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Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s17: T

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s17

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v1.c6.s17.1

**TAKSHAKA**—A wood-cutter, a carpenter. (See details under Sthapati).

v1.c6.s17.2

**TAḌĀGA**—A tank, a pool.

v1.c6.s17.3

(1) Mīna-maṇḍūka-makara-kūrmmāś cha jala-jantavaḥ |
Kāryā dhātu-mayāś chaite karttṛi-vittānusārataḥ ||
Matsyau svarṇamayau kuryāt maṇḍū vāpi hemajau |

v1.c6.s17.4

Rājatau makarau kūrmma-mithunaṁ tāmra-rītikam ||
Etair jala-charaiḥ sārddhaṁ taḍāgam api dīrghikām |
Sāgaraṁ cha samutsṛijya prārthayan nāgam archchayet ||
The execution of the images of fish, shark, frog and tortoise for a tank with metals like gold, silver, copper, etc., is worth notice.

v1.c6.s17.5

(Mahānirvāṇa-tantra, XIII. 167, 168, 169).

v1.c6.s17.6

(2) See Dewal Praśasti of Lalla the Chhind (verse 20, Ep. Ind. vol. I. pp. 79, 83).

v1.c6.s17.7

(3) See Khajuraho Inscrip. no. IV. (verse 38, Ep. Ind. vol. I. p. 144).

v1.c6.s17.8

(4) See Śrīdhara’s Devapattana Praśasti (verse 10, Ep. Ind. vol. II. p. 440).

v1.c6.s17.9

(5) Anaṁta-prāṇi-suprīti-kāribhir bhuribhiḥ | Taḍāgais sāgarābhogair yo vibhūshita-bhū-talaḥ || (Two pillar Inscrip. at Amaravati, no. A, Inscrip. of Keta II, v. 41, Ep. Ind. vol. VI. p. 152).

v1.c6.s17.10

(6) Wayside tank : Apāṁ śālā-mālāḥ pathi pathi taḍāgāḥ | (Two Bhuvaneśvara Inscrip. no. A, of Svapneśvara, v. 30, Ep. Ind. vol. VI. p. 202).

v1.c6.s17.11

(7) Khsetreśasya tathā surālaya-varaṁ sphītaṁ taḍāgaṁ tathā bandhaṁ Kauḍika-saṁjñakaṁ bahu-jalaṁ dīrghaṁ tathā khānitam | (Kanker Inscrip. of Bhanudeva, v. 7, Ep. Ind. vol. IX. p. 127).

v1.c6.s17.12

(8) Pratinidhim udadhīnāṁ saṁchayan toyasṛishṭer akṛita jagati-kesaryyākhyā yas taṭākam | “And who constructed a tank (which he called) by (his) name Jagati-kesarin, which equalled the oceans, and which accumulated the downpour of water.” (Ekamranath Inscrip. of Ganapati, v. 9, Ind. Ant. vol. XXI. pp. 200, 201).

v1.c6.s17.13

TAṆḌULA-MAṆḌAPA—The store-room, a granary, a detached building where stores are kept.

v1.c6.s17.14

TADBHADRA—A ground-plan in which the whole area is divided into 196 equal squares. (M. vii. 18, see under Pada-vinyāsa).

v1.c6.s17.15

TAPASH-KĀNTA—A class of the eight-storeyed buildings. (M. xxvi. 41-42, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s17.16

TARAṄGA—Waves, an ornament or moulding employed in capitals terminating by undulating lines.

v1.c6.s17.17

Bodhikochcha-taraṅgaṁ syāt sarvālaṅkāra-saṁyutam।
Tad eva tuṅga-māne tu dvā-daśāṁśe vibhājite।
Adho-bhāge tri-bhāgena taraṅgākṛiti(ṁ) vinyaset।

v1.c6.s17.18

(M. xv. 155-157, see also 164). A similar ornament of the entablature :

v1.c6.s17.19

Devānāṁ bhū-patīnāṁ cha chordhve madhye taraṅgakam।

v1.c6.s17.20

(M. xvi. 202).

v1.c6.s17.21

Taraṅga-vetra-saṁyuktaṁ kuñjarākshair alaṅkṛitam।
Pādānāṁ cha taraṅgaṁ vā choktavat samalaṅkṛitam।

v1.c6.s17.22

(M. l. 267-268).

v1.c6.s17.23

TALA—(see Bhūmi)—The storey, the palm, the sole.
(1) Mānasāra : Buildings of one to twelve storeys are prescribed for people (and animals) of different ranks :

v1.c6.s17.24

Ekādi-dvi-bhūmyantaṁ kalpa-grāmasya harmyake bhavati।
Ekādi-tri-bhūmyantaṁ prabhākarasya chālayam proktam।
Ekādi-chatuś-talāntaṁ paṭṭabhāk-chālayam iti kathitam।
Tri-talādy-ashṭa-talāntaṁ narendrasya chālayam proktam।
Tri-talādi-nava-talāntaṁ mahārājasya bhavanam uditam।
Pañcha-talādy-arka-talāntaṁ chakravarti-harmyaṁ syāt।
Ekādi-tri-talāntaṁ yuva-rājasya chālayam proktam।
Sāmanta-pramukhānāṁ chaikādi-tri-tala-paryantaṁ syāt।
Kshudra-bhūpasya(-pānāṁ) sarveshāṁ ekādi-tri-tala-bhūmi-paryantam।

v1.c6.s17.25

Sthapati-sthāpakānāṁ tu gabhastikādikaṁ(-kānāṁ) tu yūtha-kānāṁ cha।
Dvi-jāti-ś(•sm)arāṇāṁ tv-eka-dvi-tri-tala-paryantam।
Ugraiva-jīvināṁ chaiva śālaika-dvi-tri-tala-paryantam।
Gajāśvādi-śālānāṁ talam ekaṁ kartavyaṁ proktam।
Devānām api sarveshāṁ hary-aikādy-anta bhūpatīnāṁ chaiva।
Anyat sarva-jātīnāṁ nava-talaṁ kuryāt tad-ālayaṁ proktam।
Maṇḍapaṁ nava-talaṁ kuryād bhavanam anya-raṅgaṁ vādhī-maṇḍapākāram।
Etat tu bhūmi-lambaṁ purāṇaiḥ sarvais tantravit-proktam।
(M. XI. 127-141, 144-145).

v1.c6.s17.26

The sole:

v1.c6.s17.27

Nalakāntaṁ tri-mātraṁ syāt tala-tāraṁ yugāṅgulam।
(M. LVII. 34; see also LXVI. 13, etc).

v1.c6.s17.28

The palm:

v1.c6.s17.29

Tala-dīrghaṁ shaḍ-aṅgulyaṁ śeshāṁśaṁ madhyamāṅgulam।
(M. LIX. 49, etc).

v1.c6.s17.30

(2) Eka-bhūmaṁ dvi-bhūmaṁ vā kshudrāṇāṁ bhavanaṁ nṛiṇām। Śūdrāṇāṁ tri-talaṁ kuryād vaiśyānāṁ tu chatus-talam॥ Kshatriyādeḥ pañcha-bhumir dvijānāṁ rāga-bhūmikam। Saptāḍhyaṁ maṇḍalikānāṁ bhū-bhujāṁ nava-bhūmikam॥ Ekādaśa-tala-gehaṁ vidadhyāch chakra-varttinām। Udayārkārka-bhāgena hīnā ūrdhordhva-bhūmikāḥ॥ (Śilpaśāstra-sāra-saṁgraha, VIII. 29-31).

v1.c6.s17.31

(3) Aruroha……prāsādaṁ hima-pāṇḍuraṁ bahu-tala samut-sedham। (Rāmāyaṇa, VI. 26, 5, etc).

v1.c6.s17.32

(4) A moulding of the column. (Suprabhedāgama, XXXI. 108, 105-107, see under Stambha).

v1.c6.s17.33

TALPAKA—“A couch, bed, sofa, an upper storey a room on the top of a house, a turret, tower.”

v1.c6.s17.34

Argalaṁ dakshiṇe bhāge vāma-bhāge tu talpakam ॥
Yugme mahati talpe cha dakshiṇasthe kavāṭake ॥
(Kāmikāgama, lv. 49, 42, see also 39, 48).

v1.c6.s17.35

TĀṬ(-Ḍ)AṄKA—An ornament for the ear.

v1.c6.s17.36

(1) Karṇe vibhūshaṇaṁ kuryān makarāṅkita-kuṇḍalam ।
Athavā svarṇa-tāṭaṅkau.... ।
(M. L. 43-44, see also 294, etc).

v1.c6.s17.37

(2) See Deopara Inscrip. of Vijayasena (verse 11, Ep. Ind. vol. I. pp. 308, 313).

v1.c6.s17.38

(3) Tāḍaṅka-darpaṇo nāma dvitīyo'ṅkaḥ---the second act named "the reflecting ear-ring."

v1.c6.s17.39

(Dhara Praśasti of Arjunavarman, line 82, Ep. Ind. vol. VIII. pp. 116, 100).

v1.c6.s17.40

TĀṬIKĀ—A moulding of the column.

v1.c6.s17.41

(M. xv. 60, 142, see under Stambha).
Kumbhādhaś chordhva-deśe tu vaṭa-patrādi-śobhitam ।
Nimnaṁ tāṭikādīni yuktyā prāg-uktavan nayet ।
(M. xv. 189-190).
Pāda-tuṅge'shṭa-bhāge tu........ ।
Bodhikaṁ mushṭi-bandhaṁ cha phalakā-tāṭikā-ghaṭam ।
M. XLVII. 17-18).
Agre cha phalakāntaṁ cha tāṭikādyair vibhūshitam ।
(M. L. 78).

v1.c6.s17.42

TĀLA-MĀNA—A sculptural measurement. In this system the length of the face (including the head) is stated to be the unit (Matsya-Purāṇa, chap. 258, v. 19). But it seems more logical to have the span or the distance between the tips of the fully stretched thumb and middle finger, which is technically called tāla (see below), as the unit. It admits of many varieties: the ten tāla measures are mentioned in the Mānasāra. But the Bimbamāna has reference to twelve kinds (see below). Each of these ten or twelve kinds is again sub-divided into three types, namely, the uttama or the largest, the madhyama or the intermediate, and the adhama or the smallest. Thus an image is of daśa-tāla measure when its whole length is equal to ten times the face (including the head). In the largest type of the daśa-tāla system, however, the whole length is divided into 124 equal parts which are proportionately distributed over the different parts of the body ; in the intermediate type, the whole length is divided into 120 equal parts, and in the smallest type into 116 equal parts. In the nava-tāla system, the whole length would be nine times the face, in the ashṭa-tāla, eight times, and so forth. The details of the following tāla measures are given in the Mānasāra.

v1.c6.s17.43

The largest type of the two-tāla system in which the goose, the riding-animal of Brahmā, is measured (M. LX. 6-35) :

v1.c6.s17.44

| 1. | Height of head | .... | 4 parts. |
| 2-3. | " " neck | .... | 8 |
| 4. | Height (length) of heart (chest) | .... | 11 |
| 5. | (Below this) height of thigh | .... | 1¾ |
| 6. | Height of knee | .... | 1 |
| 7. | Length of leg .... | .... | 1¾ |
| 8. | Height of foot | .... | 1 |
| 9. | Breadth of face | .... | 3 |
| 10. | At the back of the head | .... | 2 |
| 11. | Length of face | .... | 4 |
| 12. | Neck at the root | .... | 1 |

v1.c6.s17.45

It tapers from bottom to top and is furnished with two faces (beaks).

v1.c6.s17.46

| 13. | Length of belly (kukshi) .... | .... | 8 parts. |
| 14. | Place of the stomach (udara-sthāna) .... | | 8 |
| 15. | From the belly to the root of the tail.... | | 16 |
| 16. | Breadth of wing | .... | 5 |
| 17. | Length of wing | .... | 8 |
| 18. | Height of wing | .... | 2 |
| 19. | " " wing at the edge (agra) | .... | 1 |

v1.c6.s17.47

| 20. | Thickness of wing | .... | .... | 1 part. |
| 21. | Length of arm (bāhu) | .... | .... | 8 parts. |
| 22. | Elbow | .... | .... | 1 part. |
| 23. | Width at the forepart of the head | .... | 6 parts. |
| 24. | Width at the root of the perfectly round thigh .... | .... | .... | 2½ |
| 25. | Breadth at the forepart | ... | .... | 1½ |
| 26. | ,, of knee .... | .... | .... | ¼ |
| 27. | Breadth of leg | .... | .... | 1 |
| 28. | ,, ,, sole (palm) | .... | .... | 2 |
| 29. | ,, ,, middle-finger at the forepart .... | .... | .... | 4 |
| 30. | Each of two fingers on either side | .... | 2 |
| 31. | Length of face | .... | .... | 3 |
| 32. | Breadth of face | .... | .... | 1 |
| 33. | Length of eye | .... | .... | ½ |
| | and its breadth should be proportionate. | | | |
| 34. | Distance between the eye-line and ear-line .... | .... | .... | 2 yavas. |
| 35. | The crest above the head.... | .... | 1 or 2 parts. |
| 36. | Its width ending by the back of head.... | 6 |
| 37. | Its breadth .... | .... | .... | 4 |

v1.c6.s17.48

And the rest is left to the discretion of the artist :

v1.c6.s17.49

Śeshaṁ yuktyā prayojayet (35).

v1.c6.s17.50

In the seven-tāla system the whole height is divided into 84 equal parts which are distributed as follows :

v1.c6.s17.51

| 1. | Crown of the head (murdhni) | .... | 2 parts. |
| 2. | Face | .... | .... | .... | 10 |
| 3. | Neck | .... | .... | .... | 3 |
| 4. | (From neck to) heart | .... | .... | 10 |
| 5. | (From heart to) navel | .... | .... | 10 |
| 6. | (From navel to) sex-organ | .... | 5 |

v1.c6.s17.52

| 7. | Suraga (? suraṅga, the hole) .... pīṭhāṁśa (?) | |
| 8. | Thigh (ūru) . . . . . | 3 parts. |
| 9. | Knee (jānu) . . . . . | 3 |
| 10. | Leg (pāda) . . . . . | 3 |
| 11. | Length of arm . . . . . | 20 |
| 12. | Elbow . . . . . | 1½ |
| 13. | Fore arm (prakoshṭha) .... .... | 16 |
| 14. | Palm (including fingers) .... .... | 8 |
| 15. | Foot . . . . . | 11 |
| 16. | Breadth of the face .... .... | 7 |
| 17. | Width of the neck .... .... | 5 |
| 18. | ,, at the arm-joint .... .... | 5 |
| 19. | ,, of the chest between arm-pits .... | 14 |
| 20. | ,, by heart . . . . . | 12 |
| 21. | ,, ,, mid-belly .... .... | 16 |
| 22. | ,, ,, loins (kaṭi) .... .... | 12 |
| 23. | ,, of the thigh .... .... | 8 |
| 24. | ,, ,, ,, knee .... .... | 5 |
| 25. | ,, ,, ,, leg (jaṅghā) .... | 4 |
| 26. | ,, at the ankle .... .... | 3 |
| 27. | ,, of the sole .... .... | 4 |
| 28. | ,, of the forepart of arm .... | 4 |
| 29. | ,, of the fore-arm .... .... | 4½ |
| 30 | The wrist . . . . . | 1 |
| 31. | Width of palm 3½ and length .... | 4 |
| 32. | Length of finger .... .... | 1 |

