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Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s11: G

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s11

Language
English

G

v1.c6.s11.1

GAGANA—A kind of pent-roof.

v1.c6.s11.2

(M. XVIII. 174-180, see under Lupā).

v1.c6.s11.3

GAJA—(cf. Hasti-prishṭha)—A type of building (see under Kuñjara). A kind of oval building :

v1.c6.s11.4

(1) Agni-Purāṇa (chap. 104. v. 19-20, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.5

(2) Garuḍa-Purāṇa (chap. 47. v. 29-30, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.6

See the Plan and Sections of a Gaja-prishṭhākriti building.

v1.c6.s11.7

(Ind. Ant. vol. XII. between pages 104-5).

v1.c6.s11.8

GAṆYA-MĀNA—The comparative height of the component members of an architectural structure. In the sculptural measurement, the similar height is generally called the Tāla-māna.

v1.c6.s11.9

Implying the comparative height of the component members of the buildings of one to twelve storeys :

v1.c6.s11.10

Janmādi-stūpi-paryantaṁ gaṇya-mānam ihochyate | Harmye chāshṭa-tale tuṅge sāshṭa-bhāgādhikaṁ tathā | Sārdha-dvyaṁśaṁ adhishṭhānaṁ tad-dvayaṁ pāda-tuṅgakam | Tad-ardhaṁ prastarotsedhaṁ śeshaṁ ashṭa-taloktavat | Evaṁ nava-talotsedhaṁ sarvālaṅkāra-saṁyutam |

v1.c6.s11.11

(M. XXVII. 35-39).

v1.c6.s11.12

Evaṁ vistāra-gaṇyaṁ syāt tuṅga-gaṇyam ihochyate | Janmādi-stūpi-paryantam uktavat saṁgrahaṁ viduḥ |

v1.c6.s11.13

(M. XXIX. 36-37, see also 38-49 under Ekā-daśa-tala).

v1.c6.s11.14

See the details of the other storeys under Eka-tala, Dvi-tala, Tritala, Chatus-tala, Pañcha-tala, Shaṭ-tala, Sapta-tala, Ashṭatala, Daśa-tala, Ekādaśa-tala and Dvā-daśa-tala.

v1.c6.s11.15

The similar comparative measurement referring to the sixteen storeys of the gopuras (gate-houses):

v1.c6.s11.16

Tuṅge cha trayo-viṁśad bhāgam evaṁ vibhājite ।
Ekā-daśopapīṭhaṁ cha chatur-bhāga(ṁ) masūrakam ।
Vasu-bhāgāṅghri-tuṅgaṁ syāt shaḍ-bhāgaṁ tu vibhājite ।
Tri-bhāgaṁ chopapīṭhaṁ tu śiva-bhāga(ṁ) masūrakam ।
Dvi-bhāgaṁ pāda-tuṅgaṁ syāt tad-ūrdhve prastarād(h)ikam ।
Śikhāṁśaṁ chordhva-māne tu talānām adhunochyate ।
Adhishṭhāna-samaṁ mañcha(ṁ) tat-samaṁ gala-tuṅgakam ।
Galochcha-dvi-guṇaṁ proktaṁ śikharasyodayaṁ nyaset ।
Śikharordhva(ṁ) śikhottuṅgaṁ stūpī(pi)-traya-sam(m)eva cha ।
Evam eka-talaṁ proktaṁ dvi-talādi-tala(ṁ) eva cha ।
Kshudra-madhyaṁ cha mukhyānāṁ gopure tu viśeshataḥ ।
Prastarādi (? upānādi)-śikhāntaṁ syāt gaṇya-mānaṁ pravkshyate ।

v1.c6.s11.17

Pūrvavat prastarādy-antaṁ chordhve stūpikāntakam ।
Gaṇya-mānaṁ cha sarveshāṁ bhāga-māna(ṁ)-vaśochyate ।

v1.c6.s11.18

Bhāga-māna-vaśād gaṇya-mānaṁ yat prochyate budhaiḥ ।

v1.c6.s11.19

The similar comparative measurement referring to the component parts of a throne:

v1.c6.s11.20

Sarveshāṁ mānam ity-uktaṁ gaṇya-mānam ihochyate ।
Āsanasyodayārdhaṁ vā tri-bhāgaikonam eva vā ।
Upapīṭhodayam hy-eva(ṁ) chokta-tuṅge'dhikaṁ tu vā ।
Śeshaṁ masūrakaṁ vāpi samādhishṭhāna-tuṅgakam ।
Utsedha-ravi-bhāge tu janma-tuṅgaṁ śivāṁśakam ।
Tad-ūrdhve chārdha-kampaṁ syāt pāda-bhāgena yojayet ।

