Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s31: Sh

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s31

Language: English

Sh

v1.c6.s31.1

SHAṬ-TALA—The sixth storey, the six-storeyed buildings. Their general features (M. xxiv. 27-46). Thirteen types (ibid. 2-26, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s31.2

SHOḌAŚA-TALA—The sixteenth storey, the sixteen-storeyed gate-houses (see Gopura).

v1.c6.s31.3

Evam eva prakāreṇa kuryād āshoḍaśa-kshmakam ।
(Kāmikāgama, xxxv. 86).

v1.c6.s31.4

SHAḌ-VARGA—A group of six, six formulas, six proportions, six main component parts of a building comprising adhishṭhāna (base), pāda or stambha (column), prastara (entablature), karṇa (ear), śikhara (spire), and stūpi (dome).

v1.c6.s31.5

(1) According to the Mānasāra the Āyādi-Shaḍ-varga represents a set of six formulas with which any particular measurement must conform before it can be accepted. Mention of the Shaḍ-varga is found also in the Bimba-māna and the Āgamas. The formulas in each case, however, are not the same and differ in these several works (see below).

v1.c6.s31.6

The formulas according to the Mānasāra :

v1.c6.s31.7

| Āya | is the remainder of | (l × 8)/12 | (l for length). |
| Vyaya | ,, ,, ,, | (b × 9)/10 | (b for breadth). |
| Ṛiksha | ,, ,, ,, | (l × 8)/27 | |
| Yoni | ,, ,, ,, | (b × 3)/8 | |
| Vāra | ,, ,, ,, | (c × 9)/7 | (c for circumference, thickness or height). |
| .Tithi / Aṁśa | ,, & ,, & ,, / ,, & ,, & ,, | (c × 9)/30 / (c × 4)/9 | |

v1.c6.s31.8

Eteshāṁ grāma-rūpāṇāṁ āyādi-lakshaṇaṁ tathā ।
Nandāyāma-samūhe vā chāyate vātha vistare ।
Pariṇāhe pade vāpi āyādi-śuddhiṁ cha kārayet ।
Kechit tv-āyatane chaivam āyaṁ cha tad-dine (nakshatre) bhavet ।
Pariṇāhe tithir varaṁ vyaya-yoni(ś) cha vistare ।

v1.c6.s31.9

Vasubhir guṇitaṁ bhānur(-nunā) hānyāyāmam ashṭa-śishṭa-kam|
Ashṭābhir vardhite ṛikshaṁ(-sheṇa) hṛitvā śeshaṁ ksham ishyate|
Navabhir vardhayet paṅktiḥ(-tyā) hṛitvā śeshaṁ vyayaṁ bhavet|
Guṇa-nāgaṁ cha yoni(ḥ) syād vṛiddhi-hānyā yathā-kramam|
Nava-vṛiddhyā ṛishim(-shiṇā) hṛitvā tach-chheshaṁ vāram eva cha|
Navabhir guṇite triṁśat -(ā) kshapech chheshaṁ tithir bhavet|
(M. IX. 63-73).

v1.c6.s31.10

The six formulas include ‘aṁśa’ in the Saṁchita and Asaṁchita buildings, while in the Apasaṁchita, ‘tithi’ is included :

v1.c6.s31.11

Vakshye'haṁ jāti-harmyāṇāṁ āyādi-lakshaṇaṁ kramāt|
Pūrvoktānāṁ vimānānāṁ vistārādi-vaśādibhiḥ|
Āya-vyayaṁ cha yoniṁ cha nakshatraṁ vāraṁ aṁśakam|
Tithir vātha shaḍ etāni tathāyādi-vido viduḥ|
Saṁchitāsaṁchitānāṁ cha aṁśair āyādibhir yutam|
Apasaṁchita-harmyāṇāṁ tithy-antāni shaḍ grahīshyate|
(M. XXX. 169-174).

v1.c6.s31.12

(It should be noticed that the divisor in each case is the same in all the works under observation).

v1.c6.s31.13

The names of all the different classes of formulas, such as Āya, Vyaya, Vāra, etc., represent well known groups of objects that always follow a certain serial order. Āya represents the group of twelve beginning with Siddhi. Vyaya represents the group of ten beginning with Śikhara. Ṛiksha represents the well-known group of twenty-seven planets. Yoni represents the group of eight animals, namely, Dhvaja, Dhūma, Siṁha, Śūna, Vṛisha, Gardhava, Dantin, and Kāka. Vāra represents the group of seven days of the week. Tithi represents the group of thirty lunar days comprising fourteen of the dark half, fourteen of the light half, new moon day and the full moon day. And Aṁśa represents the group of nine beginning with Taskara:

v1.c6.s31.14

Siddhādi-dva-daśāyaḥ syāch chhikharādi-vyayaṁ daśa।
Dhvajādim ashṭa yoni(ḥ) syāt taskarādi-navāṁśakam।
Prathamādi-tithir ity-evaṁ choktavad gaṇayet sudhīḥ।
(M. xxx. 188-190).