v1.c6.s17.53

In the eight-tāla system the whole length is divided into 96 equal parts which are distributed as follows :

v1.c6.s17.54

| 1. | Head from the crown (ushṇīsha) to the end of the hair on the forehead .... | 3 parts. |
| 2. | Thence the face (up to the chin) ... | 10½ |
| 3. | Thence the neck .... .... | 3 |

v1.c6.s17.55

| 4. | Thence to heart | .... | .... | 10½ parts. |
| 5. | „ „ navel | .... | .... | 10½ |
| 6. | „ the mid-belly (up to sex-organ) | | | 10½ |
| 7. | The thigh (below sex-organ up to knee) | | | 21 |
| 8. | Knee | .... | .... | 3 |
| 9. | Leg | .... | .... | 21 |
| 10. | Foot (height) .... | .... | .... | 3 |
| 11. | Length of foot .... | .... | .... | 14 |
| 12. | Breadth of face | .... | .... | 9 |
| 13. | Width of neck .... | .... | .... | 6 |
| 14. | Shoulder (up to arm-joint) | | .... | 4½ (3 & 1½) |
| 15. | Width at the root of arm .... | | .... | 6 |
| 16. | Length of arm.... | .... | .... | 21 |
| 17. | Elbow | .... | .... | 1½ |
| 18. | (From elbow) forearm (half of face) | .... | 5¼ |
| 19. | Palm (including fingers) (equal to face) | | | 10½ |

v1.c6.s17.56

The rest 'should be as before.

v1.c6.s17.57

In the largest type of the nine-tāla system the whole length is divided into 112 equal parts (M. LIX. 14-64) :

v1.c6.s17.58

| 1. | Crown (head proper) | .... | .... | 4 parts. |
| Face12 { | 2. (Thence) fore-head (up to the eye-line) | | | 4 |
| | 3. Thence to tip of nose | .... | .... | 4 |
| | 4. Thence to chin | .... | .... | 4 |
| 5. | Neck | .... | .... | 4 |
| 6. | Thence to heart | .... | .... | 12 |
| 7. | „ „ navel | .... | .... | 12 |
| 8. | „ „ sex-organ | .... | .... | 12 |
| 9. | Thigh (twice the face) | .... | .... | 24 |
| 10. | Knee (= neck) | .... | .... | 4 |
| 11. | Leg (= thigh).... | .... | .... | 24 |
| 12. | Foot (= knee).... | .... | .... | 4 |
| 13. | Palm (from thumb to forefinger) | | .... | 16 |

v1.c6.s17.59

| 14. | Arm | .... | .... | .... | 24 parts. |
| 15. | Elbow | .... | .... | .... | 2 |
| 16. | Forearm | .... | .... | .... | 12 |
| 17. | Palm (up to the tip of middle finger) | | | .... | 12 |
| 18. | Breadth of face | | .... | | 11 |
| 19. | Width of neck- | | .... | .... | 8 |
| 20. | " round the arm-joint | .... | .... | 8 |
| 21. | " of knee | .... | .... | .... | 8 |
| 22. | Shoulder | .... | .... | .... | 5 |
| 23. | Chest between the arm-pits | | | .... | 20 |
| 24. | Width (breadth) at the mid-belly | | | .... | 15 |
| 25. | " at buttocks | | .... | .... | 17 |
| 26. | " of the loins | | .... | | 19 |
| 27. | " at the root of the thigh | | | .... | 10½ |
| 28. | " " " " " " leg | | | .. | 7½ |
| 29. | " " " middle of the leg | | | .... | 6 |
| 30. | Breadth at " " " " " | | | .... | 4 |
| 31. | Knee-tube | .... | .... | .... | 1¾ |
| 32. | Ankle | .... | .... | .... | 1¾ |
| 33. | Heel-breadth | .... | .... | .... | 4½ |
| 34. | Breadth of prapada (fore part of the foot) | | | | 17(?) |
| 35. | " " the palm (? sole) | | .... | 5 |
| 36. | Length of the largest toe .... | | | .... | 4 |
| 37. | Breadth,, " " " .... | | | .... | 2 |

v1.c6.s17.60

Breadth of nails is half of their length.

v1.c6.s17.61

| 38. | Length of fore-toe (= thumb) | | .... | 4 |
| 39. | Breadth,, " | .... | | 1 (? 2) |
| 40. | Middle toe | .... | .... | 3 ,(breadth 7 yavas). |
| 41. | Fourth toe | .... | .... | 2½, (breadh 6 yavas). |
| 42. | Little toe | .... | .... | 2, (breadth 5 yavas). |

v1.c6.s17.62

Breadth of nails is half the breadth of the fingers.

v1.c6.s17.63

| 43. | Width at the middle of the arm | .... | 7 parts. |
| 44. | " " " elbow | .... | 7 |

v1.c6.s17.64

45\. Width at the forearm .... .... 4 parts. 46\. ” ” ” wrist .... .... 3 47\. Breadth at the root of the palm .... 6 48\. ” ” ” forepart of the palm .... 4 49\. Length of the palm .... .... 6 and the remainder is the middle finger (?). 50\. Fore-finger . . . . . 5½ 51\. Ring-finger . . . . . 5½ 52\. Little finger . . . . . 3½ 53\. Breadth of thumb .... .... 1 54\. ” ” fore-finger .... .... 6 yavas. 55\. ” ” middle finger ... .... 7 ” 56\. ” ” ring finger .... .... 6 ” 57\. ” ” little finger .... .... 4 ”

v1.c6.s17.65

Fingers are made tapering from the root towards the tip. The fore part of the nails is ⅓ or ¼ more than their length and their breadth at the tip is one, two, or three yavas. The thumb is divided into two parts (parvan) and the other fingers into three parts (parvan). The line of wisdom and such other lines are drawn on the palm.

v1.c6.s17.66

The eye-brow should extend from the eye-line to the hair (near the ear).

v1.c6.s17.67

58\. Length of eye . . . . . 2 parts. . 59\. Breadth of eye .... .... 1 part. 60\. Length of ear . . . . . 4 parts. 61\. Drum of ear . . . . . 4 62\. Breadth of ear .... .... 2

v1.c6.s17.68

The rest should be as in the (uttama) daśa-tāla system : Navatālottamaṁ proktaṁ śeshaṁ cha daśa-tālavat | (64).

v1.c6.s17.69

In the intermediate type of the nine-tāla system the whole length is divided into 108 equal parts :—

v1.c6.s17.70

1\. Head .... .... ... 3 parts. 2\. Neck . . . . . 3

v1.c6.s17.71

| 3. | Knee | .... | .... | .... | 3 parts. |
| 4. | Foot | .... | .... | .... | 3 |
| 5. | Face | .... | .... | .... | 12 |
| 6. | Chest | .... | .... | .... | 12 |
| 7. | Belly | .... | .... | ... | 12 |
| 8. | Loins | .... | .... | .... | 12 |
| 9. | Thigh | .... | .... | .... | 24 |
| 10. | Leg | .... | .... | .... | 24 |
| 11. | Arm | .... | .... | .... | 24 |
| 12. | (From arm) forearm (including middle finger) | .... | .... | .... | 18 |
| 13. | Largest toe (up to heel) = face | | | .... | 12 |
| 14. | Foot | .... | .... | .... | 15 |

v1.c6.s17.72

The rest should be discreetly made.

