Karnatakabhashabhushana 2

[Governing rule:] In euphonic combination.

"In euphonic combination" is a governing rule. It must be understood that what will be stated hereafter is intended to apply only in euphonic combination.

Before a vowel, there is elision of a vowel.

When a vowel follows, elision of the preceding vowel takes place.

ennarasaṁ [enna + arasaṁ]

tannāḷiṁ [tanna + āḷiṁ]

munniṟivaṁ [munna + iṟivaṁ]

kūrtīvaṁ [kūrtu + īvaṁ]

biṭṭuḻivaṁ [biṭṭu + uḻivaṁ]

keṭṭoḷvaṁ [keṭṭu + oḷvaṁ]

taḷtesevaṁ [taḷtu + esevaṁ]

padedaidugoḷvaṁ [padedu + aidugoḷvaṁ]

biṭṭoḷpaṁ [biṭṭu + oḷpaṁ]

Of a stem, [only] of u and ē.

Because of the principle that an injunction undertaken when [an operation] is already established serves as a restriction, this rule is for the purpose of restriction: if there should be elision of a vowel belonging to a stem, it is only of the vowels u and ē, not of another. Because of the governing rule of vowels, here the elision of vowels is restricted, not indeed the stem.

mātellaṁ [mātu + ellaṁ]

lēsellaṁ [lēsu + ellaṁ]

nālaguḷḷane bāḻguṁ [nālage + uḷḷane]

sēsikkidaṁ [sēse + ikkidaṁ]

Not when there is destruction of a nominal portion.

In a case where destruction of a nominal portion would occur, elision of the vowel u and of the vowel ē does not take place.

paṭuvītaṁ [paṭu + ītaṁ]

gāḷuvivaḷ [gāḷu + ivaḷ]

maḍividu [maḍi + idu]

aneyoḍḍu [ane + oḍḍu]

kudureyekkatuḷaṁ [kudure + ekkatuḷaṁ]

paḍeyidu [paḍe + idu]

After ā, i-vowels, and ē, [there is] y.

After a word ending in the vowel ā, ending in an i-vowel, or ending in the vowel ē, when a vowel follows, the phoneme y becomes an intervener.

āyeḍeyoḷe saṅgatiyiṁ śrīyoḍeyar saleyirvar

And after [a word] ending in a, before ē in the sense of emphasis.

After a word-form ending in the vowel a, when the vowel ē expressing emphasis follows, the phoneme y becomes an intervener.

ātanaye [ātana + ē]

avaḷaye [avaḷa + ē]

[There is] v after u-vowels and ṛ-vowels.

After [a word] ending in an u-vowel and also after [a word] ending in an ṛ-vowel, when a vowel follows, the phoneme v becomes an intervener.

vidhuvilladiruḷ povillada koḷananteseyadu

pitr̥vivaṁ [pitr̥ + īvaṁ]

mātr̥vivaḷ [mātr̥ + ivaḷ]

r̥̄vittaṁ [r̥̄ + ittaṁ]

Particles ending in ē and ō remain unchanged before a vowel.

Those particles that end in the vowel ē and end in the vowel ō remain in their original form alone when a vowel follows; that is to say, they do not undergo alterations of euphonic combination.

ele idāvudo

antuṭe alte

arame aralda

are eḍeyoḷ

ayyō akkaṭa

ōhē iraliṁ

In doubt and emphasis.

Words occurring in [the sense of] doubt and emphasis remain in their original form when a vowel follows.

aneyō adriyō

rajjavō ahiyō

īvanō īyanō

akkumo āgado

porevane āḷdaṁ

kūrpane āptaṁ

And protracted vowels.

Those phonemes that consist of three morae also remain in their original form alone when a vowel follows.

ele aṇṇā3 itta bā; ku kkū kū3 endu kōḻi kūgittāgaḷ

The third [consonants replace] the first of the consonant classes at the beginning of the posterior member of a compound.