v1.c6.s11.21

The similar measurement referring to the component mouldings of the Pīṭha (Yoni or the pedestal of the Phallus) : Pīṭha-tuṅgam iti proktam gaṇya-mānam ihochyate। Utsedhe shoḍaśāṁśe tu prathamochcham dvi-bhāgikam। Padmochcham tu tri-bhāgaṁ syāt tad-ūrdhve kshepaṇāṁśakam। Kandharaṁ cha tri-bhāgaṁ syāt tad-ūrdhve kampam aṁśakam। Ūrdha-padmaṁ tr(i)yaṁśaṁ syād vājanaṁ cha tri-bhāgikam। Ekāṁśaṁ ghṛita-vāri syād bhadra-pīṭham iti smṛitam। (M. LIII. 29-34).

v1.c6.s11.22

The similar measurement referring to the component mouldings of the Upa-pīṭha or pedestal of the column : Etat tu nirgamam proktam gaṇya-mānam ihochyate। Utsedhe tu chatur-viṁśat pañchāṁśopānam īritam। Ekena kampaṁ ity-uktaṁ grīvochcham dvā-daśāṁśakam। Kampaṁ ekaṁ tu vedāṁśaṁ vājanaṁ kampaṁ aṁśakam। Vedi-bhadram iti proktam athavā dvā-daśāṁśakam। (M. XIII. 35-39).

v1.c6.s11.23

GAṆḌA-BHERAṆḌA-(STAMBA)—A kind of pillar. (See under Stambha).

v1.c6.s11.24

GADĀ—A type of octangular building.

v1.c6.s11.25

(1) Agni-Purāṇa (chap. 104, v. 20-21, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.26

(2) Garuḍa-Purāṇa (chap. 47, v. 21, 23, 31-32, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.27

GANDHA-KUṬI(-Ī)—The Buddhist temple, any chamber used by Buddha.

v1.c6.s11.28

(1) Puṇyoddeśa-vaśāch chakāra ruchiraṁ śauddhodaneḥ śraddhayā śrīmad-gandha-kuṭīm imam iva kuṭīm mokshasya saukhyasya cha।
“—has constructed this gandha-kuṭī of Buddha, graceful and like a hall of emancipation and bliss for the spiritual benefit of”—

v1.c6.s11.29

‘Gandha-kuṭī’ is literally a ‘chamber of perfume,’ an epithet applied to Buddha-temples. The large temple at Buddha-gayā is called, in the inscriptions, ‘Mahā-gandha-kuṭī- prāsāda' (Ind. Ant. vol. IX. p. 142-143); and the room in which Buddha lived in Jetavana at Śrāvastī was also known by this name (Cunningham's Bharhut Stūpa, plate XXXVIII, and page 133, no. 22).

v1.c6.s11.30

(An inscrip. at Gaya, v. 9, Ind. Ant. vol. X. pp. 342, 343, note 8).

v1.c6.s11.31

(2) Kṛitavantau cha navīnām ashṭa-maha-sthāna-śaila-gandha-kuṭīm—"they constructed this new gandha-kuṭī (made) of stones (coming from) eight holy places."

v1.c6.s11.32

Gandhakuṭī—"perfumed chamber, any private chamber dovoted to Buddha's use." Childers (s. v.) gandhakuṭī.

v1.c6.s11.33

The gandhakuṭī at Jetavana near Śrāvastī is represented on a Bharhut bas-relief.

v1.c6.s11.34

See also Cunningham's Bharhut Stūpa, (plate LVII).

v1.c6.s11.35

See Sarnath inscrip. of Mahipalala, (line 2, Ind. Ant. vol. XIV, p. 140, note 7).

v1.c6.s11.36

(3) 'Gandha-kuṭī'—"the hall of perfumes," i.e., the Buddhist temple."

v1.c6.s11.37

(Bharaut Inscrip. no. 40, Ind. Ant. vol. XXI. p. 230, note 34 refers to Arch. Surv. of W. India, vol. V, p. 77 and to Ind. Ant. vol. XIV, p. 140, already quoted above).

v1.c6.s11.38

(4) "On the other side of his (Buddha's) body, towards the west, he caused to be built a beautiful gandha-kuṭī, pleasing to the eye."

v1.c6.s11.39

(Ajanta Inscrip. no. 4, line 27, Arch. Surv. new Imp. series, vol. IV. pp. 130, 132).

v1.c6.s11.40

GANDHA-MĀDANA—A class of pavilions. (M. XXXIV. 154, see under Maṇḍapa).

v1.c6.s11.41

GANDARVA—A class of demi-gods inhabiting Indra's heaven, and serving as celestial musicians. See the description of their images. (M. LVIII. 8, 16-19).

