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Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s21: P

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s21

Language
English

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v1.c6.s21.1

PAKSHA-(KA)—A side, a flank, a foot-path.

v1.c6.s21.2

In connection with staircases (M. xxx. 100, etc).

v1.c6.s21.3

In connection with streets :

v1.c6.s21.4

Evaṁ vīthir dvi-pakshaṁ syān madhya-rathyaika-pakshakā ।

v1.c6.s21.5

In connection with walls :

v1.c6.s21.6

Anyat sālaṁ tu sarveshāṁ chaika-pakshālayākshma-kramāt ।
Anyat sālaṁ tu sarveshām ālayārthaṁ dvi-pakshakam ।

v1.c6.s21.7

See further illustrations under 'Eka-paksha' and 'Dvi-paksha.'

v1.c6.s21.8

PAKSHAGHNA—A type of building.

v1.c6.s21.9

Yāmyā hīnaṁ chullī tri-śālakaṁ vitta-nāśa-karam etat ।
Pakshaghnam aparayā varjitaṁ suta-dhvaṁsa-vaira-karam ॥

v1.c6.s21.10

"A building lacking a southern hall is called chullī; it causes loss of prosperity, one in which there is no western hall (the so) called Pakshaghna, occasions the loss of children and (the) enmity."

v1.c6.s21.11

PAKSHA-ŚĀLĀ—A side-hall.

v1.c6.s21.12

Madhya-koshṭhasya sāle tu bhadra-śālā viśeshataḥ ।
Paksha-śālānvitaṁ vātha ūrdhva-śālānvitaṁ tu vā ।

v1.c6.s21.13

PAṄKA—A moulding of the pillar.

v1.c6.s21.14

Śikharasyordhve paṭṭochchaṁ uttarochchaṁ samaṁ bhavet ।
Tad-ūrdhve vājanaṁ paṅkaṁ nimnaṁ kumbhaṁ sadaṇḍakaṁ ।

v1.c6.s21.15

In connection with joinery :

v1.c6.s21.16

Eka-rūpa(ṁ) cha paṅkaṁ cha vidhiḥ syād eka-rūpakam ।

v1.c6.s21.17

PACHANĀLAYA—A kitchen, the refectory of a temple.

v1.c6.s21.18

Devānāṁ pachana-maṇḍapam—"built a beautiful stone temple with the toraṇa-gate and the surrounding walls. Having

v1.c6.s21.19

provided the temple with a flower-garden, kitchen, pond and suitable environs.”
(Ep. Carnat. vol. x. Kolar Taluq, no. 132, Roman text, p. 54, Transl. p. 49).

v1.c6.s21.20

PAÑCHA-TALA—The fifth storey, the five-storeyed buildings. (M. XXIII. 1-55).

v1.c6.s21.21

The description of the fifth storey (M. XXXI. 48-51).

v1.c6.s21.22

The eight classes (ibid. 1-48, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s21.23

PAÑCHA-PRĀKĀRA-HARMY—The various attached and detached buildings constructed in the five courts into which the whole compound is divided (see Prākāra). (M. XXXI. 2).

v1.c6.s21.24

PAÑCHA-BHŪMI—(see Pañcha-tala)—The fifth storey, the five-stored buildings.

v1.c6.s21.25

PAÑCHA-SĀLĀ—The enclosure-wall of the fifth court. (M. XXXI. 28, 29).

v1.c6.s21.26

Cf. Tataḥ pañchama-sālā cha mahā-maryādim īritam।
(M. XXXI. 13, etc).

v1.c6.s21.27

PAÑCHĀYATANA—A phallus with five heads. (Chālukyān Architecture, Arch. Surv. new Imp. series, vol. XXI. p. 39).

v1.c6.s21.28

PAÑJARA—A cage, an aviary, a nest, an architectural object.

v1.c6.s21.29

The cages for domestic birds and animals, such as pigeon, tiger, etc., are counted among the articles of furniture (M. L 50-55), their architectural description (ibid. 213-288). (Kāmikāgama, LV. 134-146, see under Nāsikā).

v1.c6.s21.30

PAÑJARA-ŚĀLĀ—A small top-room, a small window, a class of storeyed buildings, a type of bedstead, a moulding, a nest-like architectural object.

v1.c6.s21.31

**(1)** Mānasāra :

v1.c6.s21.32

A small room above the dome (stūpi) :

v1.c6.s21.33

Etat pañjara-śālāṁ cha padmam ekaṁ śikhā-trayam।
(M. XV. 131).

v1.c6.s21.34

A class of the seven-storeyed buildings (M. XXV. 27, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s21.35

A synonym of the bedstead (M. III. 11).

v1.c6.s21.36

A memember of the pillar (M. XV. 89, 98, 99-103, etc).

v1.c6.s21.37

In connection with buildings of one to twelve storeys : Śālā-kūṭa-dvayor-madhye chaika-hārā sa-pañjaram। (M. XIX. 57, see also 178, etc).

v1.c6.s21.38

(2) Kāmikāgama, XXXV. 75 : Pañjara-dvitayaṁ kāryaṁ karṇa-kūṭa-samodayam ॥ Ibid. L. 92 : Kūṭa-śālānvitam yat tu pañjaraiś cha samanvitam (vimānam) ॥ Ibid. LV. 196-198 (the synonyms of the pañjara) : Pramāṇa-bhavanaṁ karma-prāsādasyāshṭakaṁ tathā। Sabheti kūṭa-nāma syāch chhāyā valabhī(r) eva cha ॥ Brahma-dvāraṁ tato madhye maṇḍapaṁ koshṭhake matam ॥ Ṛiju-vaktraṁ dvijāvāsaṁ krīḍaṁ syāt siṁha-vaktrakam। Pañjarābhidhānaṁ syāt ॥ (See further details under Nāsikā).