The first characters of the consonant classes occurring at the beginning of the posterior member of a compound become the third phonemes of those [classes].

[Examples:] paḻagannaḍaṁ,

aḻigabbaṁ,

kendaḷir,

bāndoṟe,

nuṇbaral,

taṇbuḻil.

[Sūtra 12:] Not after an [r] that is substituted.

Following an r-sound which has arisen through change prescribed as a substitute, first [consonants] of a consonant class do not become third [consonants] of a consonant class.

[Examples:] mārkeral,

mārtale,

mārpaḍe,

orkai,

ortale,

orpiḍe.

[Sūtra 13:] And [not] for the ca-class and ṭa-class.

And the first phonemes of the ca-class and ṭa-class do not become the third [phonemes].

[Examples:] aḷicennaṁ,

kaḍucāgi,

uracalli,

mātuṭepparaṁ,

posaṭaṅkaṁ,

māṇikaṭekke.

[Sūtra 14:] After a vowel, y, r, and l, v is diversely [substituted] for the pa-class.

After a vowel, after y, after r, and after l, the sound v is diversely the substitute for the pa-class [following] a vowel.

[Examples:] posavesar,

eḷavidir,

maravaṇe,

keyvaṟi,

meyvesaṁ,

tāyvane,

balvaḍe,

kalvāḻe,

pulvane,

nīrvāpu,

nīrveḷasu,

nīrvāsanaṁ.

Because of the word “diversely”, in some cases it does not occur.

[Examples:] niḍuden,

uḍuvogaṁ,

kemmāḍidaṁ,

keymaṟiyaṁ,

perbāgil,

kārmmugil,

balmuguḷ,

pulmaruḷ.

[Sūtra 15:] After a consonant other than l or y, c is [substituted] for s; in some cases, the quality of j.

The sound c is substituted for the sound s that stands after a consonant excluding l and y.

[Examples:] nuṇcaraṁ,

iñcaraṁ,

orcavaḍi.

The word “diversely” carries forward; therefore, in some cases it does not occur.

[Examples:] kaṇsōlaṁ,

kīḻsari.

In some cases, even the sound j occurs.

[Examples:] poñjarige,

muñjār.

Why [is it said,] “other than l and y”?

[Counterexamples:] melsaraṁ,

balsari,

meysoṅku.

bāysavi;

kaysore.

[There is] substitution of cha in a numeral.

For sa occurring in the context of a numeral, after a consonant other than la and ya, there is the substitute cha.

irchāsiraṁ;

eṇchāsiraṁ.

Why [is it said], 'other than la and ya'?

nālsāsiraṁ;

aysāsiraṁ.

Na, ṇa, la, ya, and ḷa, preceded by a short [vowel], [are doubled] twice before a vowel.

The sounds na, ṇa, la, ya, and ḷa preceded by a short syllable undergo gemination when followed by a vowel.

ponnuḷḷavane kulīnaṁ;

maṇṇellaṁ;

pullillaṁ;

keyyādudu;

muḷḷuḷḷuve kēdagegaḷ.

Why [is it said], 'preceded by a short [vowel]'?

nān endaṁ;

jāṇindaṁ;

mēlāḷgaḷ;

bāyāṟal;

kēḷītaṁ.

Not in a word of more than one syllable.

The sounds na, ṇa, la, ya, and ḷa occurring in a word possessed of two, three, or more vowels do not undergo gemination when followed by a vowel.

kaḍanillaṁ;

saraṇāruṁ;

pavaṇuṇṭu;

kavalillaṁ;

todaḷillada nuḍi.

In an indeclinable as well.

Na, ṇa, la, ya, and ḷa occurring in indeclinable words do not undergo gemination when followed by a vowel.

idudalapūrvaṁ;

smaranapolītaṁ.

Thus ends the second chapter, called the Rules of Sandhi, in the Exposition of Kannada Grammar.