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Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s32: S

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s32

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English

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v1.c6.s32.1

SAKALA—An idol, a group of images of four deities including Iśvara, a ground-plan.
(1) A ground-plan (M. {\sc vii}. 2, 51, 73, {\sc xii}. 64, see Pada-vinyāsa).
(2) An image or idol (M. {\sc lxiv}. 48).
(3) Suprabhedāgama ({\sc xxxiv}., named Sakala-lakshaṇa-vidhi, 1, 2) :

v1.c6.s32.2

Athātaḥ saṁpravakshyāmi sakalānāṁ tu lakshaṇam ।
Sarvāvayava-dṛiśyatvāt pratimā tv-iti chochyate ॥
Īśvarādi-chatur mūrttiḥ paṭhyate sakalaṁ tv-iti ॥

v1.c6.s32.3

SATĪ-MAṆḌAPA—A kind of pavilion where perhaps certain ceremonies used to be performed in connection with the obsolete practice of burning alive a devoted wife with her dead husband, the temple of the goddess Durgā or Satī who was the wife of Śiva and a daughter of Daksha.

v1.c6.s32.4

Arbhakānāṁ mukhālokam maṇḍapam satī-maṇḍapam ।
(M. {\sc xxxiv}. 41).

v1.c6.s32.5

SATYA-KĀNTA—A class of eight-storeyed buildings. (M. {\sc xlvi}. 43-45, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.6

SATRA(-TTRA)—(cf. Chhatra, Chhatri)—The modern Dharma-śālā, a rest house, a residence, an alms-house.
(1) Alms-house (Dewal Praśasti of Lalla the Chhinda, v. 20, Ep. Ind. vol. {\sc i}. pp. 79, 83).
(2) Hall of charity (Stone Inscrip. at Vaghli in Kandesh, no. C, lines 4, 12, Ep. Ind. vol. {\sc ii}. pp. 226, 227).
(3) See Śrīdhara's Devapattana Praśasti (verse 10, Ep. Ind. vol. {\sc ii}. p. 440).
(4) Rest-house (Nilgund Inscrip. of Taila {\sc ii}, line 30, Ep. Ind. vol. {\sc iv}. pp. 207, 208).

v1.c6.s32.7

(5) Chitrais satrā[l,yair yyasya pṛithivyāṁ prathita-yaśasaḥ ।
Bubhukshu-bhikshu-saṁghāta-prabhūta-prīti-hetubhiḥ ॥

v1.c6.s32.8

(Two Pillar Inscrip. at Amaravati, no. A, of Keta II, v. 40, Ep. Ind. vol. VI. p. 152).

v1.c6.s32.9

(6) A feeding establishment :

v1.c6.s32.10

Deva-bhogārthaṁ cha deva-kulebhyaḥ khaṇḍa-sphuṭitādi-nimittaṁ gandha-dhūpa-pushpa-dīpa-naivedādy-upachārārthaṁ tapovana-sattrottarāsaṅga-dānādy-arthaṁ cha . . . . . ।

v1.c6.s32.11

(Cambay plates of Govinda IV, line 48, Ep. Ind. vol. VII. pp. 40-45).

v1.c6.s32.12

(7) Bilvapadrake parikalpita-sattra-bhoktṝiṇāṁ yathā-prāpta-brāhmaṇādi-janānāṁ triṁśataḥ pratyaham upabhogāya . . . "In order to feed daily thirty Brāhmaṇas or other men who happen to arrive (and) who use the rest-house established at Bilvapadraka." (Baloda Plates of Tivaradeva, lines 26-27, Ep. Ind. vol. VII. pp. 105, 107).

v1.c6.s32.13

(8) A charitable dining-hall of a temple :

v1.c6.s32.14

Śrī-Sarvva-lokāśraya-jina-bhavana-khyāta-satrārttham—"for the purpose of the renowned dining-hall of the holy and famous Jain temple called Sarvalokāśraya-Jina-bhavana."

v1.c6.s32.15

(Kaluchumbarru Grant of Amma II, line 60, Ep. Ind. vol. VII. pp. 188, 191, 179).

