmano'ṅgāni,-jātavedovāyubhagaprabhṛtīni, śakunyaśvaprabhṛtayaśca pratyaṅgāni | sa eṣa mahānātmā agnīndrasūryādyaṅgapratyaṅgabhāvena vyūhamanubhavan eko'pi san bahudhā stūyate |
171.10
"api ca” evaṃ kṛtvā "sattvānām” aśvādīnāṃ "prakṛtibhūmabhiḥ ṛṣayaḥ stuvantītyāhuḥ” | prakriyante asyāṃ sarve vikārā iti prakṛtiḥ, sa sattālakṣaṇo mahānātmā hiraṇyagarbha iti | vakṣyati hi, -"sa eṣa mahānātmā sattālakṣaṇaḥ, tat param tat brahma0 sa bhūtātmā, saiṣā bhūtaprakṛtiḥ"-iti | tasyā bhūmā bahutvam, anekadhā vipariṇāmaḥ sthāvarajaṅgamabhāvena | prakṛterbhūmāni bahutvāni yāni mattvānāṃ tairananyanipayatvaṃ paśyantaḥ kāryakāraṇayorananyatvāt kāraṇamahidmabhiḥ tānyaśvādīnyabhiṣṭuvantītyāhurātmavidaḥ | tadyathā-"dyaustai pṛṣṭhaṃ pṛthivī śarīraigmātmāntarikṣam"-ityevamādīni | ātmaiva sarva sthāvarajaṅgamamityavetya aśvamedhe 'mūlebhyaḥ svāhā, śākhābhyaḥ svāhā' ityevamādibhistena tena vaiśeṣikeṇa sthāvarajaṅgamātmanā prakṛterabhinnenāvasthānenāvasthito mahānevātmajyate | na hyadevatā yāgamarhati | yāvaccānyadapi kiñciddevamprakāramadevatābhimatabhijyate | gṛhye ca baliprabhṛtikarmādau sarvatra sa evetyupekṣyam |
171.11
prakṛtisārvanāmyāccaitadupapannam, naitā adevatā devatāvan stūyanta, kintu mahānevāyamātmā viśvarūpaḥ stūyata iti | prakṛtisārvanāmyāditi | natimātraṃ nāma namanaṃ sañjñā, sarvatvena nāma sarvanāma, prakṛteḥ sarvanāma prakṛtisarvanāma, tadbhāvaḥ prakṛtisārvanāmyam, tasmāt prakṛtisārvanāmyāt hetoḥ | yasmāt mahābhāgyayuktā devatā prakṛtiḥ, yasmācca sarvatvena natā, tasmāddhetaurnaitā adevatā devatāvat stūyante |
1) "yajñasaṃyogāt rājā stutiṃ labheta"-- ityatra punaḥ pratisamādhāsyāmahe |
171.12
api caitadabhihitam-'āgantū nivārthān manyamāno harirohitaritādīnindrādīnāṃ manuṣyāśvavadanityatvamavetya na samyagabhidhīyata iti sa na manyeta'iti | atra brūmaḥ,-manuṣyadharmaviparīto hi devatādharmaḥ, anaiśvaryānmanuṣyāṇāmaiśvaryācca
devatānām | tat katham ? iti | ato bhedamāśritya pratisamādhīyate,-"itaretarajanmāno bhavantītaretaraprakṛtayaḥ” devāḥ aiśvaryāt | na manuṣyāṇāmiyaṃ śaktirasti, anaiśvaryāt | manuṣyāṇāṃ hi pitā putraṃ janayatīti pitā prakṛtiḥ, na punaricchannapi putraḥ pitaraṃ janayati | devaunāṃ tvagneḥ sūryyo'jāyata,-'eṣa prātaḥ prasuvati'–iti hi vijñāyate, tasmāt sūryyasyāgniḥ prakṛtiḥ | sūryāccāgniḥ sāyaṃ jāyate, tasmādagneḥ sūryyaḥ prakṛtiḥ | aditerdakṣo dakṣācca aditiriti || athādhyātmye'pi,–koṣṭyādagnernāda indraḥ, balādindrānmadhyamānaḥ agnirityevamādi | sa eṣa sarvathāpyacintyo devatādharmaḥ| tāsāmānantyānmāhābhāgyasya | tatraivaṃ satyaśakyamadhyavasātum-‘yathā manuṣyāṇāmāgantavo'śvādayastathaiva devatānāmapi' iti | tasmāt doṣānupapattiranāgantutvāt devāśvādīnāmiti |
171.13
atha kimarthamīśvarāḥ santo devatā jāyante ? iti | “karmajanmānaḥ” karmaphalasiddhaye lokasya abhivāyamūryā jāyante, na hyetebhya ṛte lokasya karmaphalasiddhiḥ syāt– vidyamānamapi caiśvaryamaiśvaryavati na prakhyātimiyāt īśitavyamarthamapratītya | tasmādaiśvaryyaprakhyāpanāya jāyante |
171.14
karmaphalasiddhaye lokamanujighṛkṣantaḥ kutaḥ punarjāyante ? “ātmajanmānaḥ” yo'sāveka ātmā bahudhā stūyata ityupāttai-sarvamūrtiḥ sthitau, uparatasarvamūrttiḥ pralaye, bhāvākhyaḥ sanmātraḥ sargakāle ṣoḍhātmāna vibhajya jagadbhāvaṃ bibhartti, tasmājjāyanta ityātmajanmānaḥ || ka eva tasmānna jāyate ? iti cet | satyam, sarvaṃ tasmāt jāyate na kāmakāreṇa | devāstu tamātmānaṃ paśyanto yogena tataḥ kāmakārato jāyante || kimeṣāṃ janma ? yadeṣāmicchatāṃ saṅkalpānuvidhāyikarmānurūpaṃ yathākālamātmanaḥ kāryakāraṇamutpadyate, tadeteṣāṃ janma | tadanīśvarāṇāṃ nāsti |
171.15
yataśceśvarāste tasmādātmanastatsaṅkalpānuvidhāyitvāt “ātmaivaiṣāṃ ratho bhavati, ātmā aśvaḥ, ātmā āyudham, ātmā iṣavaḥ, ātmā sarvaṃ devasya devasya” | tatra yaduktam,–'aśvā-
dīni sattvāni, aśvarathaprabhṛtīni ca dravyāṇi adevatāḥ'--iti | etadayuktam, devatā evemāḥ, 'rathādirūpeṇa hi devataivātmānaṃ vikṛtya prakṛtibhedena rathādisādhyamarthaṃ sādhayati | sā tadrūpā satī rathādistutyā stūyate, so ca stutisamavetamarthamāśāsitaṃ stotustenaiva rūpeṇa sādhayitumalamivi || tasmāt "māhābhāgyādekaikasyā api bahūni nāmadheyāni" tāsāmeva tisṛṇāmagnyādīnāṃ māhābhāgyādaiśvaryayogādātmānamanekadhā vikurvatīnāmekaikasyāḥ prativikāraṃ nāmadheyapratilambhāttenaiva rūpeṇa dhārayantyātmānamiti 'yatkāma ṛṣairyasyāṃ devatāyāmārthapatyamicchan stutiṃ prayuṅkte”-- ityasya lakṣaṇasyāvyāghātaḥ, tasmātsamyagevoktamiti | athavā stutisaṅkramanyāyena | navame (caturdaśe) 'dhyāye (9 |
Linked texts (1)
- Nirukta — Yāska, Sanskrit