v1.c6.s11.42

GABHĀRĀ (GARBHĀGĀRA)—An underground shrine, the sanctuary of a temple, the room where the deity is placed, a private room, the female apartments, a lying-in-chamber.

v1.c6.s11.43

“Through the door at the east end of the hall, we descent by some nine steps into the *Gabhārā* or shrine, which is also square, measuring 13 feet 9 inches each way.”

v1.c6.s11.44

(The temple of Amarnāth, Ind. Ant. vol. III. p. 318, c. 1, last para).

v1.c6.s11.45

GARUḌA—The king of birds, the sun-eagle; a type of building which is shaped like the sun-eagle (garuḍa), has wings and tail, and seven storeys, twenty cupolas (aṇḍa) and twenty-four cubits wide.

v1.c6.s11.46

Nandī tadākṛitir jñeyaḥ pakshādi-rahitaḥ punaḥ ॥
Garuḍākṛitiś cha garuḍaḥ ।

v1.c6.s11.47

Commentary quotes clearer description from Kāśyapa:

v1.c6.s11.48

Garuḍo garuḍākāraḥ paksha-puchchha-vibhūshitaḥ ।

v1.c6.s11.49

Cf. Karāṇāṁ shaṭ-chatushkāṁś cha vistīrṇau sapta-bhūmikau ।

v1.c6.s11.50

Daśabhir dviguṇair aṇḍair bhūshitau kārayet tu tau ॥

v1.c6.s11.51

(1) Bṛihat-saṁhitā (LVI. 24. J.R.A.S., N.S., vol. VI. p. 319).

v1.c6.s11.52

(2) Matsya-Purāṇa (chap. 269, v. 41-43, 51, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.53

(3) Bhavishya-Purāṇa (chap. 130, v. 31, see under Prāsāda). A type of oval building:

v1.c6.s11.54

(4) Garuḍa-Purāṇa (chap. 47, v. 29-30, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.55

In connection with the temples of the attendant deities:

v1.c6.s11.56

(5) Yan-mūla-harmye vṛishabhādi-vishṇur-ādi

v1.c6.s11.57

Maṇḍapādi-garuḍādi cha gopurādīn ।

v1.c6.s11.58

Tan-mūla-harmya-paritaḥ sthita paśyate’smin (?)

v1.c6.s11.59

Kuryāt tu sarva-parivāram idaṁ praśastam ।

v1.c6.s11.60

(M. XXXII. 168-171).

v1.c6.s11.61

The description of the image of Garuḍa (M. LXI. 1-148). Compare also M. XIX. 224.

v1.c6.s11.62

GARUḌA-SK(-T)AMBHA—(see under Stambha)—Pillars generally bearing the statues of the garuḍa-bird and belonging to the Vaishṇavas.

v1.c6.s11.63

“Had the temple built, and setting up this śāsana erected a *garuḍa-skambha* in front.”
(Ep. Carnat. vol. XII. Pavugada Taluq, no. 78, Transl. p. 130).

v1.c6.s11.64

GARUTMAN—(see Garuḍa)—A type of oval building. (Angi-Purāṇa, chap. 104, v. 19-20, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.65

GARBHA—The womb, the foundation, the adytum, the chamber in a temple where the deity is placed.

v1.c6.s11.66

(1) Vistārārdhaṁ bhaved garbho bhitty-anyaḥ samantataḥ। Garbha-pādena vistīrṇaṁ dvāraṁ dvi-guṇaṁ uchchhritaṁ॥

v1.c6.s11.67

“The adytum measures half the extent (of the whole) and has its separate walls all around. Its door is ¼ of the adytum in breadth and twice as high.”
(Bṛihat-saṁhitā, LXI. 12, J. R. A. S., N. S., vol. VI. p. 318).

v1.c6.s11.68

(2) Rājā prāsāda-garbhaṁ gatvā। (Hitopadeśa, ed. Botlingk, p. 157, etc).

v1.c6.s11.69

(3) The foundations of the village (M. IX. 7). The adytum: Garbhe nanda-vibhāge tu ekaikaṁ liṅga-tuṅgakam। Garbha-tāra-samaṁ śreshṭhaṁ tri-vidhaṁ liṅga-tuṅgakam। (M. LII. 16, 21).

v1.c6.s11.70

(4) Śrāvastīyānāṁ mahā-mātrānāṁ śāsanaṁ mānavasiti-kaṭāt। Śrīmati vaṁsagrāma evaite dve koshṭhāgāre tri-garbhe...........।

v1.c6.s11.71

“The order of the great officials of Śrāvasti (issued from their camp at) Mānavasitikaṭa; these two store-houses with three partitions (which are situated) even in famous Vaṁsagrāma require the storage of black loads of Panicum.”
(Sohgaura Copper Plate, line 1-2, Ind. Ant. vol. XXV. p. 265).