v1.c6.s21.39

(3) Suprabhedāgama, XXXI. 80 : Eka-nāsikayā yuktaṁ pañjaraṁ samudāhṛitam। Kūṭeshu nāsikā-yuktaṁ koshṭham etat prakīrtitam ॥ (See also v. 79, under Nāsikā).

v1.c6.s21.40

(4) " Between the 'karṇa-kūṭa' and 'śālā' are found some kinds of little windows called pañjara." (Dravidan Arch. by Jouveau-Dubreuil, ed. S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, p. 5).

v1.c6.s21.41

(5) "His son Kaṅgala-deva having wandered abroad (as a mendicant) and brought alms, had a kūṭa-pañjara made for the god Hanumanta, and that fame might come to all, had a lipi-śāsana made and set up it. " (Ep. Carnat vol. VII. Channegiri Taluq, no. 17, Transl. p. 180, Roman text, p. 317).

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(6) See Chālukyān Architecture (Arch Surv. new Imp. series vol. XXI. plates XXVI, XCVIII).

v1.c6.s21.43

(7) See Mysore Arch. Report (1915-16, p. 22, plate X, fig. 2).

v1.c6.s21.44

(8) See Cunningham, Arch Surv. (vol. I. plate V, p. 6).

v1.c6.s21.45

PAṬṬA } A band, a fillet, a moulding of the base, etc., an ornament for the body, a crown, a diadem, a turban, an upper garment, a cloth, a plate, a slab, a seat, a junction, a town, an edict. PAṬṬIKĀ } PAṬṬĪ }

v1.c6.s21.46

(1) “It is often confounded with the moulding called ‘vājana’ especially in pedestals and bases as it appears to be of the same form, to be used in the same situation, and to have the same height and projection with the latter; but when employed in architraves and friezes its height and projection increase considerably.” (Rām Rāz, Eass. Arch. Hind. p. 25).

v1.c6.s21.47

(2) In connection with the plough : phāla-paṭṭa, tri-paṭṭa, madhya-paṭṭa (M. v. 52, 61, 73). In connection with the foundations : Paṭṭikāntaṁ kshipech chāpi vinyaset prathameshṭakam। (M. XII. 203). A crowning moulding of the pedestal (M. XIII. 5, 49, 82, etc., see the lists if mouldings under Upapīṭha). A moulding of the base (M. XIV. 13, 26, 48, etc., see the lists of mouldings under Adhishṭhāna). A moulding of the pillar (M. XV. 121, 35, etc). In connection with the staircase (M. XXX. 140). In connection with the door (M. XXXIX. 73, etc). In connection with the bedstead (M. XLIV. 18, 19, etc). An ornament for the body : Kaṭi-sūtraṁ tu saṁyuktaṁ kaṭi-prānte sa-paṭṭikā। (M. L. 27, see also 28, etc). Athavā ratna-paṭṭaṁ syāt svarṇa-tāṭaṅka-karṇayoḥ। (M. LIV. 47). Compare ‘Paṭṭa-dhara,’ and ‘Paṭṭa-bhāj’, meaning kings, with special crowns. (M. LI. 3, 4).

v1.c6.s21.48

(3) Bhāgais tribhis tathā kaṇṭhaḥ kaṇṭha-paṭṭas tu bhāgataḥ। Bhāgā(?go)bhyāsam ūrdhva-paṭṭaś cha śesha-bhāgena paṭṭikā॥ Nirgamas tu punas tasya yāvad vai śesha-paṭṭikā॥

v1.c6.s21.49

‘The neck (of the pedestal of an idol or phallus) is made of three parts and the band of the neck of one part. The abhyāsa (?) is one part, the upper band is also one part, and the remaining part is paṭṭikā (fillet or band). Its projection should extend as far as the last paṭṭikā.’

v1.c6.s21.50

(4) Vedikāṁ prastara-samāṁ shaḍ-aṁśīkṛitya bhāgaśaḥ ।

v1.c6.s21.51

Ekāṁśaṁ prati-paṭṭaṁ syād aṁśābhyām antarī bhavet ॥ Ūrdhva-vājanam ekāṁśam aṁśaṁ tat-paṭṭikā bhavet । Ūrdhva-paṭṭaṁ tad-ekāṁśam antarī kusumair yutā ॥ (Vāstu-vidyā, ed. Gaṇapati Śastri, ix. 23, 24).

v1.c6.s21.52

(5) Polakeśir apy-avādid anujān pratibaddha-paṭṭam avantu ।

v1.c6.s21.53

“Pulakesi too declared to his brethren (in the presence of his vassals) that they were to support the encircling diadem of his sons and grandsons.” (Grant of Kusumayudha iv, line 18, Ind. Ant. vol. xxxii. pp. 282, 284).

v1.c6.s21.54

PAṬṬANA(-ṆA)—(see Pattana)—A town, a commercial city accessible by water-ways.

v1.c6.s21.55

(1) Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra (chap. xxii. p. 46, foot note) :

v1.c6.s21.56

Pattanaṁ śakaṭair gamyaṁ ghāṭikair naubhir eva cha । Naubhir eva tu yad gamyaṁ paṭṭaṇaṁ tat prachakshate ॥ Droṇa-mukhaṁ jala-nirgama-praveśaṁ paṭṭaṇaṁ ity-arthaḥ । (Rāyapasenī-sūtra-vyākhyane, p. 206).

