Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander 9.4

9.4.1

Perventum erat in regionem, in qua Hydaspes amnis Acesini committitur:

Chapter IV. — Alexander subdues various tribes on his way to the Indus — Disasters to his fleet at the meeting of the rivers — His campaign against the Sudracae and Malli — Assails their chief stronghold and is left standing alone on the wall Thus he came at length into the country where the river Hydaspes falls into the Acesines, and thence flows down to the territories of the Sibi. These people allege that their ancestors belonged to the army of Hercules, and that being left behind on account of sickness had possessed themselves of the seats which their posterity now occupied. They dressed themselves with the skins of wild beasts, and had clubs for their weapons. They showed besides many other traces of their origin, though in the course of time Greek manners and institutions had grown obsolete. He landed among them, and marching a distance of 250 stadia into the country beyond their borders, laid it waste, and took its capital town by an assault made against the walls all round. The nation, consisting of 40,000 foot-soldiers, had been drawn up along the bank of the river to oppose his landing, but he nevertheless crossed the stream, put the enemy to flight, and, having stormed the town, compelled all who were shut up within its walls to surrender. Those who were of military age were put to the sword, and the rest were sold as slaves.

9.4.2

hinc decurrit in fines Siborum. Hi de exercitu Herculis maiores suos esse memorant: aegros relictos cepisse sedem, quam ipsi obtinebant.

9.4.3

Pelles ferarum pro veste, clavae tela erant, multaque etiam, cum Graeci mores exolevissent, stirpis ostendebant vestigia.

9.4.4

Hinc escensione facta CC et L stadia excessit depopulatusque regionem oppidum, caput eius, corona cepit.

9.4.5

XL milia peditum alia gens in ripa fluminum opposuerat: quae amne superato in fugam conpulit inclusosque moenibus expugnat.

9.4.6

Puberes interfecti sunt, ceteri venierunt. Alteram deinde urbem expugnare adortus magnaque vi defendentium pulsus multos Macedonum amisit. Sed cum in obsidione perseverasset, oppidani desperata salute ignem subiecere tectis seque ac liberos coniugesque, incendio cremant.

He then laid siege to another town, but the defenders made so gallant a resistance that he was repulsed with the loss of many of his Macedonians. He persevered, however, with the siege till the inhabitants, despairing of their safety, set fire to their houses, and cast themselves along with their wives and children into the flames. War then showed itself in a new form, for while the inhabitants were destroying their city by spreading the flames, the enemy were striving to save it by quenching them, so completely does war invert natural relations. The citadel of the town had escaped damage, and Alexander accordingly left a garrison behind in it. He was himself conveyed by means of boats around the fortress, for the three largest rivers in India (if we except the Ganges) washed the line of its fortifications. The Indus on the north flows close up to it, and on the south the Acesines unites with the Hydaspes.

9.4.7

Quod cum ipsi augerent, hostes extinguerent, nova forma pugnae erat: delebant incolae urbem, hostes defendebant. Adeo etiam naturae iura bellum in contrarium mutat.

9.4.8

Arx erat oppidi intacta, in qua praesidium dereliquit. Ipse e*t navigiis circumvectus arcem. Quippe III flumina tota India praeter Gangen maxima munimento arcis adplicant undas: a septentrione Indus adluit, a meridie Acesines Hydaspi confunditur.

9.4.9

Ceterum amnium coetus maritimis similes fluctus movet, multoque ac turbido limo, quod aquarum concursu subinde turbatur, iter, qua meatur navigiis, in tenuem alveum cogitur.

But the meeting of the rivers makes the waters swell in great billows like those of the ocean, and the navigable way is compressed into a narrow channel by extensive mud-banks kept continually shifting by the force of the confluent waters. When the waves, therefore, in thick succession dashed against the vessels, beating both on their prows and sides, the sailors were obliged to take in sail ; but partly from their own flurry, and partly from the force of the currents, they were unable to execute their orders in time, and before the eyes of all two of the large ships were engulphed in the stream. The smaller craft, however, though they also were unmanageable, were driven on shore without sustaining injury. The ship which had the king himself on board was caught in eddies of the greatest violence, and by their force was irresistibly driven athwart and whirled onward without answering the helm.

9.4.10

Itaque cum crebri fluctus se inveherent et navium hinc proras, hinc latera pulsarent, subducere nautae vela coeperunt. Sed ministeria eorum hinc aestu, hinc praerapida celeritate fluminum occupantur.

9.4.11

In oculis omnium duo maiora navigia submersa sunt: leviora, cum et ipsa nequirent regi, in ripam tamen innoxia expulsa sunt. Ipse rex in rapidissimos vertices incidit, quibus intorta navis obliqua et gubernaculi inpatiens agebatur.

