Yāska's Nirukta 2
Niruktavṛtti 2
- Language
- Sanskrit
Contents
- 2.9 — 6 parts
2.1
“samāmnāyaḥ samāmnātaḥ” iti | gavādirdevapatnyantaḥ śabdasamudāyaḥ samāmnāya ucyate saṃmāṅpūrvasya mnāterabhyāsārthasya karmaṇi kārake samāmnāyaḥ | samabhyasyate maryādayā'yamiti
samāmnāyaḥ | sa ca ṛṣibhirmantrārthaparijñānāyodāharaṇabhūtaḥ pañcādhyāyīśāstrasaṃgrahabhāvena ekasminnāmnāye granthīkṛta ityarthaḥ ||
tasya kimiti ?
| sa ca yo'samāmnātaḥ chandasyevāvasthito gavārdiranyairvā niruktaiyaiḥ samāmnātaḥ, ayaṃ caitasminnirukte, sa eṣa ubhayalakṣaṇo'pi vyākhyātavyaḥ ||
āha-kathametadgamyaṃta - asamāmnātavyākhyānamapyatrābhipretamiti ? samāmnānārhāṇāṃ vā kimarthamasamāmnānamiti ? || ucyate--nirvacanalakṣaṇopadeśāt | nirvacanaprasaktānāñca mṛgakarṇadakṣiṇalakṣmīnighaṇṭubhadraprathaḥśabdaprabhṛtīnāmevamādyānāṃ nirvacanopadeśāt 'jñāyate-- asamāmnātavyākhyānamapyatrābhimatam- iti || yatpunaretaduktam samāmnānārhāṇāṃ vā kimarthamasamāmnānam - iti | atra brūmaḥ,--na hi samāmnānārhāṇāmanto'sti, teṣāṃ sarveṣāṃ samāmnāne śāstrānta eva na syāt, ataścādhyayanaśravaṇajñānaśaktihānadoṣaḥ prasajyeta | śakyaśca tāvallakṣaṇoddeśodāharaṇabhūtanighaṇṭuśabdasamuvāyenādhītavedena medhāvinā tapasvinā lakṣaṇaviniyogārthacchandodaivatanidānavidābhiyuktenāgamavatā mantrārtho'bhyūhitumityetāvāneva nighaṇṭuṣu śabdasamudāyaḥ samāmnātaḥ| tasmādupapannamasamāmnātavyākhyānamapyatrābhimatamiti, asamāmnānañca sarveṣāṃ śāstratigauravabhayāditi ||
vibhajya imānyatra nāmāni, imānyākhyātāni, upasargā ime, nipātā ime, idaṃ sāmānyalakṣaṇam, idaṃ viśeṣalakṣaṇam, imānyekārthāni, imānyanekārthāni, imānyavagatasaṃskārāṇi, idamabhidhānam, idamabhidheyam, idamabhidhānasya nirvacanamityevaṃvivadhayā maryādayā paripāṭyā yathā samāmnāta ākhyānavyo nirvaktavya ityarthaḥ |
2.2
"tamimaṃ samāmnāyaṃ nighaṇṭava ityācakṣate" | taṃ ca yo'samāmnātaśchandasyevāvasthito gavāṃdiranyairvā niruktaiḥ samāmnātaḥ, tamimaṃ ca 'nighaṇṭavaḥ' ityācakṣataṃ | anye'pyācāryā iti vākyaśeṣaḥ | nirūḍhā hīyamaṃtasmiñchandaḥsamudāye saṃjñetyabhiprāyaḥ |
( atha nighaṇṭusamākhyādhikaraṇam )
2.3
"nighaṇṭavaḥ kasmān"-iti nighaṇṭuśabdavyutpipādaviṣayā praśnaḥ || nirvivakṣaṃryedamāha-
| yeṣvabhidhānanirvacanaprārambhakeṣvācāryaḥ ayaṃ yāsko niruktakāraḥ kasmācchabdamuttaratra na kuryāt, teṣvapi vyākhyākāle kasmāditi •śabdaḥ samuccāyaḥ | tathāhi vyākhyāsāphalyaṃ bhavati ||
niścayenādhikaṃ vā nigūḍhārthī ete parijñātāḥ santo mantrārthān gamayanti jñāpayanti, tato 'nigama'saṃjñā nighaṇṭava eva ime bhavanti |
2.4
