Karnatakabhashabhushana 4

English (machine translation) 4

Language: English

4.1 — 15 parts
4.2 — 7 parts
4.3 — 16 parts
4.4 — 9 parts
4.5 — 8 parts
4.6 — 4 parts
4.7 — 4 parts
4.8 — 10 parts
4.9 — 4 parts
4.10 — 10 parts
4.11 — 6 parts
4.12 — 10 parts
4.13 — 6 parts
4.14 — 6 parts
4.15 — 21 parts
4.16 — 6 parts
4.17 — 8 parts
4.18 — 9 parts

4.1.1

The nominative is used when expressing only the meaning of the nominal stem and number.

4.1.2

When only the meaning of the nominal stem and number are intended to be expressed, the nominative case inflection occurs.

4.2.2

Address is causing [someone] to turn towards [oneself]; the nominative case inflection occurs in that sense as well.

4.2.3

[As in:] nr̥pēndra ["O king of kings!"],

4.3.1

The accusative is used to express the direct object.

That which is effected is called the object. It is classified into four kinds, namely: to be produced, to be modified, to be attained, and contextual. In this sense, the accusative case inflection occurs.

4.3.3

In the sense of [an object] to be produced: [as in]

4.3.4

maneyaṁ māḍidaṁ ["he built a house"].

4.3.5

In the sense of [an object] to be modified: [as in]

4.3.6

"He cut the fruit."

4.3.7

[With respect to the object] to be attained:

4.3.8

"He reached the town."

4.3.9

[With respect to the object] of perception:

4.3.10

"He looked at the sun."

4.3.11

And that [object] is of two kinds: desired and undesired.

4.3.12

[With respect to] the desired:

4.3.13

"He cooked food."

4.3.14

"He cut meat."

4.3.15

[With respect to] the undesired:

4.3.16

"He stepped on a snake; he stumbled over a stump."

4.4.1

[The second case inflection occurs] when continuity of time or space [is expressed].

4.4.2

Continuity in time or in space is the pervasive extension of an action; in that [meaning], the second case inflection occurs.

4.4.3

In time:

4.4.4

"He remained for one year."

4.4.5

"He studied for two months."

4.4.6

"He slept for half a watch."

4.4.7

In space:

4.4.8

"He ran for one gāvuda."

4.4.9

"He walked for four gāvudas."

4.5.1

The third [case inflection occurs] for agent and instrument.

4.5.2

The one who performs the action is the agent. The most effective means is the instrument. When that agent or instrument is intended to be expressed, the third case inflection occurs.

4.5.3

For the agent:

4.5.4

"It was made by Devadatta."

4.5.5

"It was requested by Yajñamitra."

4.5.6

For the instrument:

4.5.7

"He cut with a sickle."

4.5.8

"He cut with an axe."

4.6.1

Also in [the sense of] cause.

4.6.2

A cause is a reason. In that meaning as well, the third case inflection occurs.

4.6.3

"He stayed because of the royal court."

4.6.4

"He prospered through the royal court."

4.7.1

The fourth [case inflection occurs] for the recipient.

4.7.2

The recipient is that which is intended to be the object [of the gift]. In that [sense], the fourth case inflection occurs.

4.7.3

"He gave a fee to the teacher."

4.7.4

"He gave a cow to the brāhmaṇa."

4.8.1

And in [the meanings of] taste, benefit, envy, and fear.

4.8.2

In [the senses of] taste, benefit, envy, and fear, the fourth case inflection occurs.

4.8.3

In [the sense of] taste:

4.8.4

"The sweetmeat was pleasing to Devadatta."

4.8.5

In [the sense of] benefit:

4.8.6

"Grass is beneficial to cattle."

4.8.7

In [the sense of] envy:

4.8.8

"The wicked man contends with the noble man."

4.8.9

In [the sense of] fear:

4.8.10

"The worthy man fears sin."

4.9.1

And for the object of [the verb] 'to consider' when disregard [is conveyed].

4.9.2

When disregard is understood, the fourth case inflection occurs also for the object of the verb manyate ('to consider').

4.9.3

"He considered him scarcely as straw."

4.9.4

"He does not value his word at a single areca-nut."

4.10.1

In salutation, and with svasti and the like.

4.10.2

In making salutation and in the use of svasti and the like, the fourth case inflection occurs.

4.10.3

"He made obeisance to the deity."

4.10.4

"He bowed down to the king."

4.10.5

"May there be well-being for all subjects; prosperity to the Jina's teaching."

4.10.6

From the word 'and the like' (ādi), the fourth case inflection occurs also in the meanings of svāhā, svadhā, alaṁ, and vaṣaṭ.

4.10.7

"An oblation of svāhā to Agni."

4.10.8

"An offering of svadhā to the ancestors."

4.10.9

"The rival wrestler is a match for the wrestler."

4.10.10

"The vaṣaṭ exclamation is pleasing to Indra."

4.11.1

The fifth [case inflection occurs] in [the sense of] the ablation (apādāna).

4.11.2

Ablation is moving away. When that is intended to be expressed, the fifth case inflection occurs.

4.11.3

ūrattaṇiṁ bandaṁ [he came from the town]

4.11.4

beṭadattaṇind’ iṟidaṁ [he descended from the hill]

4.11.5

kudureyattaṇind’ ōḍidaṁ [he ran from the horse]

4.11.6

puliyattaṇiṁ bhayaṁ [fear from a tiger]

4.12.1

The sixth [case inflection occurs] in [the sense of] relation.

