Γεωγραφικά 15.1.66: Nearchus and others on Indian customs; the Pramnae

15.1.66

νέαρχος δὲ περὶ τῶν σοφιστῶν οὕτω λέγει· τοὺς μὲν Βραχμᾶνας πολιτεύεσθαι καὶ παρακολουθεῖν τοῖς βασιλεῦσι συμβούλους, τοὺς δʼ ἄλλους σκοπεῖν τὰ περὶ τὴν φύσιν, τούτων δʼ εἶναι καὶ Κάλανον· συμφιλοσοφεῖν δʼ αὐτοῖς καὶ γυναῖκας, τὰς δὲ διαίτας ἁπάντων σκληράς. περὶ δὲ τῶν κατὰ τοὺς ἄλλους νομίμων τοιαῦτα ἀποφαίνεται· τοὺς μὲν νόμους ἀγράφους εἶναι, τοὺς μὲν κοινοὺς τοὺς δʼ ἰδίους, ἀήθειαν ἔχοντας πρὸς τοὺς τῶν ἄλλων, οἷον τὸ τὰς παρθένους ἆθλον παρά τισι προκεῖσθαι τῷ πυγμὴν νικήσαντι ὥστʼ ἀπροίκους συνεῖναι· παρʼ ἄλλοις δὲ κατὰ συγγένειαν κοινῇ τοὺς καρποὺς ἐργασαμένους, ἐπὰν συγκομίσωσιν, αἴρεσθαι φορτίον ἕκαστον εἰς διατροφὴν τοῦ ἔτους, τὸν δʼ ἄλλον ἐμπιπράναι τοῦ ἔχειν εἰσαῦθις ἐργάζεσθαι καὶ μὴ ἀργὸν εἶναι. ὁπλισμὸν δʼ εἶναι τόξον καὶ οἰστοὺς τριπήχεις, ἢ σαύνιον, καὶ πέλτην καὶ μάχαιραν πλατεῖαν τρίπηχυν· ἀντὶ δὲ χαλινῶν φιμοῖς χρῆσθαι κημῶν μικρὸν διαφέρουσιν· ἥλοις δὲ τὰ χείλη διαπεπάρθαι.

Nearchus gives the following account of the Sophists. The Brachmanes engage in public affairs, and attend the kings as counsellors; the rest are occupied in the study of nature. Calanus belonged to the latter class. Women study philosophy with them, and all lead an austere life.
Of the customs of the other Indians, he says, that their laws, whether relating to the community or to individuals, are not committed to writing, and differ altogether from those of other people. For example, it is the practice among some tribes, to propose virgins as prizes to the conquerors in a trial of skill in boxing; wherefore they marry without portions; among other tribes the ground is cultivated by families and in common; when the produce is collected, each takes a load sufficient for his subsistence during the year; the remainder is burnt, in order to have a reason for renewing their labour, and not remaining inactive. Their weapons consist of a bow and arrows, which are three cubits in length, or a javelin, and a shield, and a sword three cubits long. Instead of bridles, they use muzzles, which differ little from a halter, and the lips are perforated with spikes.