āha-kaḥ punareteṣu viśeṣo yenaita eva jñāpayantīti ? || ucyate-yasmādete gavādyaḥ "chandobhyaḥ samāhṛtyasamāhṛtya samāmnātāḥ" || chandāṃsi mantrāḥ tebhya upalakṣitasāmarthyāḥ samāhṛtya granthīkṛtā ityarthaḥ || āha-'kasmātpunaretāvanta eva granthīkṛtāḥ' iti|| ucyateito yasmādetaireva chandasyavasthitairabhiniviṣṭadhiyāmapi medhāvināṃ tapasvināṃ lakṣaṇaviniyogārṣacchandodaivatanidānavidāmapi satāṃ mantrārthaparijñānāyodyamabhaṅgaḥ kriyate, duṣparijñānatvāt teṣām, eteṣu parijñāteṣu apratibandhena śakyate mantrārthaḥ parijñātumiti ata ucyate ta eva jñāpakā bhavantīti | ataścaita evonnītasāmarthyāḥ samāhṛtyasamāhṛtya samāmnātā iti samāmnānamātrameva darśayati | prakaraṇagatāśca nityā evaita iti gamyate |
"te nigantava eva santo nigamanānnighaṇṭava ucyanta ityaupamanyavaḥ” | udāhṛtāḥ samāmnātāḥ nirvacanaprasaṅgato nirucyante | ya ete samāmnātā gavādyaḥ ta ete mantrārthanigamayitṛtvādubhaye'pi nigantavaḥ santo nigamanādvaitaunighaṇṭava ucyanta ityaupamanyavaḥ | ityevamarthanigamayitṛtvāmnigantava ete sampannāḥ santo'tiparokṣavṛttinā śabdena gakārasthāne ghakāraṃ kṛtvā takārasthāne ca ṭakāraṃ kṛtvā varṇavyāpattyādilakṣaṇam | athāpyādiviparyaya ityevamādi tadetatparokṣātiparokṣavṛttiṣu yathāsambhavaṃ draṣṭavyam || trividhā hi śabdavyavasthā-pratyakṣavṛttayaḥ, parokṣavṛttayaḥ, atiparokṣavṛttayaśca | tatroktakriyāḥ pratyakṣavṛttayaḥ, antarlīnakriyāḥ parokṣavṛttayaḥ, atiparokṣavṛttiṣu śabdeṣu nirvacanānyupāyaḥ | tasmātparokṣavṛttitāmāpādya pratyakṣavṛttinā śabdena nirvaktavyāḥ | tadyathā-nighaṇṭava ityatiparokṣavṛttiḥ nigantava iti parokṣavṛttiḥ, nigamayitāra iti pratyakṣavṛttiḥ | yasmānnigamayitāra ete nigantava iti nighaṇṭava ityucyante | uktañca-
vakṣyati cāyamapi-varṇaviparyayavarṇavyāpattilakṣaṇam | ta ete nigantavaḥ santo nighaṇṭava ucyante ityevamatimarokṣavṛttayo nirvaktavyāḥ|| prāyeṇa coṇādiṣu parokṣavṛttayaḥ śabdāścintyante | tatra teṣāṃ lakṣaṇamṛgekṣitavyam | yeṣāmapi lakṣaṇaṃ nāsti, teṣāmapi tatra kalpyam | aparisamāptā guṇādaya iti lakṣaṇavidaḥ pratijānate | sarvathāpi lakṣaṇāsambhave pṛṣodarādipāṭhasiddhireva draṣṭavyā | tatra hi yathādhyayanameva śabdāḥ sādhīyāṃso bhavantyabhivyāhārānabhighātāyeti
hi lakṣaṇavido manyante ityaupamanyavaḥ | evamaupamanyava ācāryo manyata iti vākyaśeṣaḥ | uparatamanyurupamanyustasyāpatyamaupamanyavaḥ | kīrttiprathanārthamaupamanyavagrahaṇam|
2.6
“api vā''hananādeva syuḥ samāhatā bhavanti” | api caivaṃ yathoktam | api caivamanyathā nighaṇṭavaḥ syuḥ || kathamiti ? | āhananādeva | na nigamanādityabhiprāyaḥ | vidyamānamapi nigamanamavivakṣitametasmin pakṣe | anekakriyāyoge'pi hi sati kāñcideva kriyāmaṅgīkṛtya nāmadheyapratilambho bhavati | taduttaratra vakṣyāmaḥ || āha--kimeteṣvāhatamiti ?| ucyate--samāhatā bhavanti | samaḥ sthāne nītyeṣa niyuktaḥ | darśayiṣyati cāyamupasargavyatyayaṃ nirityeṣa samityetasya sthāne iti | āḍvidyamāna evāvyāhṛto maryādārthaprakośanāya | hanteḥ pāṭhārthe vartamānasyānekārthatvāddhāṃtūnāṃ varṇavyāpattyā oṣaśabdavat hakārasthāne dhakāraḥ, takārasya ṭakāraḥ || atha ko'rthaḥ ? || etasmin pañcādhyāyīsaṃgrahe maryādayā paṭhitā hyete bhavanti, tasmātsamāhatāḥ samāhantava ete santa upasargavyatyayopasargādhyāhāravarṇavyāpattibhirnighaṇṭava ityucyante || prasiddhaśca pāṭhārthe hanteḥ prayogaḥ | evaṃ hi vaktāro bhavanti-'brāhmaṇe idamāhatam' 'sūtre idamāhatam'--iti | arthaprādhānyādarthanirvacanavaśena śabdavipariṇāmo'yaṃ pradarśitaḥ |
