Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander 9.2

9.2.1

Biduum apud eum substitit rex. Tertio die amnem superare decreverat transitu difficilem non spatio solum aquarum, sed etiam saxis inpeditum:

Chapter II. — Alexander obtains information about the Ganges and the strength of the army kept by Agrammes, king of the Prasians — His speech to the soldiers to induce them to advance to the Ganges The king made a halt of two days with this prince, designing on the third day to cross the river, the passage of which was difficult, not only from its great breadth, but also because its channel was obstructed with rocks. Having therefore requested Phegeus to tell him what he wanted to know, he learned the following particulars: Beyond the river lay extensive deserts which it would take eleven days to traverse. Next came the Ganges, the largest river in all India, the farther bank of which was inhabited by two nations, the Gangaridae and the Prasii, whose king Agrammes kept in the field for guarding the approaches to his country 20,000 cavalry and 200,000 infantry, besides 2000 four-horsed chariots, and, what was the most formidable force of all, a troop of elephants which he said ran up to the number of 3000. All this seemed to the king to be incredible, and he therefore asked Porus, who happened to be in attendance, whether the account was true. He assured Alexander in reply that, as far as the strength of the nation and kingdom was concerned, there was no exaggeration in the reports, but that the present king was not merely a man originally of no distinction, but even of the very meanest condition.

9.2.2

percontatus igitur Phegea, quae noscenda erant, XII dierum ultra flumen per vastas solitudines iter esse cognoscit, excipere deinde Gangen, maximum totius Indiae fluminum,

9.2.3

ulteriorem ripam colere gentes Gangaridas et Prasios eorumque regem esse Aggrammen XX milibus equitum ducentisque peditum obsidentem vias.

9.2.4

Ad hoc quadrigarum II milia trahere et, praecipuum terrorem, elephantos, quos III milium numerum explere dicebat.

9.2.5

Incredibilia regi omnia videbantur: igitur Porum — nam cum eo erat — percontatur, an vera essent, quae dicerentur.

9.2.6

Ille vires quidem gentis et regni haud falso iactari adfirmat, ceterum, qui regnaret, non modo ignobilem esse, sed etiam ultimae sortis: quippe patrem eius, tonsorem vix diurno quaestu propulsantem famem, propter habitum haud indecorum cordi fuisse reginae.

His father was in fact a barber, scarcely staving off hunger by his daily earnings, but who, from his being not uncomely in person, had gained the affections of the queen, and was by her influence advanced to too near a place in the confidence of the reigning monarch. Afterwards, however, he treacherously murdered his sovereign; and then, under the pretence of acting as guardian to the royal children, usurped the supreme authority, and having put the young princes to death begot the present king, who was detested and held cheap by his subjects, as he rather took after his father than conducted himself as the occupant of a throne.

9.2.7

Ab ea in propiorem eius, qui tum regnasset, amicitiae locum admotum interfecto eo per insidias sub specie tutelae liberum eius invasisse regnum necatisque pueris hunc, qui nunc regnat, generasse, invisum vilemque popularibus, magis paternae fortunae quam suae memorem.

9.2.8

Adfirmatio Pori multiplicem animo regis iniecerat curam. Hostem beluasque spernebat, situm locorum et vim fluminum extimescebat:

The attestation of Porus to the truth of what he had heard made the king anxious on manifold grounds; for while he thought contemptuously of the men and elephants that would oppose him, he dreaded the difficult nature of the country that lay before him, and in particular, the impetuous rapidity of the rivers. The task seemed hard indeed, to follow up and unearth men removed almost to the uttermost bounds of the world. On the other hand, his avidity of glory and his insatiable ambition forbade him to think that any place was so far distant or inaccessible as to be beyond his reach. He did indeed sometimes doubt whether the Macedonians who had traversed all those broad lands and grown old in battle-fields and camps, would be willing to follow him through obstructing rivers and the many other difficulties which nature would oppose to their advance. Overflowing and laden with booty, they would rather, he judged, enjoy what they had won than wear themselves out in getting more. They could not of course be of the same mind as himself, for while he had grasped the conception of a world-wide empire, and stood as yet but on the threshold of his labours, they were now worn out with toil, and longed for the time when, all their dangers being at length ended, they might enjoy their latest winnings. In the end ambition carried the day against reason; and, having summoned a meeting of the soldiers, he addressed them very much to this effect:

9.2.9

relegatos in ultimum paene rerum humanarum persequi terminum et eruere arduum videbatur, rursus avaritia gloriae et insatiabilis cupido famae nihil invium, nihil remotum videri sinebat.