v1.c6.s21.57

(2) Kraya-vikraya-saṁyuktam abdhi-tīra-samāśritam ।

v1.c6.s21.58

Deśāntara-gata-janair nānā-jātibhir anvitam ॥ Paṭṭanaṁ tat samākhyātaṁ vaiśyair adhyushitam ॥ (Kāmikāgama, xx. 8, 9).

v1.c6.s21.59

PAṬṬA-BANDHA—The coronation, a crown, a class of bases comprising four types which differ from one another in height and in the addition or omission of some mouldings.

v1.c6.s21.60

See the lists of mouldings under ‘Adisṭhāna ’ (M. xiv. 297-304).

v1.c6.s21.61

A part of the crown (M. l. 111).

v1.c6.s21.62

Nija-paṭṭa-bandha-samaye — "at the time of his coronation." (Six Eastern Chalukya Grants, Bervāḍa Plates of Chalukya-Bhīma I, line 20, Ep. Ind. vol. v. pp. 129, 130).

v1.c6.s21.63

Godāvarī-taṭa-samīpasthe Kapitthakagrāme paṭṭa-v(b)andha-mahotsave tulā-purusham āruhya."

v1.c6.s21.64

"The term Paṭṭabandha, which literally means 'binding of the fillet' has been generally supposed to signify 'coronation ceremony.' But, it does not suit here." Mr. D. R. Bhandarkar. (Cambay Plates of Govinda IV, line 46, Ep. Ind. vol. VII. pp. 40, 27, note 2).

v1.c6.s21.65

Śrī-paṭṭa-bandhotsavāya Kurundakaṁ āgatena mayā I (The grants of Indrarāya III, no. 11, line 47, Ep. Ind. vol. IX. pp. 36, 40. 25, note 2 refers to vol. VII. p. 27, note 2).

v1.c6.s21.66

Coronation and crown : . . . . . dva-daśa-varshe tu janmanaḥ paṭṭaṁ | Yo'dhad udaya-girīndro ravim iva lokānurāgayā || "Put on, to please the world, the fillet (crown) in the twelfth year of (his) birth."

v1.c6.s21.67

Niravadya-dhavalaḥ Kaṭaka-rāja-paṭṭa-śobhita-lalāṭaḥ—"(his son was) Niravadyadhavala, whose forehead was decorated with the fillet (crown) of Kaṭakarāja." Dr. Hultzsch. (Maliyapūṇḍi grant of Ammarāja II. lines 40, 45, Ep. Ind. vol. IX. pp. 53, 55, 56).

v1.c6.s21.68

PAṬṬA-ŚĀLĀ —A religious establishment. See Mandhata Plates of Jayasiṁha of Dhārā (line 11, Ep. Ind. vol. III. pp. 49, 47).

v1.c6.s21.69

Cf. "(To provide) for the eight kinds of ceremonies of the god Mallinātha of the paṭṭa-sāle (lā) which they had made within precincts of that Śāntinātha basadi." (Ep. Carnat. vol. v. part I. Belūr Taluq, no. 129, Transl. p. 86, Roman text, p. 193).

v1.c6.s21.70

PAṆḌI-ŚĀLĀ —A kind of hall. (M. XXXV, 98, see details under Śālā).

v1.c6.s21.71

PATTANA—(see Paṭṭana)—A village, a town, a commercial city on the bank of a river or sea, a new settlement.

v1.c6.s21.72

(1) A village inhabited mostly by traders (Vaiśya).

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(M. IX. 456–457).

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A town (M. X. 40).

v1.c6.s21.75

A sea-side commercial city:

v1.c6.s21.76

Abdhi-tīra-pradeśe tu nānā-jāti-gṛihair vṛitam ।
Vaṇig-jātibhir akīrṇaṁ kraya-vikraya-pūritam ।
Ratnair dvīpāntarair nityaiḥ kshaumaiḥ karpūradibhiḥ ।
Etat pattanam ākhyātaṁ vaprāyata-samanvitam ।

v1.c6.s21.77

(M. X. 63–66).

v1.c6.s21.78

(2) A sea-side commercial city inhabited mostly by tradesmen.

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(Kāmikāgama, XX. 8, 9, see under Paṭṭana).

v1.c6.s21.80

Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra (chap. XXII. p. 46, foot-note):

v1.c6.s21.81

(3) Pattanaṁ śakaṭair gamyaṁ ghaṭikair naubhir eva cha ।

v1.c6.s21.82

Naubhir eva tu yad gamyaṁ paṭṭanaṁ tat prachakshate ॥

v1.c6.s21.83

(Rāyapaseṇī-sūtra-vyākhyāne, p. 206).

v1.c6.s21.84

(4) Pattanāni jala-sthala-pathayor anyatara-yuktāni ।

v1.c6.s21.85

(Praśna-vyākaraṇa-sūtra-vyākhyāne, p. 306).

v1.c6.s21.86

(5) Tad-bhuktau pattanaṁ ramyaṁ samīpatīti nāmakaṁ ।

v1.c6.s21.87

(The Chāhānas of Mārwār, no. IV. Sevaḍi stone inscrip. of Kaṭukarāja, v. 6. Ep. Ind. vol. XI. p. 31).

v1.c6.s21.88

(6) “Piriya-Rājaiya-Deva, son of —, caused this town (paṭṭana) to be rebuilt and gave it the name of Piriyarāja-paṭṭana (paṭaṇa in the text) after himself...........Whoever calls it Siṅgapaṭṭaṇa is guilty of killing his father and mother.”

v1.c6.s21.89

(Ep. Carnat., vol. IV. Hunsūr Taluq, no. 15, Transl. p. 84, Roman text, p. 135-136).