2.7
“yadvā samāhṛtā bhavanti” | pūrvavadevopasargavyatyaya upasargādhyāhāro'trāpi | dhātustu haratirgatva | yan yasmādityarthaḥ | yasmādvā ete samāhṛtā bhavanti cchandobhyaḥ, tasmāt samāharaṇakriyāyogāt mamāharttavaḥ ete samāhṛtāḥ santaḥ pūrvavadevopasargavyatyayādikrameṇa nighaṇṭava ityucyante | etasminnapi nigamanasamāhananakriye nighaṇṭuṣu vidyamāne arthavivakṣite kṛtvyā samāharaṇakriyāyogahetuko nāmadheyapratilambha uktaḥ || evameṣa nighaṇṭuśabdo gamekaikaupasargāt, hantiharhatibhyāṃ vā dvyupasargābhyāṃ niruktaḥ ||
āha,--kimayaṃ punaratimahān yatna ekasminnabhidhāne anekadhātvarthanirvacanakṛta iti ? || ucyate--iha tāvat ' sarvāṇyākhyātajāni nāmāni ' iti siddhāntaḥ | satyākhyātajatve'bhidheyasyā yā kriyā lakṣyate, tadabhidhānasamarthe parokṣavṛttau vā tadabhidhāyini rūḍhiśabde dhāturūpaikataḥ | sa ca punaḥ svaravarṇakriyāsāmānyena | tatraivaṃ sati rūḍhiśabde yāvanto dhātavaḥ svaliṅgaṃ rūḍhigataṃ darśayanti, rtāvataḥ saṃgṛhya sa rūḍhiśabdo nirvrācyaḥ || kiṃ kāraṇam ? viśeṣalakṣaṇavyavasthābhāvāt | na hi tatra viśeṣalakṣaṇavyavasthā kācidasti yayaiko'vatiṣṭheta, •' anye vyāvatrteran || api coktaṃ vārttikakāreṇa--
“yāvatāmeva dhātūnāṃ liṅgaṃ rūḍhigataṃ bhavet | arthaścāpyabhidheyasthastāvadbhirguṇavigrahaḥ ||” iti | rūḍhiśabdagatānāṃ ca dhātūnāṃ rūḍhiśabdavācye'rthe kriyāyoge sati | etadabhāve tu kriyāyā •rūḍhiśabde varttamānamapi dhātuliṅgamakiñcitkaram | sa eva kriyābhāvaḥ tadāśrayanirvacanavyāvarttako bhavati | tā etāḥ tisraḥ kriyā nigamanasamāhananasamāharaṇākhyāḥ nighaṇṭuṣu vidyante, tadabhidhāyinyapi ca rūḍhiśabde nirucyamāne gamirhantirharatiścāhampūrvikayā sannipatya vadanti-'mamānurūpaṃ mayaitaṃ nirbrūhi mayaitaṃ nirbrūhi' iti | gamistatra gakāramātmīyaṃ vyāpannaṃ manyate •dhakāraṃ, tathā hantirahatī hakāraṃ vyāpannaṃ dhakāraṃ manyate | tasmādayamanekārthatvā̍rthainighaṇṭuśabdo nirukta evañjātīyābhidhānanirvacanapradarśanāya |
iti nighaṇṭupadanirvacanam |
2.8
“tadyānyetāni catvāri padajātāni nāmākhyāte copasarganipātāśca tānīmāni bhavanti” | ihaitāvadevoktam-‘samāmnāyo nighaṇṭavaḥ' iti, samāmnāyaśabdaparyāyaprasaktasya ca nighaṇṭuśabdasya vyutpattiruktā, na tu nighaṇṭuśabdasyārthatattvamavadhāritaṃ, tadavadhāryyata iti paryupayuktastacchabdaḥ || kiṃ punastaditi ? yānyetāni catvāri padajātāni, yā etāścatasraḥ padajātayaḥ || ka ? | loke vede ca || katamāni tāni ? | nāmākhyāte copasarganipātāśca || kiṃ teṣāmiti ? | imāni catvāryyapi padajātāni santyetasmiñchāstre || kimiti nighaṇṭumantrāni bhavanti ? || nityamevānuvidhīyamānāni bhavantītyāha | na kadācidapi na bhavanti, nityaṃ bhavantyevetyabhiprāyaḥ || catvārīti caturgrahaṇamavadhāraṇārtham | naikaṃ padajātaṃ, yathārthaḥ padamaindrāṇāmiti | nāpi dve, yathā subantaṃ tiṅantaṃ ca | nāpi trīṇi, nipātopasargāvekataḥ kṛtvā | nāpi pañca, ṣaḍ vā, yathā gatikarmapravacanīyebhedeneti|| padajātānīti padagaṇā ityarthaḥ | jātaśabdo hi gaṇe prasiddhaḥ | tayathā-gojātamaśvajātamiti | tadvadihāpi || tatra, nāmapadagaṇaḥ, - strīpuṃnapuṃsakaliṅgapravibhāgena | tathā''khyātapadagaṇaḥ,--kartṛvacanabhāvavacanakarmavacanapravibhāgena | tathopasargagaṇaḥ, -āḍādiḥ | tathā nipātagaṇaḥ,--ivādiḥ | evamabhipretyoktaṃ catvāri padajātānīti || atra nāmākhyātayoḥ pūrvamabhidhānaṃ prādhānyāt, aprādhānyādupasarganipātānāṃ paścāt | ubhe api nāmākhyāte nipātopasarganirapekṣe api satī sva-
martha brūtaḥ | na tūpasarganipātānāṃ nāmākhyātanirapekṣānamartho'sti | vakṣyati hi,—“nanirbaddhā upasargā arthānnirāhuriti śākaṭāyanaḥ”—iti || vācyena caite arthenārthavantī | dyotyenopasarganipātā iti vāprādhānyam | nāmākhyātayostu karmopasaṃyogadyotakā bhavantīti | tasmādupapannaṃ bhavati prādhānyānnāmākhyātayoḥ pūrvamabhidhānam, aprādhānyācca paścādupasarganipātānāmiti || nāmākhyāte itīteretarākāṅkṣitatvamubhayornāmākhyātayoḥ samāsenābhidhānam || kathamitaretarākāṅkṣitvamiti ? | yajñadatta iti hi nāmaśabdastāvadeva sākāṅkṣo bhavati, yāvat pacati paṭhati ityākhyātaśabdena nirākāṅkṣīkriyata iti, tathā pacatītyākhyātaśabdastāvadeva sākāṅkṣo bhavati yāvanna yajñadattaśabdeḥ, pacati yajñadatta odanamiti | itaretarākāṅkṣitvamubhayornāmākhyātayoḥ, samānakāryyatvaṃ caitayorlakṣyate vācyenāthenārthavattvamityataḥ samasyete nāmākhyātaṃ iti | nāmnaḥ pūrvanipāto'lpāctaratvāt | nāmapadavācyāśrayakriyopalakṣyatvāccākhyātasya paścānnipātaḥ || upasarganipātā iti | ubhayeṣāmupasarganipātānāṃ nāmākhyātayorarthaviśeṣadyotakatvānsamānakāryyatvamityataḥ samasyante | ākhyātasahayogitvādupasargāṇāmākhyātānantaraṃ pāṭhaḥ, pariśeṣāṇāṃ nipātānāṃ paścāt || aparimitāśca nipātā iti |
2.9.1
“tatraitannāmākhyātayorlakṣaṇaṃ pradiśanti” tatra tasmin , lokavedaprasiddhe padacatuṣṭaye nighaṇṭuśabdasamānasañjñopalakṣyite, ye nāvannāmākhyāte tayostāvadetallakṣaṇaṃ pradiśanti | katamat?| yadaṃtadvakṣyamāṇamityabhiprāyaḥ | pradiśanti pravibhajyedaṃ nāmnāṃ lakṣaṇam , idamākhyātasyetyevaṃ diśanti upadiśanti ācāryā iti vākyaśeṣaḥ || āha,—lakṣaṇopadeśaḥ kasmāt ? | anukramaṇenaiva siddhatvāt | anukramaṇenaiva hi vakṣyati “imāni pṛthivīnāmadheyānyekaviṃśatiḥ ( 2, kha. 7, 3 )” “hiraṇyanāmānyuttarāṇi pañcadaśa (2,kha.10,1)” “kāntikarmāṇa uttare dhātavo'ṣṭādaśa (3,kha.9,3)”, “gatikarmāṇa uttare dhātavo dvātriṃśaṃ śatam ( 3, kha.9,19 )”-iti | tata eva vijñāsyāma imāni nāmānīmānyākhyātānīti | tasmādayamanarthako lakṣaṇopadeśaḥ ?'