9.2.10

Et interdum dubitabat, an Macedones tot emensi spatia terrarum, in acie et in castris senes facti per obiecta flumina, per tot naturae obstantes difficultates secuturi essent: abundantes onustosque praeda magis parta frui velle quam adquirenda fatigari.

9.2.11

Non idem sibi et militibus animi: sese totius orbis imperium mente conplexum adhuc in operum suorum primordio stare, militem labore defetigatum proximum quemque fructum finito tandem periculo expetere.

9.2.12

Vicit ergo cupido rationem, et ad contionem vocatis militibus ad hune maxime modum disseruit: Non ignoro, milites, multa, quae terrere vos possent, ab incolis Indiae per hos dies de industria esse iactata:

"I am not ignorant, soldiers, that during these last days the natives of this country have been spreading all sorts of rumours designed expressly to work upon your fears; but the falsehood of those who invent such lies is nothing new in your experience. The Persians in this sort of way sought to terrify you with the gates of Cilicia, with the plains of Mesopotamia, with the Tigris and Euphrates, and yet this river you crossed by a ford, and that by means of a bridge. Fame is never brought to a clearness in which facts can be seen as they are. They are all magnified when she transmits them. Even our own glory, though resting on a solid basis, is more indebted for its greatness to rumour than to reality. Who but till the other day believed that it was possible for us to bear the shock of those monstrous beasts that looked like so many ramparts, or that we could have passed the Hydaspes, or conquered other difficulties which after all were more formidable to hear of than they proved to be in actual experience. By my troth we had long ago fled from Asia could fables have been able to scare us. "Can you suppose that the herds of elephants are greater than of other cattle when the animal is known to be rare, hard to be caught, and harder still to tame? It is the same spirit of falsehood which magnifies the number of horse and foot possessed by the enemy; and with respect to the river, why, the wider it spreads the liker it becomes to a placid pool.

9.2.13

sed non est inprovisa vobis mentientium vanitas. Sic Ciliciae fauces, sic Mesopotamiae campos, Tigrim et Euphraten, quorum alterum vado transiimus, alterum ponte, terribiles fecerant Persae.

9.2.14

Nil umquam ad liquidum fama perducitur: omnia illa tradente maiora sunt vero. Nostra quoque gloria, cum sit ex solido, plus tamen habet nominis quam operis.

9.2.15

Modo quis beluas offerentes moenium speciem, quis Hydaspem amnem, quis cetera auditu maiora quam vero sustineri posse credebat? Olim, hercules, fugissemus ex Asia, si nos fabulae debellare potuissent.

9.2.16

Creditisne elephantorum greges maiores esse, quam usquam armentorum sunt, cum et rarum sit animal nec facile capiatur multo que difficilius mitigetur?

9.2.17

Atqui eadem vanitas copias peditum equitumque numeravit. Nam flumen, quo latius fusum est, hoc placidius stagnat: quippe angustis ripis coercita et in angustiorem alveum elisa torrentes aquas invehunt, contra spatio alvei segnior cursus est.

Rivers, as you know, that are confined between narrow banks and choked by narrow channels flow with torrent speed, while on the other hand the current slackens as the channel widens out. Besides, all the danger is at the bank where the enemy waits to receive us as we disembark; so that, be the breadth of the river what it may, the danger is all the same when we are in the act of landing. But let us suppose that these stories are all true, is it then, I ask, the monstrous size of the elephants or the number of the enemy that you dread? As for the elephants, we had an example of them before our eyes in the late battle when they charged more furiously upon their own ranks than upon ours, and when their vast bodies were cut and mangled by our bills and axes. What matters it then whether they be the same number as Porus had, or be 3000, when we see that if one or two of them be wounded, the rest swerve aside and take to flight. Then again, if it be no easy task to manage but a few of them, surely when so many thousands of them are crowded together, they cannot but hamper each other when their huge unwieldy bodies want room either to stand or run. For myself, I have such a poor opinion of the animals that, though I had them, I did not bring them into the field, being fully convinced they occasion more danger to their own side than to the enemy.