v1.c6.s17.73

In the smallest type of the ten tāla system the whole height is divided into 116 equal parts (M. LIX. 67-100) :

v1.c6.s17.74

| | 1. | Head (from crown to hair-line in the fore-head) | .... | .... | .... | 4 parts. |
| @H Face 12 { | 2. | Thence to the eye-line (i.e., fore-head) | | | | 4½ |
| | 3. | Thence to the tip of the nose | | | .... | 4 |
| | 4. | Thence to the chin | .... | .... | ... | 3½ |
| | 5. | Neck-joint | .... | .... | ... | 1½ |
| | 6. | Neck | .... | .... | .... | 4 |
| | 7. | Thence to heart | | .... | .... | 12 |
| | 8. | Thence to navel | .... | .... | .... | 12 |
| | 9. | Thence to sex-organ | .... | .... | .... | 12 |
| | 10. | Thigh (from below sex-organ) | | .... | .... | 25 |
| | 11. | Knee | .... | .... | .... | 4 |
| | 12. | Leg | .... | .... | .... | 25 |
| | 13. | Foot | .... | .... | .... | 4 |
| | 14. | Length of foot from heel to largest toe | | | .... | 16½ |

v1.c6.s17.75

| 15. | Length of arm below the line of hiccough .... | .... | 25 parts. |
| 16. | ,, ,, elbow .... | .... | 2 |
| 17. | ,, ,, forearm .... | .... | 19 |
| 18. | ,, ,, palm (up to the tip of middle finger) .... | .... | 12½ |
| 19. | Breadth of face .... | .... | 11½ |
| 20. | Width ,, neck .... | .... | 8½ |
| 21. | ,, ,, arm .... | ... | 8½ |
| 22. | ,, ,, knee .... | .... | 8½ |
| 23. | ,, ,, arm by root, elbow, wrist | 6,6,1½ | |
| 24. | (Length of) shoulder .... | .... | 20½ |
| 25. | Width of the mid-belly .... | .... | 15½ |
| 26. | ,, ,, the buttocks .... | .... | 18½ |
| 27. | Breadth of the loins .... | .... | 19 |
| 28. | Width at the root of thigh .... | .... | 12½ |
| 29. | Width of the knee-(cap) .... | .... | 6½ |
| 30. | Breadth or width of knee-tube .... | .... | 4 |
| 31. | Breadth of ankle .... | .... | 5 |
| 32. | Prapada (tip of the toes) .... | .... | 6 |
| 33. | Length of largest toe .... | .... | 4 |
| 34. | ,, ,, fore-toe .... | .... | 4 |
| 35. | ,, ,, other toes (half a part less).... | 3½ | |
| | and their breadth or width is the same (? half of their length). | | |
| 36. | Breadth of elbow .... | .... | 6½ |
| 37. | ,, ,, forearm .... | .... | 5 |
| 38. | ,, ,, wrist .... | .... | 4 |
| 39. | Breadth of palm .... | .... | 5 |
| 40. | Length of palm .... | .... | 7 |
| 41. | ,, ,, middle finger ... | .... | 5½ |
| 42. | ,, ,, fore-finger .... | .... | 5 |

v1.c6.s17.76

| 43. | Length of ring-finger | .... | .... | 5 parts. |
| 44. | " " little finger | .... | .... | 4½ |
| 45. | " " thumb | .... | .... | 4½ |
| 46. | " " ear | .... | .... | 4½ |
| 47. | Height of ear-drum | .... | .... | 4½ |

v1.c6.s17.77

The rest not specified here should be as in case of the largest type of ten-tāla system.

v1.c6.s17.78

In the intermediate type of the ten tāla system the whole height of the image (of a female deity) is divided into 120 equal parts (M. LXVI. 2-78) :

v1.c6.s17.79

| 1. | Head (from crown to hair-line on the forehead) | .... | .... | 4 parts. |
| 2. | Forehead (up to eye-line) | .... | .... | 5 |
| 3. | Nose (up to the tip) | .... | .... | 4 |
| 4. | Thence to chin | .... | .... | 3½ |
| 5. | Neck-joint | .... | .... | ½ |
| 6. | Neck | .... | .... | 4 |
| 7. | From hiccough to heart | .... | .... | 13 |
| 8. | Thence to the limit of navel | .... | .... | 13 |
| 9. | Thence to sex-organ | .... | .... | 13 |
| 10. | Thigh below sex-organ | .... | .... | 26 |
| 11. | Knee | .... | .... | 4 |
| 12. | Leg | .... | .... | 26 |
| 13. | Foot | .... | .... | 4 |
| 14. | Length of foot (from heel to the tip of largest toe) | .... | .... | 16 |
| 15. | Length of arm below the line of hiccough | .... | .... | 26 |
| 16. | Elbow | .... | .... | 2 |
| 17. | Forearm | .... | .... | 20 |
| 18. | Palm (up to the tip of middle finger) | .... | .... | 13 |
| 19. | Middle finger | .... | .... | 6 |
| | and palm proper the remainder | .... | .... | 7 |
| 20. | Thumb | .... | .... | 4 |

v1.c6.s17.80

| 21. | Fore-finger . . . . . | 5½ parts. |
| 22. | Ring-finger . . . . . | 5½ |
| 23 | Little finger . . . . . | 4 |
| 24. | Breadth of face up to ear .... .... | 12 |
| 25. | ,, ,, ,, (below this) from ear to ear . . . . . | 11 |
| 26. | Breadth of neck (at root, middle, and top) .... .... | 7 |
| 27. | Breadth of chest (between arm-pits) .... | 15 |
| 28. | Width of each breast .... .... | 9½ |
| 29. | Height of breast .... .... | 4½ |
| 30. | Distance between breasts (nipples) .... | 1 |
| 31. | Width of the nipple .... .... | 2 |
| 32. | Breadth (below the breasts) by the heart | 13 |
| 33. | Width of mid-belly .... .... | 11 |
| 34. | Breadth (below this) by the navel .... | 13 |
| 35. | Breadth (of lower belly) below navel .... | 15 |
| 36. | Width of buttocks .... .... | 20 |
| 37. | Width of loins .... .... | 21 |
| 38. | Width at the root of each thigh .... | 13 |
| 39. | Width by the mid-thigh .... .... | 12 |
| 40. | Width at the fore-part of the thigh .... | 9 |
| 41. | Width of knee .... .... | 7 |
| 42. | Width at the root of leg .... .... | 6 |
| 43. | Width at the mid-leg .... .... | 5 |
| 44. | Breadth of knee-tube .... .... | 4 |
| 45. | ,, ,, ankle .... .... | 4½ |
| 46. | Width of sole .... .... | 4 |
| 47. | Breadth of sole at the fore-part .... | 5 |
| 48. | Breadth of heel .... .... | 4 |
| 49. | Length of largest toe .... .... | 4 |
| 50. | ,, ,, fore-toe .... .... | 4 |
| 51. | ,, ,, middle-toe .... .... | 3½ |
| 52. | ,, ,, fourth toe .... .... | 3 |

v1.c6.s17.81

| 53. | Length of little toe ... | 2 parts. |
| 54. | Width (breadth) of largest toe .... | 2 |
| 55. | „ „ „ fore-toe | 1 part = 8 yavas. |
| 56. | .’ ,’ „ middle toe .... | 7 „ |
| 57. | ,’ ,, „ fourth toe .... | 6 ,, |
| 58. | ’’ ,, ,, little toe .... | 5 ,, |
| 59. | Width at the root of arm is 3 and width of knee . . . . . | 10 parts |
| 60. | Width at mid-arm .... .... | 6½ |
| 61. | „ „ fore part of arm .... | 6 |
| 62. | „ „ elbow .... .... | 5½ |
| 63. | „ „ root of forearm .... | 5 |
| 64. | ,, ,, middle of forearm .... | 4½ |
| 65. | ,, ,. fore part of forearm .... | 4 |
| 66. | ,, ,, wrist .... .... | 3 |
| 67. | Width (breadth) of the palm (from thumb to little finger).... .... | 5 |
| 68. | Width (at the root) of the fore-finger.... | 6 yavas. |
| 69. | „ „ „ ring-finger (same) | 6 ,, |
| 70. | ,, ,, ,, little finger .... | 5½ ,, |
| 71. | ,, ,’ ,, middle finger.... | 7 ,, |

v1.c6.s17.82

Eye-brows are placed between fore-head and eyes.