v1.c6.s32.16

(9) Khaṇḍa-sphuṭa-nava-kṛityopili-prapūjādi-sattra-siddhyartham। "For the cost of repairs of breaks and cracks, offerings, worship, etc., and of an alm-house." (Maliyapundi Grant of Ammaraja II, line 54, Ep. Ind. vol. IX. pp. 54, 56).

v1.c6.s32.17

(10) Drākshārāme pāvane puṇya-bhājā puṇya-kshetre Pīṭhapuryyāṁ cha yena ।
Bhoktuṁ prītyā pratyahaṁ brāmhaṇānām ākalpānittaṁ alpitaṁ sattra-yugmam ॥

v1.c6.s32.18

"At holy Drākshārāma and at the sacred place of Pīṭhapurī, this charitable one joyfully founded two sattras for Brāmhaṇas, in order that they might daily enjoy their meals (there) till the end of the Kalpa."

(Eastern Chalukya Grants, no. 39, a Grant of Vira-Choda, v. 33. H. S. I. I. vol. I. pp. 56, 61; see also quotation no. 16 below).

v1.c6.s32.19

(11) "The hiraṇya-garbha, brahmâṇḍa, and all the other great gifts prescribed in the śāstras had he made,—wells, ponds, tanks, with satras from road to road, had he established—and temples of the gods he had made."

v1.c6.s32.20

(Ep. Carnat. vol. XII. Kunigal Taluq, no. 37, Transl. p. 38, para 3).

v1.c6.s32.21

(12) "Having allotted to the avasara-satra of the god śrī-Hariharadeva two shares of the village...."

v1.c6.s32.22

"Satra—oblation, charity, asylum or alms-house, charitable dining hall; 'avasara-satra' seems to mean an occasional satra" Dr. Fleet.

v1.c6.s32.23

(But 'rest-house' as opposed to both resting and dining hall would perhaps give better meaning.)

v1.c6.s32.24

(Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscrip. no. VI, Ind. Ant. vol. IV. p. 329, c. 1, line 3 f., and foot note).

v1.c6.s32.25

(13) Sa prāsādāṁ achīkarad divishadāṁ Kedāra-devasya cha khyātasyottara-mānasasya khananaṁ sattraṁ tathā chākshaye |

v1.c6.s32.26

"He caused to be built a temple of the inhabitants of heaven called........and of the god Kedāra; he likewise had the famous Uttara-mānasa (tank) dug, and (established) a hall of charity, to last for ever."

v1.c6.s32.27

(Gaya Inscrip. of Yakshapala, v. 12, Ind. Ant. vol. XVI. pp. 65, 66).

v1.c6.s32.28

(14) "A grant of land for a satra for feeding twelve Brāhmans in front of the maṭha on the bank of the Tungabhadra." (Ep. Carnat. vol. vi. Koppa Taluq, no. 32 Transl. p. 81, Roman text, p. 176-177).

v1.c6.s32.29

(15) He halting at Mārasinga's Behūr, constructed there the Birudasarvvajña-gaṭṭa and other tanks; and to provide a satra for food for the students in the maṭha of the god Mallikārjuna there...........made a grant of land." (Ep. Carnat. vol. vii. Shikarpur Taluq, no. 19, Transl. p. 43, Roman text, p. 98).

v1.c6.s32.30

(16) Drākshārāme pāvane puṇya-bhājā puṇya-kshetre Pīṭhapuryyāṁ cha yena.......kalpitaṁ sattra-yugam, (cf. no. 10 above). "At the pure Drākshārāma and at Pīṭhapurī, a place of sanctity, he established two sattras." (Chellur Grant of Vīra-Choḷadeva, line 97-98, Ind. Ant. vol. xix. pp. 432, 436).

v1.c6.s32.31

SATRA-MAṆḌAPA—A type of pavilion, the alms-house of a temple. Vāpi (? Kapi)-nirgamane yena pūrvataḥ satra-maṇḍapam | (Garuḍa-Purāṇa, chap. 46, v. 14).

v1.c6.s32.32

SATRĀVĀSA-MAṬHA—A monastery, a free rest-house. Chatushkoṇe tapasvināṁ satrāvāsa-maṭhaṁ bhavet | (M. xxxii. 89).