9.4.12

Iam vestem detraxerat corpori proiecturus semet in flumen, amicique, ut exciperent eum, haud procul nabant, adparebatque anceps periculum tam nataturi quam navigare perseverantis:

He had already stripped off his clothes preparatory to throwing himself into the river, while his friends were swimming about not far off ready to pick him up, but as it was evident that the danger was about equal whether he threw himself into the water or remained on board, the boatmen vied with each other in stretching to their oars, and made every exertion possible for human beings to force their vessel through the raging surges. It then seemed as though the waves were being cloven asunder. and as though the whirling eddies were retreating, and the ship was thus at length rescued from their grasp. It did not, however, gain the shore in safety, but was stranded on the nearest shallows. One would suppose that a war had been waged against the river. Alexander there erected as many altars as there were rivers, and having offered sacrifices upon them marched onward, accomplishing a distance of thirty stadia.

9.4.13

ergo ingenti certamine concitant remos, quantaque vis humana esse poterat, admota est, ut fluctus, qui se invehebant, everberarentur.

9.4.14

Findi crederes undas et retro gurgites cedere. Quibus tandem navis erepta non tamen ripae adplicatur, sed in proximum vadum inliditur. Cum amne bellum fuisse crederes. Ergo aris pro numero fluminum positis sacrificioque facto XXX stadia processit.

9.4.15

Inde ventum est in regionem Sudracarum Mallorumque, quos alias bellare inter se solitos tunc periculi societas iunxerat. Nonaginta milia iuniorum peditum in armis erant, praeter hos equitum X milia nongentaeque quadrigae.

Thence he came into the dominions of the Sudracae and the Malli, who hitherto had usually been at war with each other, but now drew together in presence of the common danger. Their army consisted of 90,000 foot-soldiers, all fit for active service, together with 10,000 cavalry and 900 war chariots. But when the Macedonians, who believed that they had by this time got past all their dangers, found that they had still on hand a fresh war, in which the most warlike nations in all India would be their antagonists, they were struck with an unexpected terror, and began again to upbraid the king in the language of sedition. "Though he had been driven," they said, "to give up the river Ganges and regions beyond it, he had not ended the war, but only shifted it. They were now exposed to fierce nations that with their blood they might open for him a way to the ocean. They were dragged onward outside the range of the constellations and the sun of their own zone, and forced to go to places which nature meant to be hidden from mortal eyes. New enemies were for ever springing up with arms ever new, and though they put them all to rout and flight, what reward awaited them? What but mists and darkness and unbroken night hovering over the abyss of ocean? What but a sea teeming with multitudes of frightful monsters—stagnating waters in which expiring nature has given way in despair?"

9.4.16

At Macedones, qui omni discrimine iam defunctos se esse crediderant, postquam integrum bellum cum ferocissimis Indiae gentibus superesse cognoverunt, inproviso metu territi rursus seditiosis vocibus regem increpare coeperunt:

9.4.17

Gangen amnem et, quae ultra essent, coactum transmittere non tamen finisse, sed mutasse bellum. Indomitis gentibus se obiectos, ut sanguine suo aperirent ei Oceanum.

9.4.18

Trahi extra sidera et solem cogique adire, quae mortalium oculis natura subduxerit. Novis identidem armis novos hostes existere. Quos ut omnes fundant fugentque, quod praemium ipsos manere? caliginem ac tenebras et perpetuam noctem profundo incubantem mari, repletum inmanium beluarum gregibus fretum, inmobiles undas, in quibus emoriens natura defecerit.

9.4.19

Rex non sua, sed militum sollicitudine anxius contione advocata docet inbelles esse, quos metuant. Nihil deinde praeter has gentes obstare, quominus terrarum spatia emensi ad finem simul mundi laborumque perveniant.

The king, troubled not by any fears for himself, but by the anxiety of the soldiers about their safety, called them together, and pointed out to them that those of whom they were afraid were weak and unwarlike; that after the conquest of these tribes there was nothing in their way, once they had traversed the distance now between them and the ocean, to prevent their coming to the end of the world, which would be also the end of their labours; that he had given way to their fears of the Ganges and of the numerous tribes beyond that river, and turned his arms to a quarter where the glory would be equal but the hazard less; that they were already in sight of the ocean, and were already fanned by breezes from the sea. They should not then grudge him the glory to which he aspired. They would overpass the limits reached by Hercules and Father Bacchus, and thus at a small cost bestow upon their king an immortality of fame. They should permit him to return from India with honour, and not to escape from it like a fugitive. Every assemblage, and especially one of soldiers, is readily carried away by any chance impulse, and hence the measures for quelling a mutiny are less important than the circumstances in which it originates. Never before did so eager and joyous a shout ring out as was now sent forth by the army asking him to lead them forward, and expressing the hope that the gods would prosper his arms and make him equal in glory to those whom he was emulating.

9.4.20

Concessisse illis metuentibus Gangen et multitudinem nationum, quae ultra amnem essent: declinasse iter eo, ubi par gloria, minus periculum esset.

9.4.21

Iam prospicere se Oceanum, iam perflare ad ipsos auram maris: ne inviderent sibi laudem, quam peteret. Herculis et Liberi Patris terminos transituros illos, regi suo parvo inpendio inmortalitatem famae daturos. Paterentur se ex India redire, non fugere.

9.4.22

Omnis multitudo et maxime militaris mobilis impetu effertur: ita seditionis non remedia quam principia maiora sunt.