v1.c6.s17.83

| 72. | Breadth of eye . . . . . | 1 part |
| 73. | Length of eye . . . . . | 3 parts. |
| 74. | Breadth of nose up to end of the tip .. .. | 2 |
| 75. | Width of nose at the middle .... | 1 |
| 76. | ,, ,, ,, at the root .... | ½ |
| 77. | Distance between the eyes ... | 1¾ |
| 78. | ,, ,, ,, eye-brows .... | 1 |
| 79. | Length of eye-brow .... .... | 9 |
| 80. | Breadth of eye-brow .... .... | 2 |

v1.c6.s17.84

The interior of the eye is divided into three (equal) parts (as before), of which the black sphere is one part; the rest of the details is stated to be found in the list of the largest type of the ten tāla system.

v1.c6.s17.85

| 81. | Breadth and height of nostril (each) | .... | ½ | part. |
| 82. | Width of face (up to the corner) | .... | 4 | parts. |
| 83. | Width of upper lip | .... | 5 | yavas. |
| 84. | Width of lower lip | .... | 6 | " |
| 85. | Length of lip .... | .... | 2 | parts. |
| 86. | Ear=mid-eye-brow | .... | (?) | |
| 87. | Height of ear .... | .... | 4 | |
| 88. | Length of the drum of ear | .... | 4 | |
| 89. | Depth (of the drum of ear).... | .... | ½ | |
| 90. | Width of sex-organ | .... | 4 | |
| 91. | Length of sex-organ | .... | 7 | |
| 92. | Upper-breadth of sex-organ (=length) | | 7 | |

v1.c6.s17.86

The rest should be as in the case of the largest type of the ten tāla system (78).

v1.c6.s17.87

In the largest type of the ten tāla system the whole height of a male person (god) is divided into 124 equal parts (*M.* LXV. 2-179):

v1.c6.s17.88

| 1. | Head (from crown to hair-line on the forehead) .... | 4 parts. |
| 2. | Face (from hair-line on the forehead to chin) .... | 13 |
| 3. | Neck .... | 4½ |
| 4. | Neck to heart (chest) .... | 13½ |
| 5. | Heart to navel .... | 13½ |
| 6. | Navel to sex-organ .... | 13½ |
| 7. | Thigh from below sex-organ .... | 27 |
| 8. | Knee .... | 4 |
| 9. | Leg .... | 27 |
| 10. | Foot .... | 4 |

v1.c6.s17.89

The length of face is divided into three parts, head to eye-line, eye-line to lip-line, lip-line to hiccough-line.

v1.c6.s17.90

| 11. | Length of arm from (below the line of) hiccough .... | 27 |

v1.c6.s17.91

| 12. | Elbow . . . . . | 2 parts. |
| 13. | Forearm (extending to wrist-joint) .... | 21 |
| 14. | Length of palm (up to the tip of middle finger) . . . . . | 13½ |
| | *a.* Palm proper .... .... | 7 |
| | *b.* Middle finger .... .... | 6½ |
| 15. | Length of foot . . . . . | 17 |
| 16. | Largest toe (from heel) .... .... | 4¼ |
| | Its breadth . . . . . | 2⅛ |
| | Its nail .... ... .... | 1⅐ |
| | Breadth of nail .... .... | ¾ |

v1.c6.s17.92

The nail is made circular and its fore-edge is fleshy and one part in extent.

v1.c6.s17.93

| 17. | Fore-toe . . . . . | 4 parts less one yava. |
| | Its breadth . . . . . | 1 part and 1 yava |
| 18. | Middle toe . . . . . | 3¾ parts |
| | Its breadth . . . . . | 1½ |
| 19. | Fourth toe . . . . . | 3 parts plus one yava. |
| | Its breadth .... .. .... | 1 part minus one yava. |
| 20. | Little toe .. .... ... | 2½ |
| | Its breadth .... .... ... | ¾ plus 1 yava. |

v1.c6.s17.94

Their nails are half of their respective breadths.

v1.c6.s17.95

| 21. | The middle line from ankle to the tip of sole . . . . . | 8 parts and 6 yavas. |
| 22. | From this line to the root of heel .... | 4 parts. |
| | Breadth of heel .... .... | 5 parts and 1 yava. |
| 23. | From side to heel .... .... | 3½ parts. |
| 24. | Root of heel .... ... .... | 6 |

v1.c6.s17.96

| 25. | Width of mid-sole (below ankle) | .... | 6 parts and 6 yavas. |
| 26. | Breadth of sole (at the fore-part) | .... | 6 parts. |
| 27. | Its thickness .... | .... | 3 |
| 28. | Height of the mid-foot .... | .... | 4½ parts. |

v1.c6.s17.97

The toes have two parts (parvan)

v1.c6.s17.98

| 29. | Breadth of ankle | .... | 5¼ |
| 30. | Breadth of the tube (above) | .... | 4¼ |
| 31. | Breadth at the middle of leg | .... | 6½ |
| 32. | Width at the root of leg .... | .... | 8 |
| 33. | Width of knee.... | .... | 9 |
| 34. | " " mid-thigh | .... | 12 |
| 35. | Width at the root of thigh | .... | 13½ |
| 36. | Width of loins | .... | 20 |
| 37. | " " buttocks (above) | .... | 18½ (?) |
| 38. | " " mid-belly | .... | 18½ |
| 39. | " at the heart | .... | 16 |
| 40. | " by the chest | .... | 18½ |
| 41. | Distance between the arm-pits | .... | 21 |
| 42. | Breadth above this | .... | 22 |
| 43. | Breadth between the arms.... | .... | 24½ |
| 44. | Breadth of neck | .... | 9 |
| 45. | Breadth of face in its fore-part | .... | 12 |
| 46. | Breadth of head by the hair-line on the forehead .... | .... | 10 |

v1.c6.s17.99

From the hair-line on the forehead to the eye-line there are two (equal) parts one of which is the forehead, and the remainder is the eye-part.

v1.c6.s17.100

Between the forehead and the eyes, the places for eye-brows are left.

v1.c6.s17.101

| 47. | Length of eye-brow | .... | 5 |
| 48. | Breadth " | .... | 2½ |

v1.c6.s17.102

The breadth at the middle is half of this and the brows taper from root to the other end.

v1.c6.s17.103

49. Distance between two brows .... ¼ part and 6 yavas.
50. Length of eye .... .... 3 parts.
51. Breadth of eye .... .... 1 part.
52. Distance between two eyes .... 2 parts.

v1.c6.s17.104

The interior of the eye is divided into three parts of which the black sphere is one part and the remainder is the white sphere. The shiny sphere within the black sphere is one part. The sight (retina) proper is situated within the shiny sphere. The upper and lower coverings (lids) of the interior of the eye are each two parts.

v1.c6.s17.105

The eyes are shaped like the fish and the brows like a bow.

v1.c6.s17.106

53. Length of ear . . . . . 4 parts.
54. Drum of ear . . . . . 4½
55. Forepart of ear (=mid-brow) .... 1¼
56. Ear-hole, its length and breadth .... 2 and 1
57. Distance between the drums .... 2
58. Depth (befitting the ear) .... .... 1
59. Breadth of ear . . . . . 2½

v1.c6.s17.107

The rest is left to the choice of the skilful.