|| nānarthakaḥ || kasmāt ? | vyām̐pi hi lakṣaṇaṃ samāmnātānyasamāmnātāni ca vyāpya varttate || yatpunaretaduktamanukramaṇādeva vijñāsyāma iti | atra brūmaḥ-nirdeśo'sau na hi lakṣaṇam, nirdeśaśca paricchinnaviṣayaḥ || sa tarhi kimartha iti ? | śāstre rūpasvabhāvopapradarśanārthaḥ || tasmādasamāmnātārtho'yamādito lakṣaṇopadeśo yukta ityupapannam || āha-tātparyyeṇaivavedamantareṇa samāmnātavadasamāmnātāni kasmānnopadiśyante, api ca tathā sūpadiṣṭāni bhavantīti 1|| ucyate-tathāhyupadeśagauravaṃ bhavati, grahaṇaśaktihānaṃ cāpi || tathā coktam"ṛṣayo'pyupadeśasya nāntaṃ yānti pṛthaktvaśaḥ | lakṣaṇena tu siddhānāmantaṃ yānti vipaścitaḥ ||"-iti | tasmādupadeśagauravabhayād grahaṇaśaktihānadoṣācca samānenalakṣaṇopadeśaḥ kriyate iti || āha-kiṃ punastallakṣaṇamiti?|
2.9.2
ucyate-"bhāvapradhānamākhyātaṃ, sattvapradhānāni nāmāni" | nāmapadavācyārthāśrayakriyāvyaṅgyo bhāvaḥ pākarāgatthyogākhyaḥ sa yatra pradhānaṃ, guṇabhūtā kriyā, tadidaṃ bhāvapradhānam || kiṃ punastaditi ? | ākhyātam | ākhyāyate'nena guṇabhāvena varttamānā anekakārakapravibhaktā sphuramāṇeva pradhānadravyabhāvābhivyaktyunmukhībhūtā kriyā tasyāśca prādhānyena varttamāno bhāvaḥ svātmalābhapradhāna ityākhyātam || āha-kathaṃ punarguṇabhūtā kriyeti ? || ucyate-'tadarthatvāt' | tadarthā hi sā | bhāvārthī bhāvasiddhyarthamātmalābhamanubhūya kārakeṣu taṇḍulādau pākākhyaṃ bhāvamabhiniṣpādyāvasitaprayojanaikadeśa eva tiro bhavati | yasya ca yadartha ātmalābhastattadguṇabhūtaṃ bhavati | bhāvasiddhyarthaśca kriyāyā ātmalābhastasmādguṇabhūteti gamyate | bhāvasiddhayaiva cānumīyate kriyā parokṣāpi satī || āha-kathaṃ punaḥ parokṣā kriyeti ? || ucyate-na hi sendriyāṇāmanyatamena svarūpasthā satī kadācidapi sannikṛṣyate || kiṃ tarhi ? | tadavasāne yo'bhiniṣpadyate bhāvaḥ, tena liṅgyate-'nūnamabhinirvṛttā kriyā yayā bhāvo'yamabhiniṣpāditaḥ' iti | nābhinirvṛttā cedabhaviṣyad yathaiva prāk kriyānirvṛtternābhavadayaṃ bhāvaḥ, eva sāṃpratamapi nābhaviṣyat | asti cāyam | tasmādabhinirvṛttā kriyetyevamanumīyate || tadetadākhyātaṃ kriyāvācakamapi sadbhāvārthatvāt kriyāyā bhāvaṃ pradhānamucyata iti evameke manyante || eke punarbhāvapradhānamākhyātamiti prakṛtyarthapradhānamiti manyante | prakṛtyarthaviśeṣaṇaṃ hi pratyayārtho- daya iti | bhāvaḥ, karma, kriyā, dhātvarthaḥ, ityanarthāntaram |
2.9.3
sa yatra pradhānam, guṇabhūtāni sādhanāni tadidaṃ bhāvapradhānam || kiṃ punastat ? | ākhyātam | ākhyāyante strīpunnapuṃsakāni kriyāguṇabhāvena varttamānānyanena, kriyā ca teṣāmupari prādhānyena varttamānetyākhyātam || āha--kathaṃ punaratra kriyāyāḥ prādhānyamiti ? | ucyate--sā hyatra śabdavācyā | arthagṛhītāni tatsādhanānīti | ataḥ prādhānyamatra kriyāyāḥ || itaśca prādhānyam || kutaḥ ? | 'viśeṣapratyayādhānāt' | pacatīti prathamapuruṣaikavacanaparasmaipadānte ākhyātaśabdo varttamānakālakartṛviṣayo yatkiñcidavivakṣitaviśeṣameva pakrādisādhanamātmana āśrayabhāvenopalakṣayannanekakriyāśaktimatyapi pakrādau sādhane pacikriyāyāmeva viśeṣapratyayamādadhāti, 'nānyasu kriyāsu | nāpiviśiṣṭe pakrādau sādhane || yaśca yasminnarthe viśeṣeṇa varttate śabdaḥ, sa eva tasya pradhānam |, viśeṣeṇa