v1.c6.s11.72

GARBHA-GE(-ṚI)HA—The central hall, the adytum, the sanctuary in the middle of which is placed the statue of the deity; this is sometimes called Mūla-sthāna (see Garbhāgāra).

v1.c6.s11.73

(1) Harmya-tāre tu bhūtāṁśaṁ tr(i)yaṁśaṁ garbha-gehakam।

v1.c6.s11.74

Dvi-tale tāra-saptāṁśaṁ vedāṁśaṁ garbha-gehakam ।

v1.c6.s11.75

Garbha-gehe tu mānaṁ syāt liṅga-tuṅgaṁ prakalpayet ।
(M. LII. 22, see also LIII. 4).

v1.c6.s11.76

(2) “And the balance he will apply to building the garbha-gṛiha and enclosure of the goddesse’s temple.”

v1.c6.s11.77

(Ep. Carnat. vol. VIII. part I, Sagar Taluq, no. 135, Roman text, p. 225, Transl. p. 119, last para, last line).

v1.c6.s11.78

(3) “His wife (with various praises) Kallard-Siyamma had the shrine (garbba-gṛihada) of the god Sidda-Mallikārjuna renewed.”

v1.c6.s11.79

(Ep. Carnat. vol. XII. Gubbi Taluq, no. 29, Roman text, p. 41, Transl. p. 23, line 8).

v1.c6.s11.80

(4) Garbha-gṛiha-sthita-maṇṭapa-śikhara—“the ruined tower over the shrine (of the god Arkanātha).”

v1.c6.s11.81

(Ep. Carnat. vol. III. Maḷavaḷḷi Taluq, no. 64, Roman text, p. 127, line 3 ; Transl. p. 63).

v1.c6.s11.82

(5) “Garbha-gṛiha—sanctum of a temple.”

v1.c6.s11.83

Vincent Smith’ gloss (loc. cit) to Cunningham’s Arch. Surv. Reports.

v1.c6.s11.84

GARBHA-NYĀSA—Laying the foundation, the foundations.

v1.c6.s11.85

Mānasāra (chap. XII, named Garbha-nyāsa, 1-128) :

v1.c6.s11.86

The foundation is classed under three heads—for buildings (lines 4-169), for villages, etc. (172-186), and for tanks, etc. (188-216).

v1.c6.s11.87

The last named foundation, which is meant for a tank, well or pool, is said to be as high as the joint palm of man (narāñjali) (188).

v1.c6.s11.88

The foundation of buildings is first divided into two classes, as it belongs to temples (4-149) and to human dwellings (155-169). Of temples, those of Vishṇu (4-137) and Brahman (139-149) are illustrated and the others are said to be like these (cf. 132).

v1.c6.s11.89

Of the human dwellings, there are four classes according to the four castes—Brāhman, Kshatriya Vaiśya and Śūdra.

v1.c6.s11.90

The depth of the foundation-pit is stated to be equal to the basement:

v1.c6.s11.91

Garbhāvaṭasya nimnaṁ syād adhishṭhāna(ṁ)-samonnatam ।
Ishṭakair api pāshāṇaiś chatur-aśraṁ samaṁ bhavet ।
(M. XII. 6-7).

v1.c6.s11.92

The details of laying the foundations are given (M. XVII. 6-9) :

v1.c6.s11.93

The best ground selected for foundations is excavated to the depth of a man's height with uplifted arms. The bottom of the pit thus excavated should be rocky or water, and the pit is filled with sands and water which are closely pressed and hardened by means of wooden hammers shaped like the elephant's foot. Upon such foundations, the strength whereof varies according to the weight of the construction above, various structures are constructed.

v1.c6.s11.94

From this it would appear that the best soils for receiving foundations are rock, gravel, or closely pressed sandy earth.

v1.c6.s11.95

GARBHA-BHĀJANA—The foundation-pit, the excavation.

v1.c6.s11.96

(M. XII. 103).

v1.c6.s11.97

GARBHA-MAÑJŪSHĀ(-IKĀ)—The basket-shaped roof upon the foundation-pit, the vault.

v1.c6.s11.98

(M. XII. 47).

v1.c6.s11.99

GARBHA-VINYĀSA—(see Garbha-nyāsa)—The arrangement of the foundation, the foundations.

v1.c6.s11.100

(M. XII. 2).
Garbha-nyāsa-vidhiṁ vakshye grāmādīnāṁ cha sadmanām ।
Sa-garbhaṁ sarva-saṁpattyair vigarbhaṁ nāśanaṁ bhavet ॥
(Kāmikāgama, XXXI. 2-104).