v1.c6.s17.108

60. Distance from eye to ear .... ... 7
61. Width of nose .... .... 2½
62. Tip of nose . . . . . 1
63. Breadth of nostril .... .... ½
64. Length of nostril .... .... 6 yavas.
65. Hole of nostril .... .... ½ part.
66. Its breadth . . . . . 5 yavas.
67. Height of nose-tip (pushkara or four-faced part) . . . . . 1 part.
68. Breadth of nose-tip .... .... 2 parts.
69. Breadth of the middle of nose .... 3
70. ,, at the root of nose .... 1½
71. Height of nose .... .... 1½
72. Height of nose (from bottom to tip) .... 2
73. Tip (from below bottom) .... .... 4 yavas.

v1.c6.s17.109

| 74. | Drip | .... | 1 yava. |
| 75. | Breadth | .... | 3 yavas. |
| 76. | Circumference (above this) | .... | 1 yava. |
| 77. | Breadth of upper lip below this | .... | 6 yavas. |
| 78. | Lower lip | .... | 1 part. |
| 79. | Width of upper lip | .... | 4 parts. |
| 80. | Length of crescent-shaped lower lip | .... | 3½ |
| 81. | Three-faced part (trivaktra), length and breadth each | .... | 2 |
| 82. | Circumference (above) | .... | 2 |
| | Teeth numbering 32 are in both lower and upper jaws. | | |
| 83. | Chin below the lower lip | .... | 1 |
| 84. | Length of jaw | .... | 3½ |
| 85. | From this (jaw) to ear-joint | .... | 10 |
| 86. | Height of drip between the jaws | .... | 1 |
| 87. | Breadth of semi-circular jaw | .... | 1¾ |
| 88. | Gojī (nose-bottom) from jaw | .... | 1 part and 2 yavas. |
| 89. | Mid-neck (from jaw to its root) | .... | 2 parts. |
| 90. | Its projection | .... | 1 |
| 91. | The eye on the fore-head (third eye) | .... | ½ or ¾ of other eyes. |
| | There should be 98 eye-lashes; the hairs on the neck and face should be discreetly made. | | |
| 92. | Width at mid-arm | .... | 8 parts and 2 yavas. |
| 93. | Width of elbow | .... | 7 parts. |
| 94. | Width at mid-forearm | .... | 5 parts and 1 yava. |
| 95. | Width of wrist | .... | 3½ parts. |
| 96. | Breadth at the root of palm | .... | 7 |
| 97. | Breadth of mid-palm | .... | 6½ |
| 98. | Breadth of fore-palm | .... | 5 parts and ½ yava. |
| 99. | Back of palm up to wrist | .... | 6½ parts. |

v1.c6.s17.110

Thence the length of the fingers should be proportionate as stated before. 100 Length of ring-finger and of middle finger each 4¼ parts.
101. ,, ,, fore-finger .... .... 5
102. ,, ,, thumb .... .... 4
103. ,, ,, little finger .... .... 4
104. Width at the root of thumb .... .... 1¼ parts.
105. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, fore-finger .... 1
106. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ring-finger .... 1
107. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, middle finger .... ¾

v1.c6.s17.111

The width of (tapering) fingers at their tips is ⅜ or one-fourth less than at the root.

v1.c6.s17.112

The width of the nails is ⅔ of the breadth of the respective finger-tips, and the length of the nails is ¼ greater than their width, and the fore-parts of the nails measure two yavas.

v1.c6.s17.113

The four fingers (beginning with the fore-finger) are each divided into three parts and the thumb into two parts.
108. The portion between the roots of fore-finger and thumb . . . . . 3 parts.
109. Its thickness . . . . . 2
110. Thence to wrist .... .... 4½
111. Thickness of the portion below the thumb . . . . . 2½
112. Its width . . . . . 3
113. Breadth of heel .... .... 4
114. Its thickness . . . . . 3
115. Its fore-part . . . . . 1 part and 2 yavas.
116. Interior of palm .... .... 2 parts.
117. Its width .... .... 4 yavas.

v1.c6.s17.114

The palm is lined with the five marks like of lotus, trident conch,disc, etc. And the rest regarding the hand should be discreetly made by the wise artist.

v1.c6.s17.115

Measurement by the back-side :
118. Width at the back of head .... 9 parts
119. Thence to the end of ear .... .... 13½
120. Thence to the end of nose.... .... 13½
121. Shoulder (above the line of hiccough) from the neck-joint .... .... 4
122. From neck-joint to hump .... 5
123. Thence to the line of buttocks .... 27
124. Thence to anus .... .... 13½
125. Breadth to the left of it .... 21
126. Width of the back of loins .... 17
127. Width of the back or middle-body (madhya-kāya) above this .... 17
128. Distance between the breadths above this . . . . . 21
129. Distance between the arm-pits .... 27
130. Drip of the back-bone .... .... 1
131. Breadth of the loins-joint connected with the backbone .... .... 2 Thence should be measured the belly.
132. Width (breadth) of ribs-plank .... 12
133. Distance between ribs-planks .... 4
134. Height from ribs-plank to shoulder .... 5½
135. The portion between the breast and backbone (bṛihatī) .... .... 7
136. Its length (up to arm-pit).... .... (?)
137. Bṛihatī up to breast-limit .... 16½
138. Breadth of loins-line .... .... 13
139. Projection of the root of thigh .... 5
140. Width of perfectly round or spherical balls . . . . . 9
141. Width at the back of perfectly round breast .... .... 2
* 142. Drip or depth of hiccough .... 1 yava.
143. ” ” ” heart .... 1

v1.c6.s17.116

| 144. | Distance between the limit of breasts.... | 13½ parts. |
| 145. | ,, ,, hiccough and arm-pit | 13½ |
| 146. | Depth of navel.... .... | 2 yavas. |
| | The navel-pit is made circular. | |
| 147. | Length of lower belly from navel to loins . . . . . | 6 parts. |
| 148. | Lower belly from navel to where cloth is attached to body .... .... | 4 |
| 149. | Height from loins to the root of sex-organ . . . . . | 7½ |
| 150. | Breadth of sex-organ at the back .... | 4 |
| 151. | Thence (?loins) the length of sex-organ | 12 |
| 152. | Length of testicle .... .... | 2½ |
| 153. | Breadth of testicle .... .... | 2½ |
| 154. | Breadth of sex-organ .... .... | 1 |

v1.c6.s17.117

The rest is left to the discretion of the artist : Śeshaṁ yuktito nyaset (M. LXV. 179).

v1.c6.s17.118

This largest type of the ten tāla measure is used in measuring the images of Brahmā, Vishṇu, Rudra and such other gods (M. LI. 29; XLV. 184-185) and of the statues of the devotees of the Sāyujya class (M. LIX. 12). These rules are for the general guidance, there is no restriction in altering them for æsthetic reasons : Tad evādhika-hīnaṁ vā śobhārthaṁ chaika-mātrakam । Ukta-mānāṅgakaiḥ sarvaih tatra dosho na vidyate । Tad-ūrdhve'dhika-hīnaṁ chet sarva-dosha-samudbhavam । Tasmāt pariharech chhilpī pratimānaṁ tu sarvadā । (M. LXV. 180-183).

v1.c6.s17.119

(2) See Aṁśumadbheda of Kāśyapa (Ms. Egg. 3148, 3012; fol. 251, different kinds of the tāla measures).

v1.c6.s17.120

(3) Tālaḥ smṛito madhyamayā gokarṇas chāpy-anāmayā । The distance between the tips of the fully stretched thumb and middle finger is called Tāla.

v1.c6.s17.121

(4) Tāla is the distance between the tips of the fully stretched thumb and middle finger. (Suprabhedāgama, xxx. 22, see under Aṅgula).

v1.c6.s17.122

(5) Bimba-māna (British Museum, Ms. no. 558-592):

v1.c6.s17.123

Illustration in minute detail of the largest type of the ten tāla measure (v. 71-72).