v1.c6.s31.15

Dhvaja-dhūma siṁha-śūnaka-vṛisha-gardabhāś cha।
Dantī cha kākaś cha vasu-yoni(ḥ) yathā-krameṇa।
(M. LII. 357-358).

v1.c6.s31.16

Tach-chheshaṁ chāpi nakshatraṁ gaṇayed aśvinī-kramāt।
Śeshaṁ tad vāraṁ ity-uktam arka-vārādi-vāra-yuk।
(M. xxx. 183, 185, see context below).

v1.c6.s31.17

It should be noticed that the measurement of length is tested by the formulas under Āya and Ṛiksha, of breadth under Vyaya and Yoni, and of circumference or height under Vāra and Tithi.

v1.c6.s31.18

It will be noted that the formula in each case consists of the product of the measurement to be considered and a certain other number divided by a figure which corresponds to the number constituting the group or series under which it is placed.

v1.c6.s31.19

In each case, therefore, by resolving the formula, the remainder that may be left can be referred to that particular number in the series represented by that class, and if this happens to be one that under the conditions prevailing would be considered auspicious then the particular measurement would be acceptable, if not it would have to be rejected. For example, if in a particular instance (b× 3)/8 coming under the class Yoni, the remainder left is two, it will point to the second Yoni Dhūma. If this Yoni is stated to be inauspicious, then the particular measurement of breadth cannot be approved. If again in the formula (c×9)/7 the remainder happens to be 4, it will indicate the 4th day (Wednesday) of the week, and if it be stated to be auspicious, the circumference (c) selected satisfies the test.

v1.c6.s31.20

The auspicious and inauspicious remainders :

v1.c6.s31.21

When there is no remainder left in the formula of ‘Āya’ it increases religious merits, and when there is no remainder left in the formula of ‘Vyaya’ it is auspicious. There is no defect if the ‘Āya’ be equal to ‘Vyaya’:

v1.c6.s31.22

Āyaṁ sarva-haraṁ puṇyaṁ vyayaṁ śarva-haraṁ śubham।
Āyādhikyaṁ vyayaṁ hīnaṁ sarva-saṁpat-karaṁ sadā।
Yat-phalaṁ śubha-yuktaṁ ched āya-hīnaṁ tu dūshaṇam।
Pūjyaṁ vyayaṁ samaṁ evaṁ tatra dosho na vidyate।
(M. LXIV. 69-72).

v1.c6.s31.23

Āyaṁ sarva-haraṁ pūrṇaṁ (? puṇyaṁ) vyayaṁ sarva-gatena hi।
Āyādhikyaṁ vyayaṁ hīnaṁ sarva-saṁpat-karaṁ tathā।
Āya-hīnaṁ vyayādhikyaṁ sarva-dosha-karaṁ bhavet।
(M. IX. 75-77).

v1.c6.s31.24

Śubhadaṁ pūrṇa-nakshatraṁ aśubhaṁ karṇa-ṛikshakam।
Yugmāyugmādya-turyaṁ shad-ashṭa-nanda-śubharksha-yuk।
Dvitīya-paryāyasyārdhe gaṇanaiś cha śubhāvaham।
Sita-guru-śaśi-budha-vāraṁ evaṁ śubhaṁ bhavet।
(M. IX. 78-81).

v1.c6.s31.25

Dhvaja-siṁha-vṛisha-hastī syāt teshāṁ śubha-yonayaḥ।
Janma dvayaṁ chatuḥ-shashṭibhir ashṭa-nanda-śubha-kshāṁ।
Nāma-janmādi-nandaṁ cha gaṇanais tu vidhīyate।

v1.c6.s31.26

(Kartṛi-rāśyādi-nāśyaṁ cha sena-dvitīyāntakam।
Tṛitīye māna-j(y)akshādau pūrva-vad gaṇanais tu vā।)
Tasmāt tṛitīya-paryantaṁ ṛikshaiḥ sarva-śubhāvaham।
Guru-śukra-budhāś chandra-mukhya-vāraṁ praśasyate।
Taskaro dhana-shaṇḍaś cha preshṭāuyāni śubhāṁśakam।
Varjyaṁ shashṭāshṭamaṁ rāśim anyat sarvaṁ śubhaṁ bhavet।
Gajaḥ sarva-śubhaṁ proktaṁ mānushāsura(ṁ) varjayet।
(M. LXIV. 73-82).