9.4.23

Non alias tam alacer clamor ab exercitu est redditus: iubent eum ducere dis secundis aequareque gloria, quos aemularetur. Laetus his adclamationibus ad hostes protinus castra movit.

Alexander, elated by these acclamatious, at once broke up his camp and advanced against the enemy, which was the strongest in point of numbers of all the Indian tribes. They were making active preparations for war, and had selected as their head a brave warrior of the nation of the Sudracae. This experienced general had encamped at the foot of a mountain, and had ordered fires to be kindled over a wide circuit to make his army appear so much the more numerous. He endeavoured also at times, but in vain, to alarm the Macedonians when at rest by making his men shout and howl in their own barbarous manner. As soon as day dawned, the king, full of hope and confidence, ordered his soldiers, who were eager for action, to take their arms and march to battle. The barbarians, however, fled all of a sudden, but whether through fear or dissensions that had arisen among them, there is no record to show. At any rate, they escaped timeously to their mountain recesses, which were difficult of approach. The king pursued the fugitives, but to no purpose; however, he took their baggage.

9.4.24

Validissimae Indorum gentes erant et bellum inpigre parabant ducemque ex natione Sudracarum spectatae virtutis elegerant: qui sub radicibus montis castra posuit lateque ignes, ut speciem multitudinis augeret, ostendit, clamore quoque ac sui moris ululatu identidem adquiescentes Macedonas frustra terrere conatus.

9.4.25

Iam lux adpetebat, cum rex fiduciae ac spei plenus alacres milites arma capere et exire in aciem iubet. Sed — haud traditur, metune an oborta seditione inter ipsos — subito profugerunt barbari certe et avios montes et inpeditos occupaverunt.

9.4.26

Quorum agmen rex frustra persecutus inpedimenta cepit. Perventum deinde est ad oppidum Sudracarum, in quod plerique confugerant, haud maiore fiducia moenium quam armorum.

Thence he came into the city of the Sudracae, into which most of the enemy had fled, trusting for safety as much to their arms as to the strength of the fortifications. The king was now advancing to attack the place, when a soothsayer warned him not to undertake the siege, or at all events to postpone it, since the omens indicated that his life would be in danger. The king fixing his eyes upon Demophon (for this was the name of the soothsayer), said: "If any one should in this manner interrupt thyself, while busied with thine art and inspecting entrails, wouldst thou not regard him as impertinent and troublesome?" "I certainly would so regard him," said Demophon. Then rejoined Alexander, "Dost thou not think then that when I am occupied with such important matters, and not with the inspection of the entrails of cattle, there can be any interruption more unseasonable to me than a soothsayer enslaved by superstition?" Without more loss of time than was required for returning the answer, he ordered the scaling-ladders to be applied to the wall, and while the others were hesitating to mount them, he himself scaled the ramparts.

9.4.27

Iam admovebat rex, cum vates monere eum coepit, ne committeret aut certe differret obsidionem: vitae eius periculum ostendi.

9.4.28

Rex Demophontem — is namque vates erat — intuens: Si quis, inquit, te arti tuae intentum et exta spectantem sic interpellet, non dubitem, quin incommodus ac molestus videri tibi possit. Et cum ille ita prorsus futurum respondisset:

9.4.29

Censesne, inquit, tantas res, non pecudum fibras ante oculos habenti ullum esse maius inpedimentum quam vatem superstitione captum?

9.4.30

Nec diutius, quam respondit, moratus admoveri iubet scalas cunctantibusque ceteris evadit in murum. Augusta muri corona erat: non pinnae sicut alibi fastigium eius distinxerant, sed perpetua lorica obducta transitum saepserat.

The parapet which ran round the rampart was narrow, and was not marked out along the coping with battlements and embrasures, but was built in an unbroken line of breastwork, which obstructed assailants in attempting to get over. The king then was clinging to the edge of the parapet, rather than standing upon it, warding off with his shield the darts that fell upon him from every side, for he was assailed by missiles from all the surrounding towers. Nor were the soldiers able to mount the wall under the storm of arrows discharged against them from above. Still at last a sense of shame overcame their fear of the greatness of the danger, for they saw that by their hesitation the king would fall into the hands of his enemies. But their help was delayed by their hurry, for while every one strove to get soonest to the top of the wall, they were precipitated from the ladders which they overloaded till they broke, thus balking the king of his only hope. He was in consequence left standing in sight of his numerous army, like a man in a solitude, whom all the world has forsaken.

9.4.31

Itaque rex haerebat magis quam stabat in margine clipeo undique incidentia tela propulsans:

9.4.32

nam ipse eminus ex turribus petebatur, nec subire milites poterant, quia superne vi telorum obruebantur. Tandem magnitudinem periculi pudor vicit: quippe cernebant cunctatione sua dedi hostibus regem.

9.4.33

Sed festinando morabantur auxilia. Nam dum pro se quisque certat evadere, oneravere scalas: quis non sufficientibus devoluti unicam spem regis fefellerunt. Stabat enim in conspectu tanti exercitus velut in solitudine destitutus.