v1.c6.s21.90

(7) Dvā-triṁśa(t)tu velāpuramuṁ ashṭādaśa-paṭṭanamuṁ bāsa-shṭi-yoga-pīṭhamum—“(the people of) the thirty-two sea-side towns, the 18 towns, 62 seats of contemplation...........(held a convocation there).”

v1.c6.s21.91

(8) Grāma-nagara-kheḍa-karvvaḍa-maḍamba-droṇamukha-paṭṭanaṁ-gaḷiṁdam aneka-māṭa-kūṭa-prāsāda-devāyatanaṁgaḷidaṁ oppuva-agrahāra-paṭṭanaṁgaḷiṁdam atiśayav-appa....।

v1.c6.s21.92

"(At Teridāḷa, a merchant town situated in the centre and the first in importance among the twelve (towns) in the glorious Kuṇḍi Three Thousand, adorned with)—villages, towns, hamlets, villages surrounded by hills, groups of villages, sea-girt towns, and chief cities, with elegant mansions, palaces and temples, and with shining agrahāra-towns in the country of Kuntala........"
(Old Kanarese Inscrip. at Terdal, line 58. Ind. Ant. vol. xiv. pp. 19, 25).

v1.c6.s21.93

(9) "With myriads of people, practices of virtue, agreeable occupations, streams of the (nine) sentiments, pleasure-gardens separated lovers, splendid tanks, full lotus beds, gilded boats for spring festivals, ghaṭikā-sthānas (religious centres), the supports of dharmma and mines of enjoyment, moats which were as if the sea being overcome had returned here on account of the collection of gems, groups of the lotus faces of beautiful women fair as the moon, (grāma-nagara-kheḍa-kharvvaṇa-maḍamba-droṇa-mukha-pura-pattana-rāja-dhāni), on whatever side one looked in these nine forms did the Kuntala deśa shine."

v1.c6.s21.94

(It should be noticed that the passage within brackets is almost identical with the corresponding passage in quotation no. 8 above).

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(Ep. Carnat. vol. vii. Shikārpur Taluq, no. 197, Transl. p. 124, para 1, last seven lines, Roman text, p. 214, line 27 f).

v1.c6.s21.96

PATRA—A leaf, a leaf-like ornament, a moulding.

v1.c6.s21.97

An ornament of the pillar (M. xv. 36, etc).

v1.c6.s21.98

A member of the śālā or hall (M. xxxv. 402).

v1.c6.s21.99

Cf. Vatsarārambha-lekhārthaṁ patram—A leaf for writing the almanac on.

v1.c6.s21.100

In connection with the balance (tulā) (M. L. 190-191, 197, 199).

v1.c6.s21.101

See more details under Bhūshaṇa.

v1.c6.s21.102

PATRA-PAṬṬA—A leaf-shaped diadem, a moulding.

v1.c6.s21.103

A turban or crown (M. XLIX. 16).

v1.c6.s21.104

A moulding of the base (M. XIV. 345).

v1.c6.s21.105

PATRA-KALPA—A set of ornaments for the use of kings and gods.

v1.c6.s21.106

(M. L. 3, 6, see under Bhūshaṇa).

v1.c6.s21.107

PATRA-TORAṆA—An arch (see details under Toraṇa).

v1.c6.s21.108

Bāla-chandra-nibhaiḥ patraiś chitritaṁ patra-toraṇam ॥
(Kāmikāgama, LV. 64).

v1.c6.s21.109

PATRA-BANDHA—A type of entablature (see details under Prastara).

v1.c6.s21.110

Pāda-vistāra-saṁyuktaṁ patra-bandham iti smṛitam ।
(Kāmikāgama, LIV. 6).

v1.c6.s21.111

PATRA-VALLI-(KA)—A moulding of the entablature (M. XVI. 54), of the arch (M. XLVI. 65).

v1.c6.s21.112

See more details under Prastara.

v1.c6.s21.113

PATHA—A road, a street, a way, a path.

v1.c6.s21.114

(1) Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra (measures of various paths) :

v1.c6.s21.115

Antareshu dvi-hasta-vishkambhaṁ pārśve chatur-guṇāyāmam anu-prākāram ashṭa-hastāyataṁ deva-pathaṁ kārayet ।
Daṇḍāntarā dvi-daṇḍāntarā vā chāryaḥ (ashṭa-hasta-pramāṇa-mārgaḥ, Rāyapasenī-sūtra-vyākhyāne, p. 13) kārayet ।
Bahir jāuu-bhāginīṁ tri-śūla-prākāra-kūṭavapāta-kaṇṭaka-pratisarādi-prishṭha-tāla-patra-śṛiṅgāṭaka-śva-daṁshṭrārga-lopaskandana-pādukāṁbarīsodapānakaiḥ chhanna-pathaṁ kārayet ।

v1.c6.s21.116

Trayaḥ prāchīnā rāja-mārgās traya udīchīnā iti vāstu-vibhāgaḥ ।
Sa-dvā-daśa-dvāro yuktodaka-bhūmich-chhanna-pathaḥ ।
Chatur-daṇḍāntarā rathyā rājā-mārga-droṇa-mukha-sthānīya-rāshṭra-vivīta-pathaḥ ।
Sayonīya-vyūha-śmaśāna-grāma-pathāś chāshṭa-daṇḍāḥ ।
Chatur-daṇḍas setu-vana-pathaḥ ।
Dvidaṇḍo hasti-kshetra-pathaḥ ।
Pañchāratnayo ratha-pathāś chatvāraḥ paśu-pathāḥ ।
Dvau kshudra-paśu-manushya-pathaḥ ।
(Chap. xxv. 54-55).

v1.c6.s21.117

PADA—A part, the foot, a plot of the ground-plan (see Pada-vinyāsa).