v1.c6.s31.27

Gaja-yoniṁ vinā kuryāt siṁhāsanānyathā śubham।
Āyādhikyaṁ vyayaṁ hīnaṁ sarva-saṁpach-chhubhāvaham।
Āya-hīnaṁ vyayādhikyaṁ sarva saṁpad vināśanam।
(M. LV. 81-83).

v1.c6.s31.28

Dhūma-yoniś cha kākāś cha gardhavān śuno varjayet।
Anya-yoni-śubhaṁ sarve śubhāyān iha yojayet।
(M. LV. 81, 84-85).

v1.c6.s31.29

Dhvaja-siṁha-hasti-vṛisha-yoni(ḥ) śubhaṁ praśastam।
Anyeshu yonir aśubham uditaṁ purāṇaiḥ।
(M. LII. 359-360).

v1.c6.s31.30

There are other rules as well, e.g., where Āya, etc., are considered with regard to height in the Jāti class, and with regard to length in the other classes of buildings. Again Āya, etc., are considered with regard to breadth :

v1.c6.s31.31

Jāti-dvārodaye sarve chāyādi-saṁgrahaṁ bhavet।
Chhandādīnāṁ tu sarveshāṁ tāre chāyādi-saṁgraham।
Vṛiddhi-hānyādi-sarveshāṁ prāsādasyoktavad bhavet।
(M. XXXIX. 39-41).

v1.c6.s31.32

Vistāre chatur-aṅge vā shaṭ-śubhāyādi kārayet।
(M. LV. 72).

v1.c6.s31.33

The formulas also vary on different occasions :

v1.c6.s31.34

Tri-chatuḥ-pañcha-shaṭ-vṛidhyā chāshṭa hāniś cha yonayaḥ।
Shaṭ-saptāshṭaka-vṛiddhyā tu dvādaśa kshapayet budhaḥ।

v1.c6.s31.35

Śesham āyam iti proktam saptāshṭa-nava-vardhanāt ।
Daśabhiḥ kshapayech chhesham evaṁ vyayaṁ udīritam ।
Ashṭa-nanda-daśe vriddhyā sapta-viṁśe kshayo bhavet ।
Śeshaṁ dinam iti proktaṁ vriddhāshṭa-nandanādhikā ।
Saptaika-chandrage śeshaṁ vāram evam udīritaṁ ।
Tri-chatush-pañcha-vriddhyā tu kshapayet tu navāṁśakam ।
(M. LV. 73-80).
Etat tad eva saṁyuktaṁ harmyāṇāṁ māna-kalpanam ।
Shaṭ-saptāshṭaka-vriddhiḥ syād dvā-daśāntaṁ kshayaṁ nyayet
Śeshaṁ tad āyam ity-uktaṁ saṁchitādi-yathā-kramam ।
Saptāshṭa-nava-vriddhyā tu haret paṅktyā vyayaṁ bhavet ।
Eka-dvi-traya-vriddhyā tu kshapayet tv-ashṭā cha yonikam ।
Shaṭ-saptāshṭa-vriddhyā tu sapta-viṁśa-kshayo bhavet ।
Tach-chheshaṁ chāpi nakshatraṁ gaṇayed aśvinī-kramāt ।
Shashṭa-nanda-vriddhyā tu saptabhiḥ kshapayet tataḥ ।
Śeshaṁ tad vāram ity-uktam arka-vārādi-vāra-yuk ।
Tribhir vedās tu vriddhiḥ syān nanda-hāni-navāṁśakam ।
Tithi-randhroshṇa-vriddhiḥ syāt triṁśatā tu kshayo bhavet ।
(M. XXX. 177-187).
Dīrghe liṅgaṁ āyādi-shaḍ-varga-śuddhiṁ kuryāt sarvatoktavat ।
Māna-liṅge cha anyat svāyambhuvādim ananya-yuktaṁ tathāyādiṁ sarvaṁ na kuryāt ।
Ba(n)ddhādya nanda-vasu-nanda-yugena vriddhyā ।
Sāshṭārka-paṅkti-turagair muni-nanda-hānyā ।
Yonyaś cha vriddhir apy abhayaṁ cha tu vāraṁ aṁśam ।
Liṅgaikena kuryāt tu parārtha-liṅge ।
(M. LII. 351-354).