v1.c6.s11.101

GARBHA-SŪTRA—The line in the interior or middle.

v1.c6.s11.102

Garbha-sūtrasya karṇaiś cha dvi-dvi-śaṅkuṁ nikhānayet ।

v1.c6.s11.103

GARBHĀVAṬA—The foundation-pit, the excavation. (M. XII. 5, see under Garbha-nyāsa).

v1.c6.s11.104

GALA—(see Kaṇṭha)—The neck, a moulding called dado, the frieze of the entablature.

v1.c6.s11.105

See the lists of mouldings under Adhishṭhāna., Upapīṭha and Prastara.

v1.c6.s11.106

See Kāmikāgama (LIV. 47) under Prastara.

v1.c6.s11.107

GALA-KŪṬA—A side-tower, a dome at the neck-part of a building (see Kūṭa).

v1.c6.s11.108

GAVĀKSHA—(see Vātāyana) --Windows resembling the cow's eye, a latticed window.

v1.c6.s11.109

Sārdha-gavākshakopeto nirgavāksho'thavā bhavet।

v1.c6.s11.110

(Garuḍa-Purāṇa, chap. 47, v. 36).

v1.c6.s11.111

Compare M. XVIII. 290, XX. 81, XXXIII. 582, etc.

v1.c6.s11.112

“ The chief adornment of the temple at Gaṅgai-koṇḍa-puram is the repetition everywhere on the cells and cornices of the fan-like window ornament resembling a spread peacok's tail. ” (Ind. Ant. vol. IX. p. 118, c. 1, para 3, last sentence).

v1.c6.s11.113

See Pallava Architecture (Arch. Surv. New. Imp. series, vol. XXXIV. plate CXXII).

v1.c6.s11.114

See the pierced window in Bhoganandīśvara shrine (Mysore Arch. Report, 1913-14, plate V. fig. 2, p. 14).

v1.c6.s11.115

GAVĀKSHĀKĀRA—Resembling the cow's eye, a moulding or structure shaped like a cow's eye.

v1.c6.s11.116

In connection with the bedsteads :

v1.c6.s11.117

Vṛittākṛitīshṭa-pādānāṁ yuktyā varṇena lepayet।
Gavākshākāra-yuktyā cha paṭṭikordhve samantataḥ।
Kuñjarāksham alakshaṁ vā patra-pushpādy-alaṅkṛitam।

v1.c6.s11.118

(M. XLIV. 21-23).

v1.c6.s11.119

GĀTRA—Literally the body, the columns of a pavilion. (Suprabhedāgama, XXXI. 102-103, see under Maṇḍapa).

v1.c6.s11.120

GĀṆAVA -- A kind of phallus. (Kāmikāgama, L. 35, 37, see under Liṅga).

v1.c6.s11.121

GIRI-DURGA—(see Durga)—A fort, a hill-fort.

v1.c6.s11.122

Cf. “ In the reign of Chikka-Deva-Rāya-voḍeya-raiya the servant of the lord of this village, Biḷugeli Kempar-ājayya’s son Dasarajayya began to build the stone fort of Nijagal, which has received another name of Sura-giri-durgga. ”

v1.c6.s11.123

“ In 1698 to 1700 the bastions of the fort and the town-gate on the east were completed. In 1701 to 1702 the town-gate on the south was made. In Pārthiva (1705) the elephant-gate on the east, this hall and the chāvaḍi with the tiger-face-gate, and the Vighneśvara temple at the town-gate on the south” (were built).

v1.c6.s11.124

(Ep. Carnat. vol. IX. Nelamangala Taluq, no. 65, Roman text, p. 54, Transl. p. 45).

v1.c6.s11.125

GURU-DVĀRA—A Sikh monastery.

v1.c6.s11.126

See Vincent Smith’s Gloss (loc. cit.) to Cunningham’s Arch. Surv. Reports.

v1.c6.s11.127

GUVĀ-VṚIKSHA—A type of round building.

v1.c6.s11.128

(Garuḍa-Purāṇa, chap. 47, v. 21, 23, 28-29, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.129

GUHA-RĀJA—A type of building which is sixteen cubits wide and has a roof with three dormer-windows.

v1.c6.s11.130

(1) Bṛihat-saṁhitā (LVI. 25, J. R. A. S., N. S., vol. VI. p. 319, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.131

(2) Bhavishya-Purāṇa (chap. 130, v. 32, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.132

GṚIHA—The house, a building, a room, a hall.