v1.c6.s17.124

Description of the plumb-lines and the horizontal measurement of the idol (v. 73-91).

v1.c6.s17.125

The measurement of the idol when it is made in the sitting posture, such as Yogāsana (v. 92-122) and the recumbent posture (v. 123-138).

v1.c6.s17.126

In an appendix are given the rules regarding the objects to be measured in twelve tāla-measures :

v1.c6.s17.127

One (eka) tāla is used for measuring the vandhukā (?).

v1.c6.s17.128

Two (dvi) tāla ,, ,, ,, ,, birds.

v1.c6.s17.129

Three (tri) tāla ,, ,, ,, ,, kinnaras (mythical beings with human body and horse's head).

v1.c6.s17.130

Four (chaturthaka) tāla is used in measuring bhūtas (goblins).

v1.c6.s17.131

Five (pañcha) tāla ,, ,, gaṇeśa (a mythical deity with human body and elephant's head).

v1.c6.s17.132

Six (shaṭ) tāla is used for measuring tiger.

v1.c6.s17.133

Seven (sapta) tāla ,, ,, ,, yakshas (demi-gods).

v1.c6.s17.134

Eight (ashṭa) tāla ,, ,, ,, man (male and female).

v1.c6.s17.135

Nine (nava) tāla ,, ,, ,, dānavas (demons).

v1.c6.s17.136

Ten (daśa) tāla ,, ,, ,, superhuman beings and Buddha.

v1.c6.s17.137

Eleven (ekādaśa) tāla is used for measuring gods.

v1.c6.s17.138

Twelve (dvādaśa) tāla is used for measuring Rākshasas (fiends).

v1.c6.s17.139

Cf. Brahmādi-lokeśvara-deva-devaṁ surāsura-dānava-rākshasaṁ cha yakshaṁ cha nāga-garuḍaṁ cha nā-kinnaraṁ bhūtaṁ cha kumbhāṇḍa-nara-svarūpaṁ vyāghraṁ chatush-pāda-vihaṁgamādi-sarvaṁ tu dīrghāyata-vandhukādi-tāla pramāṇaṁ bhuvana-trayoktam ।

v1.c6.s17.140

This is followed by the details of the twelve tāla measures quoted above.

v1.c6.s17.141

The next appendix gives the dhyānas (features) of the eight deities (ashṭa-nātha).

v1.c6.s17.142

(6) Suprabhedāgama (xxxiv. 30-34) :

v1.c6.s17.143

Īśvarādi-chatur-mūrttiṁ daśa-tālena kārayet || 30
Śaktīnām anya-devānāṁ nava-tālaṁ prakīrttitam |
Divyam ārsha-manushyāṇām ashṭa-tālena kārayet || 31
Rakshasāṁ asuraṇāṁ cha sapta-tālena ihochyate |
Shaṭ-tālenaiva gandharvān pañcha-tālena vighnakam || 32
Vāmanāt(-naṁ) pañcha-tālais tu chatus-tālais tu bhūtakān |
Tritālaṁ kinnarāṇāṁ tu matsyānāṁ tu dvi-tālakam || 33
Eka-tālas tu kusmāṇḍāt (?) piśāchā viṁśad-aṅgulāḥ |
Sthūla-sūkshma-prabdedāṁs tu tāla-bhedam ihochyate || 34

v1.c6.s17.144

Measures of the ten tālas of three types each (Ibid. xxx. 31-40) :

v1.c6.s17.145

Pratimāyās tad-utsedhaṁ tāla-daṇḍena bhājayet || 31
Chatur-viṁśach chhataṁ chaiva uttamaṁ daśa-tālakam |
Viṁśach chhataṁ cha madhyaṁ tu kanyasaṁ shoḍaśādhikam || 32
Dvā-daśādhikam evaṁ yan nava-tālottamaṁ bhavet |
Ashṭau śataṁ chatuḥ śataṁ madhyamaṁ kanyasaṁ tathā || 33
Śataṁ shaṇ-ṇavatiś chaiva navaty-uttara-kara-dvayam |
Ashṭa-tālam idaṁ proktam tri-vidhaṁ pūrvaḥ-paddhatiḥ || 34
Ety-evaṁ bhāga-hīnaṁ syād eka-tālaṁ tam eva hi |

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Mesurement of the face :

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Trayo-daśārdhaṁ mukhaṁ jyeshṭhaṁ trayo-daśaṁ tu madhyamam || 35
Tad-dvā-daśārdham adhamam uttamat(-ṁ) daśa-tālake |
Nava-tālottame chaiva mukhaṁ vai dvā-daśāṅgulam || 36
Ardhārdhāṅgula-hīnena madhyamādhamam uchyate ||

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The statues measured in these tāla measures (cf. above xxxiv. 30-34) :

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Tri-vidhā daśa-tālena tri-mūrttināṁ tu kīrttitā || 37

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Tri-vidhaṁ nava-tālena devānāṁ yoshitām api ।
Ashṭa-tālena martyānāṁ sapta-tālena rakshasām ॥ 38
Shaṭ-tālena tu gandharvān pañcha-tālo gaṇādhipaḥ ।
Vāmanasya tathaiva syāch chatus-tālās tu bhūtakāḥ ॥ 39
Tri-tālaṁ kinnarāṇāṁ tu matsyānāṁ tu dvi-tālakam ।
Anujānāṁ tathaikaṁ syāt piśāchānāṁ tu viṁśatiḥ ॥ 40

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(7) Matsya-Purāṇa (chap. 258, v. 19) :

v1.c6.s17.152

Svakīyāṅguli-mānena mukhaṁ syād dvā-daśāṅgulam ।

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(8) Bṛihat-saṁhitā (LVIII. 4) :

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Svair aṅgula-pramāṇair dvā-daśa-vistīrṇamāyataṁ cha mukhaṁ ।
Nagnajitā tu chatur-daśa-dairghyeṇa drāviḍaṁ kathitam ॥

v1.c6.s17.155

According to one's own aṅgula (finger-breadth) the face of his own statue is twelve aṅgulas long and broad. But according to (the architect) Nagnajit it should be fourteen aṅgulas in the Drāviḍa style.

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The commentary quotes Nagnajit in full :

v1.c6.s17.157

Vistīrṇaṁ dvādaśa-mukhaṁ dairghyeṇa cha chatur-daśa ।
Aṅgulāni tathā kāryaṁ tan-mānaṁ drāviḍaṁ smṛitam ॥

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The face shall be 12 aṅgulas broad and 14 aṅgulas long ; such a measure is known as Drāviḍa (i.e. this is the Drāviḍa style of measurement).

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(Bṛihat-saṁhitā, LVIII. 4, J. R. A. S., N. S., vol. vi. p. 323, note 3).

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(9) See "The Elements of Hindu Iconography" by T. A. Gopinatha Rao, vol. I. Appendix B.

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(10) See "Some Hindu Silpa Shastras in their relation to South Indian Sculpture" by Mr. W. S. Hadaway (Ostasiatische Zeitschrift, April-June, 1914, vol. II. no. I).

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(11) "In appendix B, the author (Gopinatha Rao) gives a detailed description of the uttama-daśatāla measure to be used in the making of images, and shows that the formal, apparently mechanical, rules for construction followed by Indian artists work out in practice as the adequate expression of æsthetic principles. The same subject has been treated on broader lines . . . . . . by Mr. W. S. Hadaway (see above), who is himself a worker in metal, with practical knowledge of the application of the rules. (The war, unfortunately, has prevented the author from continuing his valuable study, as he had hoped to do)."

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"The Hindu image maker or sculptor," Mr. Hadaway observes, "does not work from life, as is the usual practice among Europeans, but he has, in place of the living model, a most elaborate and beautiful system of proportions, which he uses constantly, combining these with those observation and study of natural detail. It is, in fact, a series of anatomical rules and formulæ, of infinitely more practical use than any European system which I know of, for the Indian one treats of the actual proportion and of the surface form, rather than the more 'scientific' attachments of muscles and the articulation of bones."