v1.c6.s31.36

Application of the rules : They are applied in measuring both the architectural and the sculptural objects.

v1.c6.s31.37

These rules are considered in connection with the measurement of villages and towns (M. IX. 67-74), of the twelve-storeyed buildings (XXX. 164-174), and of the phallus (LII. 350-356).

v1.c6.s31.38

Cf. also :

v1.c6.s31.39

Āyādi-shad-varga-(ḥ) surair (=surāṇāṁ) vimāne ।
Chāyādhikaṁ kshīṇa-vyayaṁ śubhaṁ syāt ।
Grāmādi-kartri-nṛipatika-kriyāṇām ।
Sarvaṁ śubhaṁ tat kurute tu vidvān ।
(M. XXX. 192-195).

v1.c6.s31.40

The necessity of these Shad-varaga formulas seems due to the fact that in most instances where the measurement of any object is concerned, the Āgamas, the Bimbamāna, the Mānasāra and the other works on architecture quote more dimensions than one. Thus for the length that an object is to be of, they instead of giving a single figure would quote, say, nine different measures. The Mānasāra in fact invariably gives nine different lengths, nine different breadths, and five heights concerning a building or image. Out of these different and varying measures which is to be selected would be determined by the application of the six formulas. Any of the different measures prescribed is open to be accepted only when it satisfies the tests of the Shad-varga. By a verification of the measurements with the respective formula it would eliminate the risk of dimensions being selected that would be disproportionate among themselves and improper. This might have been the purpose that the authorities had in contemplation in prescribing the rules of the Āyādi Shad-varga in all the architectural treatises. The testing of measurements by the Shad-varga thus formed one of the most important points to be followed in architecture and sculpture, and we find a reference to it in these ancient works so many times and almost without exception wherever there are any specifications prescribed.

v1.c6.s31.41

(2) Bimbamāna (British Museum, Ms. no. 558, 5292, v. 10, 11-13) :

v1.c6.s31.42

Mānaṁ tu yoni-nakshatra-saṁyuktam ॥
Āyāmāshṭa-guṇite cha dvā-daśāṁśe’ti śeshatā ।
Nandāṁśe tu guṇite’pi dharmāṁśe’ti vyayaṁ bhavet ॥
Yonir guṇibhir guṇitau(-tā) chāshṭāṁśe’pi tathaiva cha ।
Ṛikshakaṁ ashṭa-guṇitaṁ cha sapta-viṁśati-śeshataḥ ॥
Vārakaṁ nava-guṇitaṁ cha saptāṁśe tu hṛitaṁ bhavet ।
Aṁśakaṁ chābdhi-guṇite’pi nava-bhāga-hṛitaṁ matam ॥

v1.c6.s31.43

(3) Kāmikāgama (XXXVI. 13-20, 169-172) :

v1.c6.s31.44

Āyādi-sampad-arthaṁ tu vistāre chāyatau tathā ।
Utsedhe chaiva hastānāṁ samyak sampūrṇatāṁ nayet ॥ 13
Vistārāt kevalaṁ vātha vāyāmād unnates tathā ।
Vistārāyāma-saṁsargād āyādyaṁ parigṛihyatām ॥ 14
Ashṭa-tri-tri-ashṭabhir hitvāshṭa-manvarka-bhair bhajet ।
Āyo vyayaś cha yoniś cha nakshatraṁ śeshato bhavet ॥ 15
Triṁśad āpnuta paryantaṁ tithir vāṇaṁ tu saptabhiḥ ।
Athavānya-prakāreṇa chāyādyaṁ parigṛihyatām ।
Dvayor bhyāṁ dvayārdhasya vistāraṁ dvayārdhaṁ nāhaṁ tu nāhakam ॥ 16
Ashṭa-nandāgni-vasubhir gaṇayen nanda-nanda-nāha ।
Arka-dig-vasu-bhāḥ-sapta-navabhiś cha kramād bhajet ॥ 17
Āyādyaṁ pūrva-vat proktam āyādhikaṁ śubha-pradam ।
Yajamānasya yanmārkshe nānukūlaṁ yathā bhavet ॥ 18
Tathā parīkshya kartavyaṁ nāma nakshatrakaṁ tu vā ।
Parīkshya bahudhā kuryād ubhayaṁ vā parīkshayet ॥ 19
Sarvānukūlyaṁ sarvatra vāstu yasmān na labhyate ।
Tasmād guṇādhikaṁ grāhyam alpa-doshaṁ yathā bhavet ॥ 20
Eka-tri-pañcha-saptāṁśe dhvaja-siṁha-vṛisha-dvipāḥ ।
Pūrvād yāsu śubhā hy-ete āyādyas tv-anulobhataḥ ॥ 169

v1.c6.s31.45

Dvi-chatuḥ-shaḍ-vasu-sthānaṁ dhūma-śva-khara-vāyasāḥ ।
Āgneyādi vidikshv-ete varjanīyā bubhukshubhiḥ ॥ 170

v1.c6.s31.46

and so on.