v1.c6.s11.133

Gṛihaṁ gehodavasitaṁ veśma sadma niketanam ॥ Niśānta-vastya-sadanaṁ bhavanāgāra-mandiram । Gṛihāḥ puṁsi cha bhūmny-eva nikāyya-nilayālayaḥ ॥

v1.c6.s11.134

(Amarakosha, II, ii, 4, 5).

v1.c6.s11.135

Cf. Sudīpika-gṛiham—a house of beautiful lamps.

v1.c6.s11.136

(Three Inscrip. from Travancore, no. B, line 3, Ep. Ind. vol. IV. p. 203).

v1.c6.s11.137

See M. IX. 7, 8; XXXVI. 2; XXXVII. 1; XL. 78, etc.

v1.c6.s11.138

GṚIHA-KĀNTA—A class of the five-storeyed buildings. (M. XXIII. 30-32, see under Prāsada).

v1.c6.s11.139

GṚIHA-GARBHA—(see Garbha-nyāsa)—The foundation of a house.

v1.c6.s11.140

Gṛiha-garbham iti proktam grāma-garham ihochyate।
Gṛiha-garbham antar-mukhaṁ syād grāma-garbhaṁ bahir-mukham।

v1.c6.s11.141

(M. XII. 167, 216).

v1.c6.s11.142

GṚIHA-CHULLĪ—A building with an eastern and western hall, “a house with two rooms contiguous to each other, but one facing west and the other east.” (Bṛihat-saṁhitā, LIII. 40).

v1.c6.s11.143

GṚIHA-PIṆḌI—(see Piṇḍikā)—The basement of a building.

v1.c6.s11.144

. . . . . gṛiha-piṇḍir athochyate॥
Madhye chāsāvṛitaṁ vāsāvāsa-piṇḍkāndhāriketi cha।
Saṁjñevaṁ gṛiha-piṇḍeḥ sayāt . . . . . ॥

v1.c6.s11.145

(Kāmikāgama, LV. 200-201,.

v1.c6.s11.146

GṚIHA-PRAVEŚA—The opening of or the first entry into the house, the house-warming ceremony. Mānasāra (chap. XXXVII, named Gṛiha-praveśa).

v1.c6.s11.147

The ceremonies in connection with the opening of and first entry into a house are described in detail (lines 1-90). The consideration of auspicious day and moment, and the worship and sacrifice in this connection are also described in detail (5-74). The masters of the ceremonies are stated to be the Sthapati (architect) and the Sthāpaka (14, 15, 16, 17, 58, 73, 74, 83, 85). They lead the procession in circumambulating the village and the compound before the ceremonial entry into a new house (73-90). The guardian-angel of the house (Gṛiha-Lakshmī) is prayed after completing the worship and sacrifice to confer happiness, comfort, plenty of wealth, children, health and long life to the master and other members of the family (67-72).

v1.c6.s11.148

The chapter closes with the description of an elaborate scheme of feeding the Brahmins and the artists, and of liberal gifts to them for the sake of prosperity and success of the family (84-90). (See also M. IX. 8).

v1.c6.s11.149

GṚIHA-MAṄGALA—An auspicious ceremony in connection with a newly built house.

v1.c6.s11.150

Sarva-maṅgala-ghoshaiś cha svasti-vāchana-pūrvakam।
Paśchāt(d) gṛiha-maṅgalaṁ kuryāt nānā-vastraiś cha śobhitam।
(M. xxxvii. 55-56).

v1.c6.s11.151

GṚIHA(-MĀNA-STHĀNA)-VINYĀSA—The dismensions and situation of houses.

v1.c6.s11.152

(1) Mānasāra (chap. xxxvi. named Gṛiha-māna-sthāna vinyāsa, 1-96) : The dimensions of houses in general (lines 6-13). The breadth of a house is said to be of five kinds, from two or three daṇḍas (4 or 6 yards) to ten or eleven daṇḍas (20 or 22 yards). The length may be equal to twice the breadth. The situation (houses are built in villages, towns, settlements, suburbs, groves, hermitages, near a hill, and on the banks of a sea or river) (1-5) :

v1.c6.s11.153

Dvi-jātīnāṁ cha sarveshāṁ varṇānāṁ vāsa-yogyakam।
Gṛihāṇāṁ māna-vinyāsaṁ sthānaṁ cha vakshyate'dhunā।
Grāme cha nagare vāpi pattane kheṭake'pi vā।
Vane vā chāśrame vāpi nadyādri(e)ś cha pārśvake।
Teshāṁ tu veśmanaḥ sthānaṁ kalpayech chhilpavit-tamaḥ।

v1.c6.s11.154

In the chapter on pavilions (Maṇḍapas) various sorts of houses are stated to be located in different parts of the five courts into which the whole compound is divided. In that chapter houses for various purposes of a family are located in different squares in which a single court is divided, and which have been described in the chapter called Pada-vinyāsa. The Brahma-sthāna or the central square is stated to be unfit for a residential building (15). The temple of the family god is generally built in this part. Round this are constructed all other houses (16-85), such as the house for the master of the family, for his wife, for the children, for servants, for cows, horses, fowls, etc., for kitchen and dining hall etc., for guests, for the library or study, for the daily sacrifices of the upper castes, for amusements and music, for the dancing girls, and for all other domestic purposes. But the distribution of these several detached buildings is left to the choice of the master of the house (85).