v1.c6.s21.118

(1) Vāstu-yāga-tattva by Raghunandana quotes from the Liṅga-(Purāṇa) without further reference :

v1.c6.s21.119

Chatuḥ-shashṭi-padaṁ vāstu sarva-deva-gṛihaṁ prati ।
Ekāśīti-padaṁ vāstu mānushāṁ pratisiddhidam ॥

v1.c6.s21.120

(2) Bṛihat-saṁhitā (LIII. 42) :

v1.c6.s21.121

Ekāśīti-vibhāge daśa daśa pūrvottarāyatā rekhāḥ ।

v1.c6.s21.122

Varāhamihira apparently does not give different rules for temples and residential buildings.

v1.c6.s21.123

(3) The foot; the ground-plan (M. LVII. 47, etc.; VII. 1-267, see under Pada-vinyāsa).

v1.c6.s21.124

PADA-VINYĀSA—The ground-plan.

v1.c6.s21.125

“The plan is the representation of the horizontal section of a building, showing its distribution, the form and extent of its various parts. This is the geometrical plan where the parts are represented in their natural properties. The modern architects consider other plans too: in the perspective plan objects are represented on a definite surface so as to form a certain position to affect the eye in the same manner as the objects themselves would; while in the raised plan the elevation of a building is shown.” (Gwilt, Encycl. of Arch. Glossary, p. 1240).

v1.c6.s21.126

(1) Mānasāra (chap. VII. named Pada-vinyāsa) :

v1.c6.s21.127

Apparently the geometrical plans are described in this chapter (lines 1-267). There is no mention of the perspective or the raised plan. What is given there is all about the ground-plot or the piece of ground selected to receive the building. Thirty-two kinds of square plans are described (2 f). They are designated by different names, e.g., the 8th plan is called Chaṇḍita and is divided into 64 equal squares (9), the 24th is called Chandrakānta and is divided into 1024 squares (50) and so forth.

v1.c6.s21.128

(2) Nagara-grāma-durgādyā(-der) gṛiha-prāsāda-vṛiddhaye। Ekāśīti-padair vastu(ṁ) pūjayet siddhaye dhruvam ॥ (Agni-Purāṇa, chap. 105, v. 1).

v1.c6.s21.129

(3) See Cunningham, Arch. Surv. Reports, vol. II, plate XCVII (ground-plans of Śaiva temples), p. 419 ; plate XCVIII (ground-plans of Vaishṇava temples), p. 421 ; vol. XX, plate XX (ground plan of a Jaina temple); vol. XXI, plate XLII (ground plan of Slab temples, Kunḍalpur); vol. XXIII, plate XVIII (ground plan of Jaina temple of Naulakha, mark the Svastika figures) ; vol. XII, plate V (plan of a temple) ; vol. XVII, plate XXI (peculiar plan of a temple).

v1.c6.s21.130

(4) See elements of Hindu Iconography by T. A. Gopinatha Rao (Appendix A, p. 1-45, diagrams facing pp. 1, 11).

v1.c6.s21.131

PADMA-(KA)—A lotus, an eye, a moulding, a cyma recta, a cyma reversa or reversed cyma also called ogee or talon (see Gwilt, Encycl. figs. 869, 868), a ground-plan, a pavilion, a type of village, a class of buildings.

v1.c6.s21.132

(1) “The moulding, called Padma, (abja, ambuja or saroruha, etc), literary lotus, is supposed to resemble a petal of that flower. It is a sort of compound figure, partly convex and partly concave ; and its section is composed of two opposite curves, meeting at the bisecting point of a line drawn between the points of recess and projection, and very much resembling the ‘cyma recta’ and ‘cyma reversa’ of the Western architects.

v1.c6.s21.133

This moulding is distinguished into greater and less, and forms the principal ornaments of Indian architecture. It is generally employed, in detached pairs, in bases and cornices, one facing the other in opposite directions, and is formed upright or the reverse according to its situation, either as a crowning member of the former or the supporting ornament of the latter. The concave part of it, when placed with its bottom reversed, is often so designed as to project forward or rise up, after having touched, as it were, the fillet below, with a small perpendicular curvature, resembling in shape the petal of the lotus, with its pointed head somewhat inclined towards the top. In some specimens, this moulding is placed at the base of columns, and looks very much like an apophyge or ogee of the Ionic and Corinthian orders being formed either with a curved line having more or less convexity at the top, or with an upright tangent to the concave part below. It is sometimes made exactly in the form of an ovolo of the Western architects."
(Rām Rāz, Eass. Arch. Hind, p. 23-24).

v1.c6.s21.134

(2) Mānasāra : A ground-plan (M. VIII. 36 f., see Pada-vinyāsa). A kind of village (M. IX. 2, see under Grāma). A moulding of the pedestal and the base (M. XIII. 41, 61, 64, 68, etc., XIV. 68, etc., see the lists of mouldings under Upapīṭha and Adhishṭhāna). A type of pavilion : Evaṁ tu padmakaṁ proktaṁ devānāṁ pachanālayam । Padmākhyaṁ pushpa-maṇḍapam.... । (M. XXXIV. 173, 180, see Maṇḍapa). A moulding of pīṭha or the pedestal of the phallus (M. LIII. 31).