v1.c6.s31.47

v1.c6.s31.48

Evam ādau parīkshyaiva prāsādaṁ parikalpayet ।
Eteshām api sarveshāṁ āyādi-vidhir uchyate ॥ 57

v1.c6.s31.49

Various rules are again given :

v1.c6.s31.50

Vistāraṁ dvi-guṇaṁ kṛitvā vasubhir bhājite sati !
Śishṭaṁ yonir iha proktā tad-abhāve tu śaudhakaḥ ॥ 58
Udaye vasubhiḥ sapta-viṁśadfhir bhaṁ ihoditam ।
Paridhau nanda-guṇite sapta-bhur dvāram uchyate ॥ 59
Sakalaṁ tri-guṇaṁ kṛitvā triṁśadbhir bhājitvā ।
Tithi-udayaṁ vasubhir bhaktvā sūryāyas(-yais) tu śesha-tah ॥ 60
Punar apy udayaṁ nanda-vasubhir vyayaḥ uchyate ।
Pādādhikaṁ tu yat śishṭaṁ tat sarvaṁ sakalaṁ bhavet ॥ 61
Pūrva-vad guṇitaṁ kṛitvā bhāgaṁ(?) bhāraṁ samaṁ kṛitvā ।
Tenaiva vibhajed yal-lābhād adhikaṁ bhavet ॥ 62
Yugma-hastaiḥ svarodbhūtaiḥ śikhibhir yonir uchyate ।
Athavānya-prakāreṇa āyādi-vidhir uchyate ॥ 63
Nāge sūtrāgni-randhra-bhuvana-daśa-vasvābdhi-śishṭas tu ।
Tat syād āyo na yonir vāraṁ vasu-hataṁ udubhir (?) bhakvā ॥ 64
Śishṭaṁ tu ṛikshaṁ hatvā bhaktvātha sūtrair bhuvanam ।
Atha phalaṁ śishṭam aṁśaṁ vasughnaṁ triṁśad bhaktam ॥ 65
Tithiḥ syād graha-dina-tithi-yogādayo yoni-bhedāḥ ।
Athavānya-prakāreṇa chāyadīn parikalpayet ॥ 66
Nāga-nanda-guṇa-nāga-nanda-dṛik-bhānu-nāḍī-vasu-bhaṁ-munir vā ।
Āyaṁ anyatra yoni-ṛikshakaṁ vāraṁ aṁśaka-guṇa-kshaya-kramāt ॥ 67

v1.c6.s31.51

Application of the rules :

v1.c6.s31.52

Idaṁ liṅge cha sakale dvāre sthambhādike matam ।
Idaṁ āyādikaṁ chārdha-maṇḍape śishṭa-maṇḍape ॥ 68
Parivārālaye tuṅga-harmye anyasmin prakalpayet ।
Evaṁ parīkshya bahudhā prāsādaṁ parikalpayet ॥ 69

v1.c6.s31.53

Ibid. lv. 28-30 :

v1.c6.s31.54

Mānaṁ labdhodayaṁ yat syāt bhaktvā mātrayor viśeshataḥ ।
Parihṛityāṅguli-chchhedyaṁ āyādyaṁ parikalpayet ॥ 28
Ashṭa-nandāgnibhiś chaiva vasu-nandā cha chatushṭayair hi ।
Guṇatvara-vidhi-mūrti-ṛiksha-sapta-navāṁśakair hi ॥ 29
Hṛityaṁ āyaṁ vyayaṁ chaiva yonis tāras tu vārakaḥ ।
Aṁśakā chāvaśishṭās tu kalpanīyās tu deśikaiḥ ॥ 30

v1.c6.s31.55

Ibid. xxxv. 21 (refers to six component parts of a building) :

v1.c6.s31.56

Adhishṭhānaṁ cha pādaṁ cha prastaraṁ karṇaṁ eva cha ।
Śikharaṁ stūpikā chaiva śālāṅgam iti kathyate ॥ 21

v1.c6.s31.57

These are called Shaḍ-varga; cf. xlv. 8 (under Puṁliṅga), 15 (under Drāviḍa), 10 (under Strīliṅga), and 11 (under Napuṁsaka).