4.12.2

The sixth case inflection occurs in [the sense of] a relation, such as the relation of owned and owner.

4.12.3

In [the sense of] the relation of owned and owner: —

4.12.4

nāḍ’ eṟeyaṁ [lord of the land]

4.12.5

In [the sense of] a part: —

4.12.6

marada kombu [branch of a tree]

4.12.7

In [the sense of] a class: —

4.12.8

pulleya piṇḍu [a herd of deer]

4.12.9

In [the sense of] material: —

4.12.10

ponna gejje [a small bell of gold]

4.13.1

The seventh [case inflection occurs] in [the sense of] the locus (adhikaraṇa).

4.13.2

The substratum is the locus. The seventh case inflection occurs in [the sense of] that.

4.13.3

neladoḷ paṭṭaṁ [he lay on the ground]

4.13.4

toṟeyoḷ biḻdaṁ [he fell into the stream]

4.13.5

keyyoḷ kaṅkaṇaṁ [a bracelet on the hand]

4.13.6

pūvinoḷ kampu [fragrance in the flower]

4.14.1

And in [the sense of] specification (nirdhāraṇa).

4.14.2

Specification is the singling out of a part [from a whole] by means of genus, action, quality, or substance. And when that is intended to be expressed, the seventh case inflection occurs.

4.14.3

puruṣaroḷ kṣatriyaṁ śūraṁ [among men, a kṣatriya is brave]

4.14.4

nuḍivaroḷ kaḍujāṇaṁ [among speakers, [he is] very clever]

4.14.5

kaligaḷoḷ meygali [among heroes, a supreme hero]

4.14.6

nararoḷ uttamaṁ [the best among men]

4.15.1

Interchange of these [case inflections] occurs variously.

4.15.2

For these case inflections, an interchange or alteration generally takes place when the subsequent meaning is intended to be expressed.

4.15.3

The sixth in the sense of the seventh: —

4.15.4

cāgigaḷa ballahaṁ [the beloved among the generous]

4.15.5

aṅkamuḷlara dēvaṁ [the god among the warriors]

4.15.6

The third in the sense of the fifth: —

4.15.7

oṟiyindurcidaṁ [he drew from the sheath]

4.15.8

saṟeyiṁ barduṅkidaṁ [he escaped from captivity]

4.15.9

maneyiṁ poṟamaṭṭaṁ [he departed from the house]

4.15.10

The fourth in the sense of the sixth: —

4.15.11

nelakk’ eṟeyaṁ [lord to the earth]

4.15.12

śrīg’ adhīśvaraṁ [sovereign to Śrī]

4.15.13

And in the sense of the second: —

4.15.14

śiṣyaṅge śikṣisidaṁ [he instructed the disciple]

4.15.15

bahutāpakke bigurtu viṣṇu paḍedaṁ matysāvatārakke [Viṣṇu, terrified at the intense heat, assumed the fish incarnation]

4.15.16

The sixth in the sense of the first: —

4.15.17

ninna pōpuduṁ binnanirdaḷ [upon your going, she was broken]

4.15.18

ninna bare muramathana [upon your coming, O crusher of Mura]

4.15.19

The seventh in the sense of the third: —

4.15.20

caladoḷ avana doreyāvaṁ [who is his equal in determination?]

4.15.21

koḍaliyoḷ kaḍidaṁ [he cut with an axe]

4.16.1

A generic term is variously like a singular when denoting plurality.

4.16.2

A word denoting a genus variously behaves like a singular in the expression of plurality.

4.16.3

kariy ivu [these are elephant(s)]

4.16.4

karigaḷ ivu [these are elephants]

4.16.5

key beḷeduvu [the field(s) grew]

4.16.6

keygaḷ beḷeduvu [the fields grew]

4.17.1

And an item to be counted [is like a singular] with numerals.

4.17.2

Even a word referring to an item to be counted, occurring with numerals, behaves like a singular in the expression of plurality.

4.17.3

pattu dese [ten direction(s)]

4.17.4

pattu desegaḷ [ten directions]

4.17.5

mūṟu nālku [three [or] four]

4.17.6

mūṟu nālkugaḷ [‘three or four’].

4.17.7

Because of the mention of “variously” (bahuḷa), [it] does not occur in some cases:

4.17.8

padinayyar [‘fifteen persons’].

4.18.1

[A word] also [functions as singular] when expressing abstract state (bhāva).

4.18.2

A word that occurs in the designation of an abstract state is also treated as singular:

4.18.3

karpu [‘blackness’],

4.18.4

beḷpu [‘whiteness’],

4.18.5

taṇpu [‘coolness’],

4.18.6

tiṇpu [‘thickness’],

4.18.7

kūrme [‘affection’],

4.18.8

perme [‘greatness’].

4.18.9

Because of the governing rule of “variously” (bahuḷa), forms such as beḷpugaḷ [‘whitenesses’] and teḷpugaḷ [‘thinnesses’] occur.

4.1_2

Thus ends the fourth chapter, titled “Rules on Thematic Relations” (kāraka), in the Commentary on Kannada Grammar.

Linked texts (1)

Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa — Nāgavarma II, Sanskrit

Karnatakabhashabhushana 4

Contents