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"There is in the Hindu system nothing complicated or difficult to understand or remember, but like every other canon of artistic proportion, these methods are no more capable of producing works of art in unskilled hands than are any other aids or methods . . . . These śāstras are the common property of Hindu artisans, whether of northern or southern India." Mr. V. A. Smith.

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(Architecture and Sculpture in Mysore,
Ind. Ant. vol. XLIV. pp. 90-91).

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TITHI—One of the six varga-formulas (see details under Shaḍ-varga).

v1.c6.s17.167

TILAKA—A mark made on the forehead and between the eye brows either as an ornament or as a sectarian distinction of an image.

v1.c6.s17.168

(M. VII. 160, LI. 41).

v1.c6.s17.169

Cf. Tilaka-kshudra-nāsī-yuktaṁ toraṇaiś cha samanvitam |

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TILAMAKA—A channel, a water-course, a pipe.

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(1) Viditam astu bhavatām . . . yushmadīya-grāmāṇām upakārāya yo’sau tilamaka ānīto’bhūt pratisaṁskārābhāvād vinashṭam udvīkshya . . . . . yushmad-grāmāṇām evopakārāya pratisaṁskṛitaḥ ।

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“Be it known to you that, seeing the *water-course*, which the illustrious lord and great king Aṁśuvarman led to your villages for your benefit, destroyed through want of repairs, (we being addressed by the feudal chief Chandravarman, have presented it to him; that he, with our permission), has repaired it for the benefit of your villages.”

v1.c6.s17.173

“The word ‘tilamaka’ is not found in any dictionary. But it seems certain, from the context, that it must be some kind of water-course. Probably it denotes a channel which leads the water from the hill-side over the fields which rise in terraces one above the other.” Pandit Bhagvānlāl Indraji and Dr. Bühler.

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(Inscriptions from Nepal, no. 9, Jishnugupta’s
Inscrip. line 6 f. Ind. Ant. vol. IX. p. 172,
note 30).

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(2) Devena yathāyam tilamako bhavatāṁ anyesh(eṇ)āṁ chopakārāya ।

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(Ibid. no. 10, line 14, p. 173).

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(3) Tilamakaś cha saptadhā vibhajya paribhoktavyaḥ ।

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“The water-course is to be used by dividing it into seven parts.”

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(Ibid. no. 14, line 10, p. 177).

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TULĀ—(see under Stambha)—A balance, a moulding of the column, a month, a beam.

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(1) Stambha-samaṁ bāhulyaṁ bhāra-tulānām upary-uparyāsām । Bhavati tulopatulānām ūnaṁ pādena pādena ॥

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(Bṛihat-saṁhitā, LIII. 30; see Kern’s transl.
J. B. A. S., N. S., vol. VI. p. 285).

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A moulding of the entablature :
(2) Mahā-bhāra-tulā kāryā balikordhve viśeshataḥ |
Tulā-vistāra-tārochhā jayantī syāt tulopari ||
Tulā-balikayor madhye dvi-daṇḍam athavā punaḥ ||
(Kāmikāgama, LIV. 13, 16).
(3) A member of a column (Suprabhedāgama, XXXI. 108, 105-107, see under Stambha).
(4) The name of a month (M. VI 32); the beam of a balance (M. XII. 163), a balance (M. L. 48, 172-195).

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TULĀ-DAṆḌA—The horizontal rod of a balance, the beam.

v1.c6.s17.185

Tulādaṇḍaṁ jayantī cha phalakā-paryāya-vāchakāḥ |
(M. XVI. 48, etc).

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TULĀ-BHĀRA—An article of furniture used as a hanging balance.

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Bhūpānāṁ cha tulā-bhāra-tulā-lakshaṇaṁ uchyate |
(M. L. 48).
In connection with the pavilion :
Evaṁ tu nṛipa-harmye tu tulā-bhāraṁ tu yogyakam |
(M. XXXIV. 287).

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TAILA-MAṄJŪSHIKA—An oil-pot, used as an article of furniture.

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. (M. L. 144, see under Bhūshaṇa).

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TORAṆA—An arch, a mechanical arrangement of blocks of any hard material disposed in the line of some curve and supporting one another by their mutual pressure.

v1.c6.s17.191

In modern architectural treatises arches are considered in three aspects, namely, (i) form, (ii) the mode in which their parts are constructed, and (iii) the thrust they exert.
In respect of their form arches are either straight, triangular, semi-circular or circular. The Mānasāra adds another form called bow-shape which is apparently a little wider than the semi-circle. "The investigation of the equilibrium of arches" as truly said by Mr. Gwilt (Encycl. Article 1353), "by the laws of statics does not appear to have at all entered into the

v1.c6.s17.192

thoughts of the ancient architects. Experience, imitation and a sort of mechanical intuition seem to have been their guides. They appear to have preferred positive solidity to nice balance and the examples they have left are rather the result of art than of science. Vitruvius, who speaks of all the ingredients necessary to form a perfect architect (see under Sthapati), does not allude to the assistance which may be afforded in the construction of edifices by a knowledge of the resolution of forces nor of the aid that may be derived from the study of such a science as descriptive geometry, though of the latter it seems scarcely possible the ancients could have been ignorant, seeing how much it must have been (practically, at least) employed in the construction of such vast buildings as the Coliseum, and other similarly curved structures, as respects their plan.”

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(2) “Whoever invented the true or radiating arch, the Romans were the first who applied it as a regular and essential architectural feature, and who at the same time introduced its complements, the radiating dome, into architectural construction at what period it is not now known.”

v1.c6.s17.194

(Ferguson, Hist. of Ind. and East. Architecture p. 212).

v1.c6.s17.195

(3) Mānasāra (chap. XLVI. named Toraṇa, 1-77) :

v1.c6.s17.196

The toraṇa or arch is an ornament (bhūshaṇa) for all kinds of thrones (line 1), as well as for temples and royal palaces (30). These arches admit of various forms. They may be circular, semi-circular, triangular (?hexagonal, tri-yugma), bow-shaped or of any other desirable forms (31-32, 33-36). The directions for making these arches as well as the measurements of their different parts are given in detail (3-29, 45-76). With regard to ornaments and decorations, arches are divided into four kinds, technically called Patra-toraṇa (leaf-arch), Pushpa-toraṇa (flower-arch), Ratna-toraṇa jewelled arch), and Chrita-toraṇa (ornamental-arch) (37-38).

v1.c6.s17.197

All these arches are both structurally and ornamentally decorated with the carvings of gods, sages, demigods, goblins, crocodiles, sharks, fish, leographs, serpents, lions, flowers, leaves, creepers, etc., and are beautifully set with jewels:

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Sarveshāṁ toraṇa-madhye chordhve tumburu-nāradam ।
Tad-pradeśe dvi-pārśve tu makarādi-vibhūshitam ।
Toraṇasyāgra-mūle tu grāha-patraiś cha bhūshitam ।
Toraṇādyaṁ tu patrādi-bhūta-vyāla-samanvitam ।
Pādānāṁ cha dvi-pārśve tu vyāla-toraṇa-dhāriṇam ।
(M. XLVI. 45-49).

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Ratnakārāṅgaṇair yuktaṁ kukshi(r) āvṛita-lambitam ।
Toraṇasyopari-deśe tu bhujaṅga-pāda-dvayor api ।
Grāhāntaṁ sarva-ratnaiś cha pūritaṁ śreṇi-saṁyutam ।
(M. XLVI. 58-60).

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But these arches may as well be quite plain, that is, without any such carvings (chitra-hīna) (M. XLVI. 68, 70).

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