v1.c6.s21.135

(3) Stambhaṁ vibhajya navadhā vahanaṁ bhāgo ghaṭo’sya bhāgo’-nyaḥ । Padmaṁ tathottaroshṭhaṁ kuryād bhāgena bhāgena ॥

v1.c6.s21.136

Here, Kern's rendering of 'padma' by 'capital' seems untenable. (Bṛihat-saṁhitā, LIII. 29, J. R. A. S., N. S., vol. VI. p. 285, see details under Stambha). A type of building which is planned like a lotus, has only one storey and one spire, and is (?) 8 cubits wide (śayānashṭau) :
(4) Bṛihat-saṁhitā (LVI. 23, see under Prāsāda).
(5) Matsya-Purāṇa (chap. 269, v. 30, 39, 49, 53, see under Prāsāda).
(6) Bhavishya-Purāṇa (chap. 130, v. 30, see under Prāsāda). A class of round buildings :
(7) Agni-Purāṇa (chap. 104, v. 17-18, see under Prāsāda).
(8) Garuḍa-Purāṇa (chap. 47, v. 21, 23, 28-29, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s21.137

PADMA-KĀNTA—A special type of pillar (M. XV. 38). It is based on a seat (āsana), plinth or lotus (cyma). Its cornice or edge of the capital is decorated with opening buds. Its base is decorated with a bridge-like moulding (pālikā). The ornamental fillets are constucted and two aṅgulas (1½ inches) on all sides are adorned with foliage, jewels, flowers, etc. (ibid. 30-37). A class of the six-storeyed buildings (M. XXIV. 3-12, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s21.138

PADMA-KEŚ(-S)ARA—A type of base, a kind of throne. A class of bases (M. XIV. 81-97, see under Adhishṭhāna). A type of throne (M. XLV. 11-12, see under Siṁhāsana).

v1.c6.s21.139

PADMA-GARBHA—A ground-plan in which the whole area is divided into 256 equal squares. (M. VII. 21).

v1.c6.s21.140

PADMA-PĪṬHA—A lotus-shaped pedestal for an image. (M. LI. 86).

v1.c6.s21.141

PADMA-BHADRA—A type of throne. (M. XLV. 12, see under Siṁhāsana).

v1.c6.s21.142

PADMA-BANDHA—A class of bases comprising four types which differ from one another in height and in the addition or omission of some mouldings. (M. XIV. 170-194, see the lists of mouldings under Adhishṭhāna). A base (cf. Suprabhedāgama, XXX 18-22) : Utsedhaṁ sapta-viṁśat tu dvi-bhāgā paṭṭikā bhavet ॥

v1.c6.s21.143

Ekāṁśaṁ dalam evoktam upānaṁ chaika-bhāgikam ।
Jagatī tu shaḍ-aṁśā syād dvi-bhāgārdha-dalī-kramāt ॥
Ardha-bhāgaṁ bhavet skandhaṁ bhāgam ūrdhva-dalaṁ tathā ।
Tri-bhāgaṁ kumudaṁ vidyād adho' bjaṁ bhāgam eva tu ॥
Paṭṭikā chaika-bhāgā tu grīvā chaiva dvi-bhāgikā ।
Tad-ūrdham eka-bhāgaṁ tu padma-bandhaṁ tata upari ॥
Dvi-bhāgā paṭṭikā yā tu eka-bhāgena yojanaṁ ।
Tad vṛiteś chaika-bhāgaṁ tu padma-bandham iti smṛitam ॥
(Suprabhedāgama, xxx. 18-22).

v1.c6.s21.144

PADMĀSANA—A lotus-seat, a lotus-like posture in which an image is carved, a throne, a type of base, a kind of pedestal. A lotus-shaped pedestal and base of a column (M. xv. 67, xlvii. 19). A type of throne (M. xlv. 12, see under Siṁhāsana). A lotus-shaped pedestal for an image (M. liv. 38, etc).

v1.c6.s21.145

PARAṬA—(corrupted into Pāraṭa)—The parapet, the coping of a wall. Cf. Bādāviya durggavanu mūḍaṇa pāraṭavanu Chāmarāja— "Chāmarāja constructed the fort and the eastern parapet of that same Bādāvi." (Sanskrit and Old Kanarese Inscript. no. lxxxvii, lines 13, 14. Ind. Ant. vol. x. p. 63, notes 51, 53).

v1.c6.s21.146

PARAMA-ŚĀDHIKA—A ground-plan in which the whole area is divided into 81 equal squares (see Pada-vinyāsa). (M. vii. 10, 72, 110; almost same in Bṛihat-saṁhitā, liii. 42 f). In connection with the plan of a village (M. ix, 174) and of a wall (M. xl. 72).

v1.c6.s21.147

PARĀRTHA-LIṄGA—A phallus for the public worship. (M. lii. 243, see details under Liṅga).

v1.c6.s21.148

PARIKHĀ—A ditch, a moat, a trench round a fort or town.
(1) Mānasāra : In connection with a village and a fortified city :

v1.c6.s21.149

Vaprāṁśa-bhitti-rakshārthaṁ paritaḥ parikhānvitam ।

v1.c6.s21.150

Sarveshām api durgāṇāṁ vapraiś cha parikhair vṛitam।

v1.c6.s21.151

Bāhye prākāra-saṁyuktaṁ paritaḥ parikhānvitam।
(M. ix. 450).
Paritaḥ parikhā bāhye vapra-yuktaṁ tu kārayet।
(M. x. 108).
Paritaḥ parikhā bāhye kuryād grāmeshu sarvaśaḥ।
(M. ix. 62, etc).