v1.c6.s31.58

(4) Laghu-śilpa-jyotiḥ-sārat(ed. Śivarāma, I. 3-5) :

v1.c6.s31.59

Āyo rāśiś cha nakshatraṁ vyayas tārāṁśakās tathā ।
Graha-maitrī rāśi-maitrī nāḍi-vedha-gaṇendavaḥ ॥
Ādhipatyaṁ vāra-lagne tithy-utpattis tathaiva cha ।
Ādhipatyaṁ varga-vairaṁ tathaiva yoni-vairakam ॥
Ṛiksha-vairaṁ sthitir nāśo lakshaṇāny-eka-viṁśatiḥ ।
Kathitāni muni-śreshṭhaiḥ śilpa bi(vi)dbhir gṛihādishu ॥

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These Shaḍ-varga formulas are rules which are not easily grasped in the abstract form. They, however, need not be neglected if we are incapable of interpreting them correctly. While quoting a few extracts on this subject from a Tamil version of the Myen (? Mayamata) Rev. J. F. Kearns, Missionary, Tanjore, lost his temper and priestly patience and has recorded the following :

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“Strange as all this appears to us Europeans, natives regard these things as matters of great importance.” (Ind. Ant. vol. v. p. 296, c. 1, last para).

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I fear whether the learned missionary understood the importance of the matters correctly. We may, however, compare in the absence of the Tamil text his translation (ibid. p. 295-296) :

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“Ascertain the length of the house, square it, multiply the sum by 8, and divide the product by 12, the remainder is the (Ādāyam?) or profit. Again, take the square number and multiply it by 9, divide the product by 10, the remainder is the Śelavu or loss (i.e., Vyaya). Again, take the square number and multiply it by 27, and divide the product by 100, the remainder is the age or durability of the house. Again, take the square number, multiply it by 8, and divide the product by 27, the remainder is the star (i.e., Riksha). Again, multiply the square number by 3, and divide the product by 8, the remainder is the Yoni. Multiply the square number by 9, and divide the product by 7, the remainder is the day (i.e., Vāra). Multiply the square number by 9, and divide the product by 4, the remainder is the caste. Multiply the square number by 4, and divide the product by 9, the remainder is the Aṁśam. Multiply the square number by 9, and divide the product by 30, the remainder is the Tithi.”

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“If this falls within 15, it belongs to the crescent moon, but if above 15 to the decrescent moon. Again, multiply the square number by 4, and divide the product by 12, the remainder is the constellation. Multiply the square number by 8, and divide the product by 5, the remainder gives the Sūtra. The following are the Yonis :—Garuḍa, (Punai ?) Siṁha, Noy, Pāmbu, Eli, Aṇi, Muśl : of these (Punai?) (cat), Eli (rat), and Muśl (hare) are bad. The following are the Aṁśams :—Arsam, Soram, Putthi, Satthi, Thanium, Rāsium,

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Kalibam, Varuttham, Rokam, and Subām. The following are the Sūtras : (Bālan ?) (Kumāran ?) Rājan, Kilavan, Maranan."

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The following examples are given to illustrate the foregoing :

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"Given the length of the house 11 cubits, and the width 5 cubits, to find the age,—that is to say, how many years such a house will stand. By the rule 11×5=55, and 55×27=1485, 1485÷100=14, the remainder being 85,—which remainder indicates the number of years the house will stand."

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"Given the length of a house 15 cubits, and the width 7 cubits, to find the caste for whom it is suitable, 15×7=105, 105×9=945, and 945÷4=236, remainder 1. The remainder 1 indicates the first caste, i.e., Brāhmans."

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"Given the length of the house 17 cubits, and the width 7, to ascertain the caste for whom it is suitable, 17×7=119, 119×9=1071, and 1071÷4=267, remainder 3. The remainder 3 denotes the third or Vaiśya caste."

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"The next example exhibits the entire series. Given the length of the house 9 cubits, width 3 cubits, to find the (Ādāyam) and Śelavu, etc., etc. By the rule 9×3=27, 27×8=216, and 216÷12=18,—12=(Ādāyam) 27×9=243, and 243÷10=24, remainder 3,—which is the Śelavu or loss, and so on according to the rule. The Yoni is Garuḍa, the star Revatī, the part of the lunar month the third day, the day of the week Thursday, the constellation Pisces, and the caste Vaiśya."