9.2.18

Praeterea in ripa omne periculum est, ubi adplicantes navigia hostis expectat. Ita, quantumcumque flumen intervenit, idem futurum discrimen est evadentium in terram.

9.2.19

Sed omnia ista vera esse fingamus: utrumne nos magnitudo beluarum an multitudo hostium terret? Quod pertinet ad elephantos, praesens habemus exemplum: in suos vehementius quam in nos incucurrerunt: tam vasta corpora securibus falcibusque mutilata sunt.

9.2.20

Quid autem interest, totidem sint, quot Porus habuit, an in milia, cum uno aut altero vulnerato videritis ceteros in fugam declinari?

9.2.21

Dein paucos aegre et incommode regunt: congregata vero tot milia ipsa se elidunt, ubi nec stare nec fugere potuerint inhabiles vastorum corporum moles. Equidem sic animalia ista contempsi, ut, cum haberem ipse, non opposuerim, satis gnarus, plus suis quam hostibus periculi inferre.

9.2.22

At enim equitum peditumque multitudo vos commovet! Cum paucis enim pugnare soliti estis et nunc primum inconditam sustinebitis turbam.

"But it is the number, perhaps, of the horse and foot that excites your fears! for you have been wont, you know, to fight only against small numbers, and will now for the first time have to withstand undisciplined multitudes! The river Granicus is a witness of the courage of the Macedonians unconquered in fighting against odds; so too is Cilicia deluged with the blood of the Persians, and Arbela, where the plains are strewn with the bones of your vanquished foes. It is too late, now that you have depopulated Asia by your victories, to begin counting the enemy's legions. When we were crossing the Hellespont, it was then we should have thought about the smallness of our numbers, for now Scythians follow us, Bactrian troops are here to assist us, Dahans and Sogdians are serving in our ranks. But it is not in such a throng I put my trust. It is to your hands, Macedonians, I look. It is your valour I take as the gage and surety of the deeds I mean to perform.

9.2.23

Testis adversus multitudinem invicti Macedonum roboris Granicus amnis et Cilicia inundata cruore Persarum et Arbela, cuius campi devictorum a nobis ossibus strati sunt.

9.2.24

Sero hostium legiones numerare coepistis, postquam solitudinem in Asia vincendo fecistis. Cum per Hellespontum navigaremus, de paucitate nostra cogitandum fuit: nunc nos Scythae sequuntur, Bactriana auxilia praesto sunt, Dahae Sogdianique inter nos militant.

9.2.25

Nec tamen illi turbae confido: vestras manus intueor, vestram virtutem rerum, quas gesturus sum, vadem praedemque habeo. Quamdiu vobiscum in acie stabo, nec mei nee hostium exercitus numero: vos modo animos mihi plenos alacritatis ac fiduciae adhibete.

"As long as it is with you I shall stand in battle, I count not the number either of my own or the enemy's army. Do ye only, I entreat, keep your minds full of alacrity and confidence. We are not standing on the threshold of our enterprise and our labours, but at their very close. We have already reached the sunrise and the ocean, and unless your sloth and cowardice prevent, we shall thence return in triumph to our native land, having conquered the earth to its remotest bounds. Act not then like foolish husbandmen who, when their crops are ripe, loose them out of hand from sheer indolence to gather them. The prizes before you are greater than the risks, for the country to be invaded not only teems with wealth, but is at the same time feebly defended. So then I lead you not so much to glory as to plunder. You have earned the right to carry back to your own country the riches which that sea casts upon its shores; and it would ill become you if through fear you should leave anything unattempted or unperformed. I conjure you then by that glory of yours whereby ye soar above the topmost pinnacle of human greatness—I beseech you by my services unto you, and yours unto me (a strife in which we still contend unconquered), that ye desert not your foster-son, your fellow-soldier, not to say your king, just at the moment when he is approaching the limits of the inhabited world.