v1.c6.s21.152

(2) Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra (Chap. XXIV. pp. 51, 56 paras 2, 3) :

v1.c6.s21.153

Tasya parikhās tisro daṇḍāntarā kārayet chatur-daśa dvā-dasa daśeti daṇḍānuvistīrṇāḥ vistārād avagāḍhāḥ pādūnam ardhaṁ vā tri-bhāga-mūlā mūle chatur-aśrāḥ pāshāṇopahitāḥ pāshāṇeshṭakābaddha-pārśvā vā toyāntikoragās tu toya-pūrṇā vā sa-parivāhāḥ padma-grāhatiḥ।
Chatur-daṇḍāvakṛishṭaṁ parikhāyāḥ shaḍ-daṇḍochchhritaṁ avaruddhaṁ tad-dviguṇa-vishkambhaṁ khātād vapraṁ kārayet।

v1.c6.s21.154

Ibid. chap. XXV. para :

v1.c6.s21.155

Dvārāṇi bahiḥ parikhāyāḥ

v1.c6.s21.156

(3) Durga-gambhīra-parikhāṁ durgām anyair dur-āsadām।

v1.c6.s21.157

Sarvataś cha mahā-bhīmāḥ śita-toyāśayāḥ śubhāḥ॥
Agādhā grāha-saṁpūrṇāḥ parikhā mīna-sevitāḥ॥
(Rāmāyaṇa, I. 5, 13, 15).
Yantrais tair avakīryante parikhāsu samantataḥ॥
Parikhāś cha śataghnyaś cha yantrāṇi vividhāni cha॥
(Ibid. VI. 3, 17, 23).
Parikhābhiḥ sapadmābhiḥ sotpalābhir alaṁkṛitam॥
(Ibid. VI. 5, 2, 14).

v1.c6.s21.158

(4) Parighe for Parikhe (Satyamangalam Plates of Devaraya II, v. 22, Ep. Ind. vol. III. pp. 38, 40).

v1.c6.s21.159

(5) Durllaṁgha-dushkara-vibheda-viśāla-sāla-durggādha-dustara-bṛihat-parikhā-paritā।

v1.c6.s21.160

"(The city of Kāñchī) whose large rampart was insurmountable and hard to be breached, (and) which was surrounded by a great moat, unfathomable and hard to be crossed."
(Gadval Plates of Vikramāditya I, v. 6, line 21, Ep. Ind. vol. X. pp. 103, 105).

v1.c6.s21.161

(6) Kanakojjvala-sāla-raśmi-jālaiḥ parikhāmbu-pratibimbitair alaṁ yā vasudheva vibhāti bāḍabārchchir vṛita-ratnākara-mekhalā-paritā ||

v1.c6.s21.162

"Through the mass of the rays (which issue from) its golden walls, and which are reflected in the water of its moat, this (city, Vijayanagara) closely resembles the earth, that is surrounded by the girdle of the ocean, which is encircled by the lustre of the submarine fire."
(Vijayanagara Inscrip. of Devaraja II, line 7-8, H. S. I. I. vol. I. no. 153, pp. 162, 164).

v1.c6.s21.163

(7) Durge subhīma-parighe Maḷavaḷḷi nāmni—"in the fort named Maḷavaḷḷi, having a deep moat."

v1.c6.s21.164

(Ep. Carnat. vol. III. Maḷavaḷḷi Taluq, no. 61, Roman text, last verse, p. 126, Transl. p. 62).

v1.c6.s21.165

PARIKHĀ-DURGA—A ditch-fort, a fort.

v1.c6.s21.166

For details see Śukranīti, etc., under Durga.

v1.c6.s21.167

PARIGHA(-GHĀ)—Cross bars to fasten the door, a beam.

v1.c6.s21.168

(1) Dvau dvau parighau (Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra, chap. XXXIV, p. 53).

v1.c6.s21.169

Chatvāro hasti-parigha—"four beams to shut the door against elephants." (ibid. chap. XXIV, p. 53).

v1.c6.s21.170

(2) Dṛiḍha-vaddha-kapāṭaṁ mahā-parighavanti cha |

v1.c6.s21.171

(Rāmāyaṇa, VI. 3, 11).

v1.c6.s21.172

PARIṆĀHA—The width, breadth, circumference, extent.

v1.c6.s21.173

Grīvā-madhya-pariṇāhaś chatur-viṁśatikāṅgulaḥ | Nābhi-madhya-pariṇāho dvi-chatvāriṁśad-aṅgulaḥ | The width by the middle of the neck is twenty-four aṅgulas.

v1.c6.s21.174

The width by the middle of the navel is forty-two aṅgulas.

v1.c6.s21.175

50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 63, 66, etc).

v1.c6.s21.176

See Mānasāra (LX. 68, etc.); Kirātārjunīya (XII. 20, etc.); Mṛichchhakaṭika (III. 9, etc.); Mahāvīra-charita (VII, 24, etc.); Mālatī-mādhava (III 15: Stana-pariṇāha, etc.); Ratnāvalī (II. 13, etc.); Śiśupāla-vadha (I. 19, etc).

v1.c6.s21.177

PARIMĀṆA—The measurement of width or circumference.

v1.c6.s21.178

(M. LV. 3-9, see under Māna).

v1.c6.s21.179

PARIVĀRA(-RĀLAYA)—The family; the attendant deities; the subordinate temples, attached or detached, of a large religious establishment, where the attendant deities are enshrined.

v1.c6.s21.180

(1) Mānasāra, chap. XXXII. (named Parivāra):

v1.c6.s21.181

The temples of these deities are stated to be built round the Parākāra (the fourth enclosure):

v1.c6.s21.182

Sarveshām api devānāṁ prākārānta-pravishṭake।
Paritaḥ parivārāṇāṁ lakshaṇaṁ vakshyate'dhunā। (1-2)

v1.c6.s21.183

At the eight cardinal points of the innermost or the first court the temples of the group of eight deities are built (3-5). The groups of sixteen and thirty-two deities are housed in the second and the third courts respectively (6-7). Between the third and the fifth court is stated to be the Viniyoga (offering)-pavilion (8). The description of the location of temples for each of the deities of these three groups is given (10-119). The temples of the attendant deities of Vishṇu are specified (121-156). The temples and the attendant deities of Gaṇeśa and Kshetrapāla, and also those of Buddha, Jina and all such petty (kshudra) gods are passed over and stated to be built in accordance with the rules of Śāstras (157-166).