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SHOḌAŚA-PRATIMĀ—The sixteen images, a group of sixteen deities.

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Cf. Purato’sya shoḍaśānāṁ vara-gaṇikānāṁ dvi-bhūmika-gṛihāṇi āli-dvayena—" in front of the temple he erected two rows of double-storied houses for sixteen female attendants "

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**SHOḌAŚA-MANDIRA-CHAKRA**—The plan of a house having a quadrangular courtyard in the centre and comprising sixteen halls or rooms (mandira):

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(1) In the north-east corner is stated to be (1) the family chapel (deva-gṛiha); in the east (2) the room for all things (sarva-vastu-gṛiha), (3) the bath room (snāna-gṛiha), and (4) the room for churning milk (dadhi-manthana); in the south-east corner (5) the kitchen; in the south (6) the Bṛi(Vṛi)tasagṛiha (?), (7) the Śaina-gṛiha, (? Śauna = meat kept at a slaughter house), and (8) the lavatory (purīsha-gṛiha); in the south-west corner (9) the library (śāstra-gṛiha); in the west (10) the study (vidyābhyāsa-gṛiha), (11) the dining-hall (bhojana-gṛiha), and (12) the weeping-room (rodana-gṛiha); in the north-west corner (13) the granary (dhānya-gṛiha); in the north (14) the bedroom (saṁbhoga-gṛiha, or the house for enjoying one self in), (15) the store-room (dravya-gṛiha), and (16) the room for invalids or medicine (aushadha-gṛiha).

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(Vāstu-tattva, Lahore 1853, p. 1 f.).

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(2) > Sthā(?Snā)nāgaraṁ diśi prāchyāṁ āgneyyāṁ pachanālayam ।

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Yāmyāyāṁ śayanāgāraṁ nairṛityāṁ śāstra-mandiram ॥
Pratīchyāṁ bhojanāgāraṁ vāyavyāṁ paśu-mandiram ।
Bhāṇḍa-kośaṁ chottarasyāṁ a(ī)śinyāṁ deva-mandiram ॥

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(Vāstu-pravandha, II. 25, 26, compiled by Rajakisora Varmma).

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(3) Almost same plan as (1) :

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Īśānyāṁ devatā-gehaṁ pūrvasyāṁ snāna-mandiram ।
Āgneyyāṁ pāka-sadanaṁ dravyāgāraṁ tathottare ॥
Āgneya-pūrvayor madhye dadhi-manthana-mandiraṁ ।
Agni-preteśayor madhye ājya-gehaṁ praśasyate ॥
Yāmya-nairṛityayo(r) madhye purīsha-tyāga-mandiram ।
Nairṛityāṁ-bu(?)payor madhye vidyābhāsasya-mandiram ॥

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Paśchimānilayor madhye rodanārthaṁ gṛihaṁ smṛitam ।
Vāyavottarayo(r) madhye rati-gehaṁ praśasyate ॥
Uttareśānayor madhye aushadhārthaṁ tu kārayet ।
Nairṛityāṁ sūtikā-gehaṁ nṛipāṇāṁ bhūtim ichchhatām ॥
(Śilpa-śāstra-sāra-saṁgraha, ix. 24-28).

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(5) Another similar plan :

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Iśāne devatāgāraṁ tathā śānti-gṛihaṁ bhavet ॥
Mahānasaṁ tathāgneye tat-pārśve chottare jalaṁ ।
Gṛihasyopaskaraṁ sarvaṁ nairṛitye sthāpayed budhaḥ ॥
Ba(n)dha-sthānam bahiḥ kuryāt snāna-maṇḍapaṁ eva cha ।
Dhana-dhānyaṁ cha vāyavye karmma-śālāṁ tato bahiḥ ॥
Evāṁ vāstu-viśeshaḥ syād gṛiha-bharttuḥ śubhāvahaḥ ॥
(Matsyā-Purāṇa, chap. 256, v. 33-36).

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In this plan, it should be noticed, the bandha-sthāna (lit. place to bind in ; ? slaughter-house, vadha-sthāna), the bath-room and the office (karmma-śālā) are directed to be built outside (the residential building proper).

