Γεωγραφικά 15.2.14

15.2.14

̔η δὲ Καρμανία τελευταία μέν ἐστι τῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ παραλίας, ἀρκτικωτέρα δʼ ἐστὶ πολὺ τῆς τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ ἐκβολῆς· τὸ μέντοι πρῶτον αὐτῆς ἄκρον ἔκκειται πρὸς νότον εἰς τὴν μεγάλην θάλατταν, ποιήσασα δὲ τὸ στόμα τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου πρὸς τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς εὐδαίμονος Ἀραβίας ἄκραν ἐν ἀπόψει οὖσαν, κάμπτεται πρὸς τὸν Περσικὸν κόλπον ἕως ἂν συνάψῃ τῇ Περσίδι· πολλὴ δὲ κἀν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ ἐστὶν ἐκτεινομένη μεταξὺ τῆς Γεδρωσίας καὶ τῆς Περσίδος, παραλλάττουσα πλέον τῆς Γεδρωσίας πρὸς τὴν ἄρκτον. δηλοῖ δʼ ἡ εὐκαρπία· καὶ γὰρ πάμφορος καὶ μεγαλόδενδρος πλὴν ἐλαίας καὶ ποταμοῖς κατάρρυτος. ἡ δὲ Γεδρωσία διαφέρει μικρὸν τῆς τῶν Ἰχθυοφάγων, ὥστʼ ἀκαρπία κατέχει πολλάκις· διὸ φυλάττουσι τὸν ἐνιαύσιον καρπὸν εἰς ἔτη πλείω ταμιευόμενοι. Ὀνησίκριτος δὲ λέγει ποταμὸν ἐν τῇ Καρμανίᾳ καταφέροντα ψήγματα χρυσοῦ· καὶ ὀρυκτοῦ δὲ εἶναι μέταλλον καὶ ἀργύρου καὶ χαλκοῦ καὶ μίλτου· ὄρη τε εἶναι δύο τὸ μὲν ἀρσενικοῦ τὸ δὲ ἁλός. ἔχει δέ τινα καὶ ἔρημον συνάπτουσαν ἤδη τῇ Παρθυαίᾳ καὶ τῇ Παραιτακηνῇ. γεώργια δʼ ἔχει παραπλήσια τοῖς Περσικοῖς τά τε ἄλλα καὶ ἄμπελον· ταύτης δʼ ἡ Καρμανία λεγομένη παρʼ ἡμῖν καὶ δίπηχυν ἔχει πολλάκις τὸν βότρυν πυκνορρῶγά τε ὄντα καὶ μεγαλορρῶγα, ἣν εἰκὸς ἐκεῖ εὐερνεστέραν εἶναι. χρῶνται δʼ ὄνοις οἱ πολλοὶ καὶ πρὸς πόλεμον σπάνει τῶν ἵππων· ὄνον τε θύουσι τῷ Ἄρει, ὅνπερ σέβονται θεῶν μόνον, καὶ εἰσὶ πολεμισταί· γαμεῖ δʼ οὐδεὶς πρὶν ἂν πολεμίου κεφαλὴν ἀποτεμὼν ἀνενέγκῃ ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα· ὁ δὲ τὸ κρανίον μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν βασιλείων ἀνατίθησι, τὴν δὲ γλῶτταν λεπτοτομήσας καταμίξας ἀλεύρῳ γευσάμενος αὐτὸς δίδωσι τῷ ἀνενέγκαντι καὶ τοῖς οἰκείοις κατασιτήσασθαι· ἐνδοξότατος δʼ ἐστὶν ᾧ πλεῖσται κεφαλαὶ ἀνηνέχθησαν. Νέαρχος δὲ τὰ πλεῖστα ἔθη καὶ τὴν διάλεκτον τῶν Καρμανιτῶν Περσικά τε καὶ Μηδικὰ εἴρηκε. τὸ δὲ στόμα τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου μεῖζον διάρματος ἡμερησίου.

Carmania is the last portion of the sea-coast which begins from the Indus. Its first promontory projects towards the south into the Great Sea. After it has formed the mouth of the Persian Gulf towards the promontory, which is in sight, of Arabia Felix, it bends towards the Persian Gulf, and is continued till it touches Persia.
Carmania is large, situated in the interior, and extending itself between Gedrosia and Persia, but stretches more to the north than Gedrosia. This is indicated by its fertility, for it not only produces everything, but the trees are of a large size, excepting however the olive; it is also watered by rivers. Gedrosia also differs little from the country of the Ichthyophagi, so that frequently there is no produce from the ground. They therefore keep the annual produce in store for several years.
Onesicritus says, that a river in Carmania brings down gold-dust; that there are mines of silver, copper, and minium; and that there are two mountains, one of which contains arsenic, the other salt.
There belongs to it a desert tract, which is contiguous to Parthia and Paraetacene. The produce of the ground is like that of Persia; and among other productions the vine. The Carmanian vine, as we call it, often bears bunches of grapes of two cubits in size; the seeds are very numerous and very large; probably the plant grows in its native soil with great luxuriance.
Asses, on account of the scarcity of horses, are generally made use of even in war. They sacrifice an ass to Mars, who is the only deity worshipped by them, for they are a warlike people. No one marries before he has cut off the head of an enemy and presented it to the king, who deposits the scull in the royal treasury. The tongue is minced and mixed with flour, which the king, after tasting it, gives to the person who brought it, to be eaten by himself and his family. That king is the most highly respected, to whom the greatest number of heads are presented.
According to Nearchus, most of the customs and the language of the inhabitants of Carmania resemble those of the Persians and Medes.
The passage across the mouth of the Persian Gulf does not occupy more than one day.