v1.c6.s21.184

It should be noticed that the description of temples intended for so many deities does not contain any measurement, etc. It is solely occupied with the position of these temples or deities in the compound. But a considerable portion of the chapter is devoted to the description of the Maṇḍapas (pavilions) for such purposes as bath, bed, assembly, horses, musicians, dancing girls, and cows, etc (67-101).

v1.c6.s21.185

(2) Ete parivārā vāstoḥ pūjanīyā prayatnataḥ |
(Mahānirvāṇa-tantra, XIII. 45).
(3) Pārśvataś chāpi kartavyaṁ parivārādikālayam |
At the side (too) should be built temples for the attendant and other deities.
(Matsya-Purāṇa, chap. 270, v. 30).
(4) Parivārālaye tuṅga-harmye anyasmin prakalpayet ||
(Kāmikāgama, L. 69).
Parivārālayānāṁ tu mūlavat karma chācharet |
Sālānāṁ tu chatushkoṇeshv-ishṭa-deśe pragṛihyatām ||
Mālikā-yukta-śālaṁ chet koṇa-stambhe dvitīyake |
Prathamāvaraṇe vāpi dvitīyāvaraṇe nyaset ||
(Ibid. XXXI. 95, 96).
(5) Pañcha-prākāram evaṁ syāt parivārālayaṁ śṛiṇu ||
Prāsādasya chaturthaṁ vā tad-ardhaṁ vārdham eva vā |
Mātṟīṇām (of female deities) ālayaṁ kuryād gopurākāram eva tu ||
Hasti-pṛishṭhaṁ tapa (taṁ) proktaṁ prāsādaṁ tu viśeshataḥ |
Madhyaṁ tu pachanākāraṁ chatuḥ-śālaika-śālakam ||
Prākāra-saṁyutaṁ kṛitvā bāhye vābhyantare’ pi vā ||
(Suprabhedāgama, XXXI. 128-131).

v1.c6.s21.186

Then follows the description of their faces and doors (ibid. v. 131-133, see under Dvāra).

v1.c6.s21.187

(6) “(He) gave to the (image of) Piḷḷaiyār Gaṇapati in the surrounding hall (parivārālaya) of the temple of the Lord Śrī Rājarājeśvara one brass spittoon (paḍikkam) which he had caused to be made of octagonal shape in the Ceylon fashion (Īrapariśu) (and) which weighed sixty-nine palam.”
(Inscrip. of Rajaraja, no. 36, H. S. I, I. vol. II. p. 149 f).

v1.c6.s21.188

(7) "This image was probably in the central shrine and was known as Ālaiyattu Piḷḷaiyār perhaps to distinguish him from the Parivārālaiyattu-Piḷḷaiyār set up apparently in the enclosing verandah of the temple." (V. S. I. I. vol. II. no. 85, p. 407, last para).

v1.c6.s21.189

"The gold presented until the twenty-ninth year (of the king's reign) by the Lord Śrī Rājarājadeva to (the image of) Piḷḷaiyār Gaṇapatiyār in the parivārālaya of the temple of the Lord Śrī Rājarājeśvaramuḍaiyār..........." parivārālaya i.e. the temple (ālaya) of the attendant deities which was probably in the enclosing hall." (Ibid. no. 86, para 1, p. 410, note 1).

v1.c6.s21.190

"One bell-dish . . . . . was presented...........to (the shrine of) Piḷḷaiyār Gaṇapatiyār in parivārālaya of the temple of the Lord Śrī Rājarājeśvara muḍaiyār........" (Ibid. no. 88, p. 412).

v1.c6.s21.191

(8) Parivāra-devatā-vistaramam liṅga-pratishṭheyaṁ māḍisidam। "He also set up a liṅga, with the associated gods, in Bandaṇika." (Ep. Carnat. vol. VII. Shikarpur Taluq, no. 242, Transl. p. 139, para 6, last two lines, Roman text, p. 248, line 1-2).

v1.c6.s21.192

PARṆA-MAṄJŪSHĀ—A basket made of leaves, an article of furniture. (M. L. 47, 132-146, see details under Bhūshaṇa).

v1.c6.s21.193

PARYAṄKA—A couch, a bedstead. Mānasāra, chap. XLIV. (named Śayana) : Bedsteads are meant for the use of deities, the twice-born and all other people : Devānāṁ cha dvi-jātīnāṁ varṇānāṁ śayanārthakam। (1). They are of two kinds—the small (bāla-paryaṅka) and the large (paryaṅka) (26, 28). The former is intended to be used by children and the latter by the grown up, the one being distinguished from the other by its size alone.

v1.c6.s21.194

The measurement and various parts of the two kinds of bedsteads are described separately (3-79).

v1.c6.s21.195

The materials of which bedsteads and seats (āsana) are generally coustructed are various kinds of timber (74).

v1.c6.s21.196

PARVATA—A class of buildings.

v1.c6.s21.197

Kūṭa-śālā-samāyuktā punaḥ pañjara-nāsikā ।\
Vedikā-jālakopetā parvatākṛitir uchyate ॥\
(Suprabhedāgama, XXXI. 52).

v1.c6.s21.198

See details under Prāsāda.

v1.c6.s21.199

PAVANA—A type of chariot.

v1.c6.s21.200

(M. XLIII. 113, see under Ratha).

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