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(6) Pūrvāyāṁ śrī-gṛihaṁ proktam āgneyyāṁ vai mahānasam । Śayanaṁ dakshiṇasyāṁ tu nairṛityām āyudhāśrayam ॥ Bhojanaṁ paśchimāyāṁ tu vāyavyāṁ dhānya-saṁgrahaḥ । Uttare dravya-saṁsthānam aiśānyāṁ devatā-gṛiham ॥ Chatuḥ-śālaṁ tri-śālaṁ vā dvi-śālaṁ chaika-śālakam । Chatuḥ-śāla-gṛihāṇāṁ tu śālālindaka-bhedataḥ ॥ (Agni-Purāṇa, chap. 106, v. 18-20).

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This plan is specially meant for houses in towns, etc. (cf. v. 1-12).

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(7) Gṛiha-vāstu-pradīpa (Lucknow, 1901) quotes from some authority without mentioning his name the following : Atha nṛipāṇāṁ shoḍaśa-gṛiha-rachanopāyaḥ । Snāna-pāka-śayanātra-bhujesva(?)-dhānya-bhāṁḍāra-daivata-gṛihāṇi cha pūrvata(ḥ) syuḥ । Tan-madhyas tu mathana-ājya-purīsha-vidyābhyāsākhya-rodana-rataushadha-sarva-dhāma ॥ (8) Yet another similar plan :

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Aiśānyāṁ pachana-sthānaṁ brāhmaṇānāṁ vidhīyate ।
And of the Kshatriyas to the south-east, of the Vaiśyas to the south-west, and of the Śūdras to the north-west (v. 177-178).
Pūrvasyāṁ bhojana-sthānam āgneyyāṁ tu mahānasam ।
Yāmyāyāṁ śayana-sthānaṁ nairṛityāṁ āyudhālayaḥ ॥ 179
Maitra-sthānaṁ tu tatra tatra vāruṇyām udakālayaḥ ।
Goshṭhāgāraṁ cha vāyavyām uttarasyāṁ dhanālayaḥ ॥ 180
Nitya-naimittikārthaṁ syād aiśānyāṁ yāga-maṇḍapam
Kāñji-lavaṇayoḥ pātraṁ prāg-udag-diśi vinyaset ॥ 181
Antarikshe' pi vā chullyulūkhali savitā api ।
Anna-prāśanam āryāṁśe chendrāgnyāṁ cha savitrake ॥ 182
Vivasvad-aṁśe śravaṇaṁ vivādo maitra-deśake ।
Kshaudram indrajaye vidyād vāyau some cha vā bhavet ॥ 183
Vitathopanayoś chaiva pitṛi-dauvārike pade ।
Sugrīve pushpa-dante cha prasūti-gṛiham ishyate ॥ 184
Apavatse tu kośaḥ syāt kuṇḍam āpe vidhīyate ॥ 184a
Aṅkaṇaṁ tu mahendrāṁśe peshaṇī cha mahīdhare ॥ 185
Arishṭāgāram ishṭaṁ syāt tatropaskāra-bhūmikam ॥ 186
Vāhanaṁ dvāra-yāme syāt snāna-śālā cha vāruṇe ।
Asure dhānya-vāsaḥ syād āyudhād (?) indra-rājake ॥ 187
Mitravāsas tathā mitre roge volūkhalaṁ matam ।
Bhūdhare kośa-gehaṁ syān nāgāṁśe ghṛitam aushadham ॥
188
Jayante chāpavatse cha parjanye cha śive kramāt ।
Visha-pratyaushadhaṁ chaiva kūpe deva-gṛihaṁ bhavet ॥
189
Ṛiksha-bhallāṭa-someshu bhaved āsthāna-maṇḍapam ॥ 191

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(*Kāmikāgama*, xxxv. 177-191).

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(9) Compare the *Mānasāra*, xl. 71-111 (antaḥ-śālā, or houses in the inner court, 112-153 (bahiḥ-śālā, or buildings forming part of the palace in the outer court).

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(See under Rāja-harmya).

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SHOḌAŚĀŚ(-S)RA—A type of building which has sixteen-angular shape, one storey and one cupola.
(1) Bṛihat-saṁhitā ({\sc lvi}. 28, J. R. A. S., N. S., vol. {\sc vi}, p. 320, note 1, see under Prāsāda).
(2) Matsya-Purāṇa (chap. 269, v. 29, 53, see under Prāsāda).
(3) Bhavishya-Purāṇa (chap. 130, v. 25, see under Prāsāda).

Linked texts (7)

Agnipurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Mānasāra — Sanskrit
Kāmikāgama — Sanskrit
Matsyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Bṛhatsaṃhitā — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit
Bhaviṣyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Vāstuyāgatattva — Raghunandana, Sanskrit