ca kriyāyāmākhyātaśabdo varttate, guṇabhāvena kārake | tasmādviśeṣapratyayādhānādbhāvapradhānamākhyātamityupapannam || api ca kriyāvyāpāravijñānaparatayā pṛṣṭaḥ--' kiṃ karoti devadattaḥ ?' kriyākhyāpanaparatayaiva pratyācaṣṭe--' pacati ' iti | na tvodanamiti pūrvamuktvā tataḥ pacatīti bravīti || atha kathamūcyate--'bhāvapradhānamākhyātam' iti ? | śṛṇu--amūrttā hi kriyā nirupākhyā | yā hi kārakaigbhivyajyamānā kārakaśarīreva saitī śakyate nirdeṣṭum | itarathā hi aśarīrā satī sā na gṛhyeta, agrahaṇe ca sati kathamiva nirdiśyeta | tatraivaṃ sati kārakasamūhenābhivyajyamānā kriyā yasmin sādhane viśiṣṭamātmīyaṃ kāryamārabhate pākākhyaṃ tadabhidhānaśabdopapadaiva sākṣādgrahaṇāsambhavānnirdiśyate |
2.9.4
na hyanāśritā kadācidapi gṛhītapūrvākṛtiriti sākṣādgrahaṇāsambhavaḥ | tasmādodanakarmakāryā devadattakartṛkaudanaśabdopapadaiva nirdiśyate-'odanaṃ pacati devadattaḥ' iti | tatrāvivakṣitasvārtha odanaśabdaḥ || api ca kriyāvyāpārapiṃpṛcchiṣayaiva pṛṣṭaḥ---'kiṃ karoti' iti, kriyāvyāpāramātrameva pratyācaṣṭe--'pacati' iti| vataḥ 'kim' iti paryanuyukte śabdāntareṇāpākaroti--'devadatta odanam' iti | tasmācchabdāntaravācyatvāt sādhanasya pacatītyatra kriyaiva pradhānamityupapannam || yat punaretaduktam---'odanamiti pūrvamuktvā' iti, tatra brūmaḥ--sa hi paryanuyuyukṣāṃ sādhanagatāṃ bhāvinīmāśaṅkamānaḥ paryanuyogamātmano buddhayavasthaṃ kṛtvā tadapākaraṇārthamodanamiti pūrvaṃ bravīti || evaṃ tatrāpi dravyaviśeṣaparijñānārtho dvitīyaḥ paryanuyogo'nukto • draṣṭavyaḥ | tasmāt pacatīti śabdavācyatvācca kriyāyāḥ, śabdāntaravācyatvāt dravyasya, kriyaiva pradhānamiti || itaśca na dravyapradhānamākhyātam | 'ekasmin vākye dvayorākhyātayorasamavāyāt' | pacatipaṭhatītyubhayoḥ prādhānyāditaretareṇa samavāyo nāsti | na hītaraśabda itaratra guṇo bhavati | 'dravyaśabde ca samavāyāt' samaveti dravyaśabdenākhyātaśabdaḥ | pacati devadatta ityukte pacikriyāguṇabhūto lakṣyate devadattaḥ | tasmādupapannaṃ bhāvapradhānamākhyātamiti || api coktam"kriyāvācakamākhyātaṃ liṅgato na viśiṣyate | trīnava puruṣānviyātkālatastu viśiṣyate ||" iti |
2.9.5
ākhyātajatvānnāmnāṃ pratijñākramaṃ bhittvā pūrvamākhyāta lakṣaṇamuktam, paścānnāmalakṣaṇamucyate- kiṃ punastat ? | sattvapradhānāni nāmāni | liṅgasaṃkhyayoratra sadbhāva iti sattvam | tathā lakṣaṇopapatteḥ | teṣveva pradhānaṃ guṇabhūtā kriyā nāmānyeva tāni | namantyākhyātaśabde guṇabhāvena, namanti vā svamarthamākhyātaśabdavācye guṇabhāveneti nāmāni | yathaiva hyākhyātaṃ vidyamānamapi dravyamavivakṣitam, evamihāpi vidyamānāpi kriyā avivakṣitā dravyaparatvātsattvaśabdasya | taddhi kriyājanitamuttarakālaṃ kriyāśeṣabhūta mabhidhāya dhātvartho'sau vyāvartate || āha-kathaṃ punarnāmni kriyā vidyata iti, vidyamānāpi vā'vivakṣiteti ? || ucyateprakṛtiḥ, pratyayaḥ, vibhaktiriti tredhā vibhajyamānametāvadevaitannāma | tatra prakṛtirdhāturityeko'rthaḥ | dhātuśca punaḥ kriyāvacanaḥ | sa ca nāmni vidyata iti tadabhidheyabhūtayā kriyayā bhavitavyam | yathāvaśyaṃ yatrārthastatra tadabhidhāyakaḥ śabdaḥ, yatra śabdastatra tadvācyo'rtha iti sambaddhau hi śabdārthau vācyavācakatvena nityamiti | evaṃ tāvat kriyā vidyate || yat punare-