9.2.26

Non in limine operum laborumque nostrorum, sed in exitu stamus: pervenimus ad solis ortum et Oceanum. Nisi obstat ignavia, inde victores perdomito fine terrarum revertemur in patriam. Nolite, quod pigri agricolae faciunt, maturos fructus per inertiam amittere e manibus.

9.2.27

Maiora sunt periculis praemia: dives eadem et inbellis est regio. Itaque non tam ad gloriam vos duco quam ad praedam. Digni estis, qui opes, quas illud mare litoribus invehit, referatis in patriam, digni, qui nihil inexpertum, nihil metu omissum relinquatis.

9.2.28

Per vos gloriamque vestram, qua humanum fastigium exceditis, perque et mea in vos et in me vestra merita, quibus invicem contendimus, oro quaesoque, ne humanarum rerum terminos adeuntem alumnum commilitonemque vestrum, ne dicam regem, deseratis.

9.2.29

Cetera vobis imperavi: hoc unum debiturus sum. Et is vos rogo, qui nihil umquam vobis praecepi, quin primus me periculis obtulerim, qui saepe aciem clipeo meo texi. Ne infregeritis in manibus meis palmam, qua Herculem Liberumque Patrem, si invidia afuerit, aequabo.

"All things else you have done at my orders — for this one thing I shall hold myself to be your debtor. I, who never ordered you upon any service in which I did not place myself in the fore-front of the danger, I who have often with mine own buckler covered you in battle, now entreat you not to shatter the palm which is already in my grasp, and by which, if I may so speak without incurring the ill-will of heaven, I shall become the equal of Hercules and Father Bacchus. Grant this to my entreaties, and break at last your obstinate silence Where is that familiar shout, the wonted token of your alacrity? Where are the cheerful looks of my Macedonians? I do not recognise you, soldiers, and, methinks, I seem not to be recognised by you. I have all along been knocking at deaf ears. I am trying to rouse hearts that are disloyal and crushed with craven fears."

9.2.30

Date hoc precibus meis et tandem obstinatum silentium rumpite. Ubi est ille clamor, alacritatis vestrae index? ubi ille meorum Macedonum vultus? Non agnosco vos, milites, nec agnosci videor a vobis. Surdas iamdudum aures pulso, aversos animos et infractos excitare conor.

9.2.31

Cumque illi in terram demissis capitibus tacere perseverarent: Nescio quid, inquit, in vos inprudens deliqui, quod me ne intueri quidem vultis. In solitudine mihi videor esse. Nemo respondet, nemo saltem negat.

When the soldiers, with their heads bent earthwards, still suppressed what they felt, "I must," he said, "have inadvertently given you some offence that you will not even look at me. Methinks I am in a solitude. No one answers me; no one so much as says me nay. Is it to strangers I am speaking? Am I claiming anything unreasonable? Why, it is your glory and your greatness we are asserting. Where are those whom but the other day I saw eagerly striving which should have the prerogative of receiving the person of their wounded king? I am deserted, forsaken, surrendered into the hands of the enemy. But I shall still persist in going forward, even though I should march alone. Expose me then to the dangers of rivers, to the rage of elephants, and to those nations whose very names fill you with terror. I shall find men that will follow me though I be deserted by you. The Scythians and Bactrians, once our foemen, but now our soldiers — these will still be with me. Let me tell you, I had die rather than be a commander on sufferance. Begone then to your homes, and go triumphing because ye have forsaken your king! For my part, I shall here find a place, either for the victory of which you despair, or for an honourable death."

9.2.32

Quos adloquor? quid autem postulo? Vestram gloriam et magnitudinem vindicamus. Ubi sunt illi, quorum certamen paulo ante vidi contendentium, qui potissimum vulnerati regis corpus exciperent? Desertus, destitutus sum, hostibus deditus.

9.2.33

Sed solus quoque ire perseverabo. Obicite me fluminibus et beluis et illis gentibus, quarum nomina horretis: inveniam, qui desertum a vobis sequantur. Scythae Bactrianique erunt mecum, hostes paulo ante, nunc milites nostri.

9.2.34

Mori praestat quam precario imperatorem esse. Ite reduces domos! ite deserto rege ovantes! Ego hic aut vobis desperatae victoriae aut honestae morti locum inveniam.