v1.c6.s11.155

(2) Kauṭilīya-Artha-śāstra (chap. XXIV. p. 53) :

v1.c6.s11.156

Ādi-talasya pañcha-bhāgāḥ śālā vāpi, sīmā-gṛihaṁ cha daśa-bhāgikau dvau prati-mañchau, antarā maṇi-harmyaṁ cha samuchchhrayād ardha-talaṁ, sthūṇāvabandhaś cha ārdha-vāstukam uttamāgāraṁ tri-bhāgāntaraṁ vā ishṭakāvaban-dha-pārśvaṁ, vāmataḥ pradakshiṇa-sopānaṁ gūḍha-bhitti-sopānaṁ, itarataḥ dvi-hastaṁ toraṇa-śiraḥ, tri-pañcha-bhāgikau dvau kavāṭa-yogau, dvau dvau parighau, aratnir indra-kīlaḥ, pañcha-hasta-maṇi-dvāraṁ, chatvāro hasti-pari-ghāḥ, niveśārdhaṁ hasti-nakhaḥ mukha-samas-saṅkṛimo' saṁhāryo vā bhūmi-mayo vā।

v1.c6.s11.157

"Of the first floor, 5 parts (are to be taken) for the formation of a hall, a well, and a boundary house; two-tenths of it for the formation of two platforms opposite to each other; and upper storey twice as high as its width, carvings of images, an upper most storey, half or three-fourths as broad as the first floor; side walls built of bricks; on the left side, a staircase circummambulating from left to right; on the right a secret staircase hidden in the wall, a top-support of ornamental arches projecting as far as two cubits, two door-panels, (each) occupying three-fourths of the space, two and two cross bars (to fasten the door); an-iron bolt (indrakīla) as long as an aratni (24 aṅgulas); a boundary-gate

v1.c6.s11.158

5 cubits in width, four beams to shut the door against elephants; and turrets (hasti-nakha) (outside the rampart) raised up to the height of the face of a man, removable or irremovable, or made of earth in places devoid of water."

v1.c6.s11.159

GṚIHA-MUKHA—A door, a façade, the exterior, front or face of a building.

v1.c6.s11.160

Dānaṁ ghara-mukha |
(Karle Cave Inscrip. nos. 4, 6, Ep. Ind. vol. VII. p. 52-53).

v1.c6.s11.161

"A façade implies also the architrave and sculpture round the door with the arch over it." Dr. Burgess.
(Karle Inscrip. no. 4, Arch. Surv. New Imp. series, vol. IV. p. 90, note 4).

v1.c6.s11.162

GṚIHA-RĀJA—(see Guha-rāja)—A type of building.

v1.c6.s11.163

(1) Bhavishya-Purāṇa (chap. 130, v. 32, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.164

(2) Agni-Purāṇa (chap. 104, v. 16-17, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.165

(3) Garuḍa-Purāṇa (chap. 47, v. 21-22, 26-27, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s11.166

GṚIHA-STAMBHA—The main column of the house.

v1.c6.s11.167

Kuḍya-stambhe gṛiha-stambhe harmya-garbhaṁ vinikshipet |
(M. XII. 132).

v1.c6.s11.168

See more details under Stambha.

v1.c6.s11.169

GEHA(-KA)—A hall or room, a house, a habitation.

v1.c6.s11.170

Gopuraṁ tri-talaṁ nyāsaṁ lakshaṇaṁ vakshyate'dhunā |
Dvi-bhāgaṁ bhitti-vistāraṁ paritaḥ śeshaṁ tu gehakam |
(M. XXXIII. 489, 492).

v1.c6.s11.171

GOKARṆA—A measure, the distance between the tips of the fully stretched thumb and ring-finger.

v1.c6.s11.172

Tālaḥ smṛito madhyamayā gokarṇas chāpy-anāmayā |
(Brahmāṇḍa-Purāṇa, part 1, 2nd anushaṅga-pāda, chap. 7, v. 97).

v1.c6.s11.173

(2) Aṁgushṭhānāmikā-yuktaṁ gokarṇaṁ iti saṁjñikam |

v1.c6.s11.174

GOKHLA—The niche, a recess in a wall.

v1.c6.s11.175

“In the east wall of the maṇḍapa on each side, is a *gokhla* or niche for images, and in that on the south side is a defaced Gaṇeśa”.

v1.c6.s11.176

“In the vestibule to the shrine are also small recesses one on each hand.”