2.9.6
taduktaṃ-vidyamānāpi kriyā kathamavivakṣiteti ? | atra brūmaḥ, -nāmni yo dhātuḥ se kṛtpratyayopajanitena prātipadikenābhibhūtakriyābhidhānaśaktiḥ prātipadikāntarlīnavṛttireva svamarthamudbhāvayitumaśaknuvan prātipadikārthamevānuvarttamāno dravyapradhāna eva bhavatītyevaṃ na vivakṣitā kriyā | sā tu vidyamānāpi vigṛhyamāṇe nāmni prātipadikanibandhanādunmucyamānā dravyagatamarthaṃ prakāśayati, na prāgvigrahāditi dravyaparatā sattvaśabdasya gamyate | tathā coktam“śabdenoccāriteneha yena dravyaṃ pratīyate | tadakṣaravidhau yuktaṃ nāmetyāhurmanīṣiṇaḥ ||”--iti | punaścoktam“aṣṭau yatra prayujyante nānārtheṣu vibhaktayaḥ | tannāma kavayaḥ prāhurbhede vacanaliṅgayoḥ || nirdeśaḥ karma karaṇaṃ pradānamapakarṣaṇam | svāmyartho'thādhikaraṇaṃ vibhaktyarthāḥ prakīrtitāḥ || ”--iti | strīpunnapuṃsakabhedaṃ nipātopasargāṇāmapi vā kvacinnāmatvamapekṣya bahuvacanenoktaṃ nāmānīti || apare punabhīvakālakārakasaṃkhyāścatvāra ete'rthā ākhyātasya | teṣāṃ bhāvapradhānatā bhavati | ato bhāvapradhānānyākhyātānītyuktam | nāmno'pi sattā dravyaṃ saṃkhyā liṅgamityete'rthāḥ | teṣāṃ dravyaṃ pradhānamityataḥ sattvapradhānāni nāmānītyuktam |
2.10
evameke manyante-“tadyatrobhe bhāvapradhāne bhavataḥ” | evaṃ tāvadanayonīmākhyātayoḥ parasparāvinābhūtayoḥ prapadādyoktāvekasya bhāvaprādhānyamekasya sattvaprādhānyam | atha punaryatraite ubhe bhavataḥ || kva na punarete ubhe bhavataḥ ? | vākye || tatra kasya pradhānamarthaḥ, kasya guṇabhūta iti ? | śṛṇu-bhāvapradhāne bhavataḥ, tasya cikīrṣitatvāt | vākye hyākhyātaṃ pradhānaṃ tadarthatvāt, guṇabhūtaṃ nāma tadarthasya bhāvaniṣpattāvaṅgabhūtatvāt | evaṃ tāvadākhyātaṃ vākye pradhānam |
( bhāvavācakapradarśanam )
2.11
atha punaḥ kathamabhinirvarttyamāno bhāva ākhyātenocyate ?, kiṃ vā tadākhyātamiti ? | yato lokaprasiddhayaivodāharati-tatprasiddhatvācchabdārthasambandhasya |
apūrvvamanaparaṃ santamekatvāt pūrvāparībhūtaṃ pūrvāparamiva paurvāparyyeṇāvasthitamekamanekāsu kriyāsu āśritamupānadvihananapūrvottarapadaviharaṇapathibhojanaśayanāsanodakapānādyāsvāśritaṃ tadabhinirvṛttivaśenārbhinirvarttamānaṃ kasmaicit pṛcchate-'kiṃ karoti ?'| anya ācaṣṭe-'vrajati' iti avibhakta [ kartṛkam, vibhakta ]-kartṛkaṃ dvitīyamiti udāharaṇadvayaṃ bhāvadvayopapradarśānārtham | upakramaprabhṛtīti | upakrama ārambhastasmādārabhya|| apavargaparyyantaṃ yāvadantyā kriyetyarthaḥ|| āha-antyāsaṃnidhau bhāvanirvṛttidarśanādantyayaiva nirvartyata iti ? | śṛṇu-pūrvāsāmabhāve antyaiva na syāt | pūrvāpekṣaṃ hi tasyā antyātvam | api ca-prāptiphalo hi vrajatiḥ | na caikayā kriyayā'bhimatadeśāntare prāptirasti | tasmādupakramādyābhiḥ kriyābhirīṣadabhiniṣpādyamāno bhāvo'ntyāyāmabhisantiṣṭhate | tataḥ saṃnikarṣe gṛhyate, na tvasāvantyayaiva nirvṛtta ityante gṛhītaḥ | api ca, prasiddhametadupakramādārabhya yacca vrajitaṃ, yacca vrajyate, vrajiṣyamāṇaṃ, tatsarvamekīkṛtya vaktāro bhavanti-'vrajati devadattaḥ' iti | na prasiddhiruparoddhuṃ nyāyyā | yathāvasthitānāṃ hi śabdānāmānvākhyānamātrameva śāstreṇa kriyata, notpādyante śabdāḥ, nāpyartheṣu vidhīyante | tasmāt prasiddheḥ śāstrasamayo'pi laukikaprasiddhayaiva pūrvāparībhūtaṃ bhāvamākhyātenācaṣṭe vrajatipacatītyupakramaprabhṛtyapavargaparyyantam || tasmādupapannamanekakriyābhinirvarttyamāno bhāva ākhyātenocyata iti || āha ca-
“kriyāsu bahvīṣvabhisaṃśrito yaḥ pūrvāparībhūta ivaika eva | kriyābhinirvṛttivaśena siddha ākhyātaśabdena tamarthamāhuḥ ||” iti |
2.12
“mūrtta sattvabhūtaṃ sattvanāmabhirvrajyā paktiriti” | kadācittu tameva bhāvaṃ tathaivopakramaprabhṛtyabhinirvarttamānamapavargaparyantaṃ mūrtta sattvabhūtaṃ sattvarūpiṇaṃ liṅgasaṅkhyāyuktaiḥ sattvanāmabhirācaṣṭe || katham ? “vrajyā paktiriti” | tatroktoḥ viśeṣaḥ—“kṛdabhihito bhāvo dravyabadbhavati ” || so'yaṃ prayuktasya lakṣaṇasya prayogamapekṣya kaścidapavādaḥ || āha ca“ kriyābhinirvṛttivaśeopajātaḥ kṛdantaśabdābhihito yadā syāt | saṃkhyāvibhaktyavyayaliṅgayukto bhāvastadā dravyamivopalakṣyaḥ || ”--iti || āha-kasmāt punareka eva bhāvastiṅantena kṛdantena cānyathocyata iti ? | ucyateśabdasvābhāvyādṛte nānyadatra prayojakamasti|| apicoktamasmābhiḥ-‘avasthitānāmeva śabdānāmbhidhānābhidheyasambandhenābhisambaddhānāmeva nityamanvākhyānamātrameva kriyate | notpādyante'rtheṣu vā vidhīyante śabdāḥ’ iti || vrajyāpaktirityudāharaṇadvayamuktaprayojanam |
2.13
“ada iti sattvānāmupadeśaḥ” iti | bhāvo'dhikṛtaḥ | sa ca punaḥ sattvabhūto netaraḥ, yatastatsambandhenaiva nāmno yadavaśiṣyate taducyate || kiṃ punastat ? | sāmānyaviśeṣavācitvam | tatra adam̐ iti sattvānāmupadeśaḥ | ‘sāmānyataḥ ’ iti vākyaśeṣaḥ || sarveṣāmapi sattvānāmadhyayane prāpte liṅgām̐viśiṣṭatvādamidamevaikamadāhṛtamupapradarśanā rtham |
2.14
āha-viśeṣopadeśaḥ kathamiti ? || ucyate- “gauraśvaḥ puruṣo hastīti”| 'sattvānāṃ viśeṣopadeśaḥ' iti vākyaśeṣaḥ || sopādhikanirupādhikopapradarśanārthamanekodāharaṇam | sāmānyavṛttyā viśeṣavṛttyā cobhayathā śabdaḥ pravarttata ityubhayamupadarśitam |
( bhāvopadeśanirūpaṇam )
2.15
“bhavatīti bhāvasya” sāmānyenopadeśaḥ | atra hi sarveṣāṃ sattāvācināmadhyayane prāpte bhavatirevaika udāharaṇārthaḥ parigṛhītaḥ | 'vidyamānatvamevānubhavantaḥ sarve bhavatiśabdavācyā anyābhirviśeṣakriyābhirabhisambadhyante || tasmādbhavatīti sarvakriyāprasavabījabhūtamastitvamātrameva nirupapadena bhavatiśabdenocyata ityupapannaṃ bhavati sāmānyavācitvam |
2.16
viśeṣopadeśaḥ kathamiti ? | ucyate-“āste śete vrajati tiṣṭhatīti” | sakarmakākarmakopadarśanārthamubhayeṣāmudāharaṇam |
( śabdānityatvavādina ākṣepaḥ )