v1.c6.s32.33

SADANA—A seat, a sacrificial hall, a temple, a house, a mansion, a palace, the abode of the god of death (Yama).
(1) A temple (Dabhoi Inscrip. v. 111, Ep. Ind. vol. i. p. 31).
(2) Sura-sadana (Dewal Praśasti of Lalla, v. 20, Ep. Ind. vol. i. p. 79).
(3) Sadanaṁ atula-nāthasyoddhṛitaṁ yena jīrṇṇaṁ | "By whom the (old) temple of Atula-nātha was repaired." (An Abu Inscrip. of the reign of Bhīmadeva ii, v. 10, Ind. Ant. vol. xi. pp. 221, 222).

v1.c6.s32.34

(4) Sārasvataṁ krīḍā-ketanam etad atra vidadhe |
Sārasvataṁ sadanam akshayam etad astu |

v1.c6.s32.35

(Sanskrit Grants and Inscrip. no. I, v. 33, 34, Ind. Ant. vol. xi. pp. 103, 106).

v1.c6.s32.36

SADĀŚIVA—A class of four-storeyed buildings. (M. xxii. 25-33, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.37

SADMAN—A seat, an altar, a temple, an abode, a dwelling, a house. Chakre nava-niviḍa-viśāle sadmani Śūlapāṇeḥ—"built a new solid large temple of Śūla-pāṇi." Śambhoḥ sadmani stambha-mālāṁ....vyātatāna—"erected a row of pillars in the temple of Śambhu." (An Abu Inscrip. of the reign of Bhimadeva II, v. 10, 12, Ind. Ant. vol. xi. pp. 221, 222).

v1.c6.s32.38

SANDHI—A joint, a connection, a combination, a junction.

v1.c6.s32.39

Eka-śālānu-sandhiś cha dvi-śālā chaika-sandhikam |
Tri-śālā cha dvi-sandhiḥ syāch chatuḥ-sandhiś chatur-mukham |
Shaṭ-sandhiḥ sapta-sālā cha bahu-sandhi(r) daśālayam |

v1.c6.s32.40

(M. xxxv. 73-74).

v1.c6.s32.41

SANDHI-KARMAN—The joinery, the framing or joining of wood for the internal and external finishings of houses: thus the covering and lining of rough walls, the covering of rough timbers, the manufacture of doors, shutters, sashes, stairs, and the like, are classed under the head of joinery. (See Guilt, Encycl. of Arch. p. 1214). Mānasāra (chap. xvii., named Sandhi-karman, 2-225) : The definition : Harmyāṇāṁ dāru-saṁyogaṁ sandhi-karma (m)udīritam | (2). Various kinds of joinery are described under the following names : Malla made with two pieces of wood, Brahma-rāja with three or four pieces, Veṇu-parvan with five pieces, Pūga-parvan with six pieces, Deva with seven pieces, Parvan with eight pieces, and Daṇḍa with more than eight pieces of wood and other materials (line 18 f.).

v1.c6.s32.42

Forms of the joinery are described under the titles Nandyāvarta and Svastika (59-60), etc., see details (18-58, 61-225).

v1.c6.s32.43

SANDHI-BANDHA—A bond of union, a material that makes two bodies stick together, cement, mortar.

v1.c6.s32.44

Saṁsthāpyāpi na tasya tushṭir abhavad yāvad Bhavānī-gṛihaṁ
suślishṭāmala-sandhi-bandha-ghaṭitaṁ ghaṇṭā-ninādojjvalam |
"Not satisfied with the erection (of this image only, the pious man) caused to be built a shrine of Bhavānī, which was joined with a very adhesive and bright cement, resplendent with the sounds of bells."
(Benares Inscrip. of Pantha, v. 5, Ep. Ind. vol. IX, pp. 61-62).

v1.c6.s32.45

SAPTA-TALA—(see Tala)—The seventh storey, seven-storeyed buildings.

v1.c6.s32.46

Etat sapta-talaṁ proktaṁ rājñām āvāsa-yogyaklam |
(Kāmikāgama, XXXV. 84).

v1.c6.s32.47

The seven storeyed-buildings are described in a separate chapter in the Mānasāra:

v1.c6.s32.48

Description of the seventh storey (M. XXV. 2-23, 32-39), the eight classes (ibid. 3-31), see under Prāsāda.

v1.c6.s32.49

SAPTA-TĀLA—(see Tāla-māna)—A system of measurement in accordance with which the whole body is seven times the face inclusive of head.