(The Temple at Amarnath, Ind. Ant. vol. III. p. 318, c. I, para 2, middle).

v1.c6.s11.177

GOJI—The septum of the nose, the bridge-like part between the two nostrils connecting the tip of the nose with the surface of the upper lip.

v1.c6.s11.178

(M. LXV. 105, etc., see the lists of limbs under Tāla-māna).

v1.c6.s11.179

GOPĀNA—(Gopānaka)—The beam, a moulding.

v1.c6.s11.180

A moulding of the pedestal generally placed between a cyma and cavetto or a cyma and fillet (M. XIII. 95, 100, etc., see the lists of mouldings under Upapīṭha).

v1.c6.s11.181

A moulding of the base (M. XIV. 32, etc., see the lists of mouldings under Adhiṣṭhāna).

v1.c6.s11.182

A synonym of the entablature (M. XVI. 19, see under Parastara).

v1.c6.s11.183

A beam-like ornament of the single-storeyed buildings (M. XIX. 46).

v1.c6.s11.184

A similar ornament of the buildings of two to twelve storeys. (See M. XX. 25, etc).

v1.c6.s11.185

A moulding of the entablature:

v1.c6.s11.186

Daṇḍikordhve valayaṁ gopānaṁ syāt tad-ūrdhvataḥ | (Kāmikāgama, LIV. 34).

v1.c6.s11.187

Cf. Gopānasī tu valabhi-chhādane vakra-dāruṇi |

v1.c6.s11.188

GOPURA—A gate-house, doors in general, the colossal buildings over or near the gate giving entrance to a city, temple, monastery etc.

v1.c6.s11.189

Pura-dvāraṁ tu go-puram |
Dvāra-mātre tu go-puram |
(Amarakosha, II. ii, 16; III. iii, 182).

v1.c6.s11.190

(1) Prāsādāt pāda-hīnaṁ tu gopurasyochchhrāyo bhavet | (Agni-Purāṇa, chap. 42, v. 22).

v1.c6.s11.191

(2) Prākāra-samaṁ mukham avasthāpya tri-bhāga-godhā-mukhaṁ gopuraṁ kārayet—" A turret above the gate and starting from the top of the parapet shall be constructed, its front resembling an alligator up to ¾ of its height." (Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra, chap. XXIV. p. 53).

v1.c6.s11.192

(3) Sāla-gopurayos tuṅgas tv-adhikaś chāpi mūlataḥ | Gopurasyāpy-alaṅkāraṁ śālālaṅkāravan nayet || Sabhākāra-śiro-yuktaṁ śālākāra-śiraḥ-kriyam | Maṇḍapākara-saṁyuktaṁ chūli-harmya-vibhūshitam || Agrato’lindakopetaṁ aṭṭālaṁ sālakāntare | Gopurasya tu vistāra-tri-bhāgād eka-bhāgikam || Chatur-bhāgaika-bhāgas tu pañcha-bhāgaika-bhāgikaḥ | Nirgamo gopurāṇāṁ tu prākārād bāhyato bhavet || Gopuraṁ cha khalūrī cha mūla-vāstu-nirīkshitam | Antare rāja-devīnāṁ gṛihāṇy-antar-mukhāni cha || (Kāmikāgama, XXXV. 124-128).

v1.c6.s11.193

In the above instance, it should be noticed, the gopura or gate-house does not belong to a temple; it is the part of a residential house.

v1.c6.s11.194

(4) Rāmayāṇa, VI. 75, 6, etc. : Gopurāṭṭā-pratolīshu chāryāsu |
(5) Mahābhārata : III. 173, 3: Puram gopurāṭṭālakopetam | III. 207, 7: Mithilāṁ gopurāṭṭālakavatīm |

v1.c6.s11.195

These two examples will show that gopura denotes gate-houses of palaces and cities, and that they need not necessarily belong to a temple alone.

v1.c6.s11.196

The gate-house of a town (M. x. 48).

v1.c6.s11.197

In connection with the height of storeys (bhūmi-lamba) :

v1.c6.s11.198

Devatālayānāṁ nṛipāṇāṁ śālā-gopure(e)vam uttuṅgam |

v1.c6.s11.199

(M. xi. 113).

v1.c6.s11.200

In connection with the base (M. xiv. 415).

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