Γεωγραφικα 15.1.26: Alexander's march through the Punjab: Taxila, Porus, Sopeithes

15.1.26

δεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα περὶ τῶν ποταμῶν εἰπεῖν ὅσα πρὸς τὴν γεωγραφίαν χρήσιμα καὶ ὅσων ἱστορίαν παρειλήφαμεν. ἄλλως τε γὰρ οἱ ποταμοὶ φυσικοί τινες ὅροι καὶ μεγεθῶν καὶ σχημάτων τῆς χώρας ὄντες ἐπιτηδειότητα πολλὴν παρέχουσι πρὸς ὅλην τὴν νῦν ὑπόθεσιν. ὁ δὲ Νεῖλος καὶ οἱ κατὰ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν πλεονέκτημά τι ἔχουσι παρὰ τοὺς ἄλλους διὰ τὸ τὴν χώραν ἀοίκητον εἶναι χωρὶς αὐτῶν, πλωτὴν ἅμα καὶ γεωργήσιμον οὖσαν, καὶ μήτʼ ἐφοδεύεσθαι δυναμένην ἄλλως μήτʼ οἰκεῖσθαι τὸ παράπαν. τοὺς μὲν οὖν εἰς τὸν Ἰνδὸν καταφερομένους ἱστοροῦμεν τοὺς ἀξίους μνήμης καὶ τὰς χώρας, διʼ ὧν ἡ φορά, τῶν δʼ ἄλλων ἐστὶν ἄγνοια πλείων ἢ γνῶσις. Ἀλέξανδρος γὰρ ὁ μάλιστα ταῦτʼ ἀνακαλύψας κατʼ ἀρχὰς μέν, ἡνίκα οἱ Δαρεῖον δολοφονήσαντες ὥρμησαν ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς Βακτριανῆς ἀπόστασιν, ἔγνω προυργιαίτατον ὂν διώκειν καὶ καταλύειν ἐκείνους. ἧκε μὲν οὖν τῆς Ἰνδικῆς πλησίον διʼ Ἀριανῶν, ἀφεὶς δʼ αὐτὴν ἐν δεξιᾷ ὑπερέβη τὸν Παροπάμισον εἰς τὰ προσάρκτια μέρη καὶ τὴν Βακτριανήν· καταστρεψάμενος δὲ τἀκεῖ πάντα ὅσα ἦν ὑπὸ Πέρσαις καὶ ἔτι πλείω, τότʼ ἤδη καὶ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ὠρέχθη, λεγόντων μὲν περὶ αὐτῆς πολλῶν οὐ σαφῶς δέ. ἀνέστρεψε δʼ οὖν ὑπερθεὶς τὰ αὐτὰ ὄρη κατʼ ἄλλας ὁδοὺς ἐπιτομωτέρας ἐν ἀριστερᾷ ἔχων τὴν Ἰνδικήν, εἶτʼ ἐπέστρεψεν εὐθὺς ἐπʼ αὐτὴν καὶ τοὺς ὅρους τοὺς ἑσπερίους αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν Κώφην ποταμὸν καὶ τὸν Χοάσπην, ὃς εἰς τὸν Κώφην ἐμβάλλει ποταμὸν κατὰ Πλημύριον πόλιν, ῥυεὶς παρὰ * Γώρυδι ἄλλην πόλιν, καὶ διεξιὼν τήν τε Βανδοβηνὴν καὶ τὴν Γανδαρῖτιν. ἐπυνθάνετο δʼ οἰκήσιμον εἶναι μάλιστα καὶ εὔκαρπον τὴν ὀρεινὴν καὶ προσάρκτιον· τὴν δὲ νότιον τὴν μὲν ἄνυδρον τὴν δὲ ποταμόκλυστον καὶ τελέως ἔκπυρον, θηρίοις τε μᾶλλον ἢ ἀνθρώποις σύμμετρον. ὥρμησεν οὖν τὴν ἐπαινουμένην κατακτᾶσθαι πρότερον, ἅμα καὶ τοὺς ποταμοὺς εὐπερατοτέρους νομίσας τῶν πηγῶν πλησίον, οὓς ἀναγκαῖον ἦν διαβαίνειν, ἐπικαρσίους ὄντας καὶ τέμνοντας ἣν ἐπῄει γῆν. ἅμα δὲ καὶ ἤκουσεν εἰς ἓν πλείους συνιόντας ῥεῖν, καὶ τοῦτʼ ἀεὶ καὶ μᾶλλον συμβαῖνον ὅσῳ πλεῖον εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν προΐοιεν, ὥστʼ εἶναι δυσπερατοτέραν, καὶ ταῦτα ἐν πλοίων ἀπορίᾳ. δεδιὼς οὖν τοῦτο διέβη τὸν Κώφην, καὶ κατεστρέφετο τὴν ὀρεινὴν ὅση ἐτέτραπτο πρὸς ἕω.

We must describe these rivers in detail, with the particulars, which are useful for the purposes of geography, and which have been handed down to us by historians.
Besides this, rivers, being a kind of physical boundaries of the size and figures of countries, are of the greatest use in every part of the present work. But the Nile and the rivers in India have a superiority above the rest, because the country could not be inhabited without them. By means of the rivers it is open to navigation and capable of cultivation, when otherwise it would not be accessible, nor could it be occupied by inhabitants.
We shall speak of the rivers deserving notice, which flow into the Indus, and of the countries which they traverse; with regard to the rest we know some particulars, but are ignorant of more. Alexander, who discovered the greatest portion of this country, first of all resolved it to be more expedient to pursue and destroy those who had treacherously killed Darius, and were meditating the revolt of Bactriana. He approached India therefore through Ariana, which he left on the right hand, and crossed the Paropamisus to the northern parts, and to Bactriana. Having conquered all the country subject to the Persians, and many other places besides, he then entertained the desire of possessing India, of which he had received many, although indistinct, accounts.
He therefore returned, crossing over the same mountains by other and shorter roads, having India on the left hand; he then immediately turned towards it, and towards its western boundaries and the rivers Cophes and Choaspes. The latter river empties itself into the Cophes, near Plemyrium, after passing by another city Gorys, in its course through Bandobene and Gandaritis.
He was informed that the mountainous and northern parts were the most habitable and fertile, but that the southern part was either without water, or liable to be overflowed by rivers at one time, or entirely burnt up at another, more fit to be the haunts of wild beasts than the dwellings of men. He resolved therefore to get possession of that part of India first which had been well spoken of, considering at the same time that the rivers which it was necessary to pass, and which flowed transversely through the country which he intended to attack, would be crossed with more facility near their sources. He heard also that many of the rivers united and formed one stream, and that this more frequently occurred the farther they advanced into the country, so that from want of boats it would be more difficult to traverse. Being apprehensive of this obstruction, he crossed the Cophes, and conquered the whole of the mountainous country situated towards the east.