v1.c6.s32.50

(Śukranīti, chap. IV. sect. IV, ed. Jivananda Vidyāsāgara, p. 359, see details under Tāla).

v1.c6.s32.51

SAPTA-BHŪMI-(KA)—(see Sapta-tala)—The seventh storey, seven-storeyed buildings.

v1.c6.s32.52

Rāja-kanyām...sapta-bhūmika-prāsāda-prānta-gatām |

v1.c6.s32.53

SAPTA-SĀLĀ—A seven-fold wall.

v1.c6.s32.54

Madhya-sūtram tu vāme tu harmya-dvāram prakalpayet ।
Tad-bahiḥ parito-deśe sapta-sālāṁ prakalpayet ।
Narāvāsārtha-rathyā cha prākāra-dvaya-maṇḍitam ।
(M. xxxi. 81-83).

v1.c6.s32.55

SABHĀ—A type of building, an edifice, a public hall, an assembly room, a council chamber.

v1.c6.s32.56

(1) A class of buildings:

v1.c6.s32.57

Prāsāda-maṇḍapaṁ chaiva sabhā-śālā-prapāṁ tathā ।
(A)raṅgam iti chaitāni harmyaṁ uktam purātanaiḥ ।
(M. iii. 7-8).
Śikhare chāvṛite’pare sabhā-maṇḍapa-gopure ।
(M. xviii. 200).

v1.c6.s32.58

A public hall:

v1.c6.s32.59

Maṇḍapaṁ sabhāṁ vāpi grāma-yogyaṁ yathā-diśi ।
Nagare cha yathākāraṁ dvi-guṇātyarthakāyatam ।
(M. xxxiv. 562-563).
Bhūdhare chāsure vāpi sabhā-sthānaṁ prakalpayet ।
(M. viii. 34).

v1.c6.s32.60

(2) A council chamber:

v1.c6.s32.61

Tato vichintya manasā loka-nāthaḥ Prajāpatiḥ ।
Chodayamāsa tvaṁ Kṛishṇaḥ sabhā vai kriyatām iti ॥
Yadi tvaṁ kartukāmo’si priyaṁ śilpa-vatāṁ vara ।
Dharmma-rājasya daiteya yādṛiśīm iha manyase ॥
Yāṁ kṛitāṁ nānukurvanti mānavāḥ prekshyādhishṭhitāḥ ।
Manushya-loke sakale tādṛiśīṁ kuru vai sabhām ॥
Yatra divyān abhiprāyān paśyema hi kṛitāṁs tvayā ।
Āsurān mānushāṁś chaiva sabhāṁ tāṁ kuru vai Maya ॥
Pratigṛihya tu tad vākyaṁ saṁprahṛishṭo Mayas tadā ।
Vimāna-pratimāṁ chakre Pāṇḍavasya śubhāṁ sabhām ॥

v1.c6.s32.62

The penultimate verse is explained by the commentator Nīlakaṇṭha:

v1.c6.s32.63

Āsurān mānushān ity upalakshaṇaṁ deva-gandharvādīnām apy abhiprāyān lepa-chitre lekhya-chitre cha chaturdaśa-bhuvanāntarastha-tat-taj-jātīya-svābhāvika-nānā-vidha-

v1.c6.s32.64

līlā-pradarśanena manovṛittiḥ paśyema yad-darśanena brahmāṇḍāntara-varti-sarvaṁ vastu-jātaṁ drishṭa-prāyaṁ bhavatīty arthaḥ ।

v1.c6.s32.65

(Mahābhārata, Sabhā-parvan, chap. I. v. 9-13).

v1.c6.s32.66

See also the description of the Indra-sabhā (ibid. chap. VII), Yama-sabhā (chap. VIII), Varuṇa-sabhā (chap. IX), Kubera-sabhā (chap. X), and Brahma-sabhā (chap. XI).

v1.c6.s32.67

Sabbā.......divyā hema-mayair uchchaiḥ prāsādair upaśobhitā ।

v1.c6.s32.68

(Ibid. II. 10, 3).

v1.c6.s32.69

(3) Chatur-bhāga-dvi-bhāgena pṛishṭhāvāsa-sabhāṁ nayet ॥ Agra-kūṭa-dvayor madhye śālāḥ pṛishṭha-sabhā yathā ॥ Pṛishṭhāvāsa-sabhā tad-vad anyat sarvam adhas-tale ॥

v1.c6.s32.70

(Kāmikāgama, XXXV. 73, 74, 76).

v1.c6.s32.71

Definition :

v1.c6.s32.72

Mūla-kūṭa-samāyuktā vāṇa-kūṭa-samanvitā ॥ Kachchha ( = keśa)-gṛiha-samāyuktā sabheti parikīrtitā ॥

v1.c6.s32.73

(Ibid. XXXV. 4, 95).

v1.c6.s32.74

Brahma-sthāne sabhādīni kalpayed vidhinā budhaḥ ॥

v1.c6.s32.75

(Ibid. XXVIII. 15).

v1.c6.s32.76

(4) "Mārtaṇḍa-varmā, the king of Keraḷa, desirous of extensive prosperity, fame and long life, built the sabhā of Śambhu (Śiva) at Śuchīndram."

v1.c6.s32.77

Sthāne mānī-śuchīndre samakuruta sabhāṁ Kerala-kshmāpatīndraḥ।

v1.c6.s32.78

(Inscrip. in the Pagodas of Tirukurunguḍi, in Tinnevelly, and of Śuchīndram, in South Travancore, Ind. Ant. vol. II. p. 361, c. 2: v. 1; p. 362, para. 1).

v1.c6.s32.79

(5) "The word (Sabhā) denotes also (i.e., other than a regular assembly or meeting) a 'hall' or a 'house.' Dr. Bhandarka

v1.c6.s32.80

(Ind. Ant. vol. XII. p. 145, c. 2. line 9 f).

v1.c6.s32.81

(6) Śrī-raṁga-kāñchana-sabhā yathā-puram abhāsayat ।

v1.c6.s32.82

"The regilded (central shrine of the temple at) Śrīraṅgam and the golden hall (at Chidambaram)."
(Ariyur Plates of Virupaksha, lines 21-22, Ind. Ant. vol. XXXVIII. pp. 14; 12, para 4, line 6).

v1.c6.s32.83

MA-MĀLIKĀ—A class of buildings.

v1.c6.s32.84

(Kāmikāgama, XLV., see under Mālikā).

v1.c6.s32.85

SAMA—(see Samudga)—A type of rectangular building.

v1.c6.s32.86

(Agni-Purāṇa, chap. 104, v. 16-17, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.87

SAMA-BHAṄGA—(see Bhaṅga)—A pose, in this type the right and left of the figure are disposed symmetrically, the figure seated or standing being poised firmly on both legs without inclining to right or left.

v1.c6.s32.88

SAMUDGA—A type of round building.

v1.c6.s32.89

Cf. Vṛittaḥ Samudga-nāmā ।
(1) Bṛihat-saṁhitā (chap. LVI. 23, J. R. A. S., N. S., vol. VI. p. 319, see under Prāsāda).
(2) Matsya-Purāṇa (chap. 269, v. 38, 53, see under Prāsāda).
(3) Bhavishya-Purāṇa (chap. 130, v. 30, 24, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.90

SAMUDRA—A type of building.

v1.c6.s32.91

(1) Matsya-Purāṇa (chap. 269, v. 38, 53, see under Prāsāda).
(2) Bhavishya-Purāṇa (chap. 130, v. 24, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.92

SARORUHA—A type of building, a moulding.

v1.c6.s32.93

A moulding of the pedestal (M. XIII. 76, etc).
See Padma and compare the lists of mouldings under 'Upapīṭha' and 'Adhishṭhāna.'
A class of six-storeyed buildings (M. XXIV. 47, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.94

SARVA-KALYĀṆA—A class of buildings.

v1.c6.s32.95

SARVA-KĀMIKA—(see Utsedha)—Also called ‘dhanada’, a height which is 1 ¾ of the breadth. (See M. xxxv. 22-26, and cf. Kāmikāgamā, L. 24-28, under Adbhuta).

v1.c6.s32.96

SARVATO-BHADRA—A type of building, pavilion, hall, entablature, window, phallus; a joinery, a four-fold image one on each side of a four-faced column; a village, a town, having a surrounding road and entrances on four sides; a house furnished with surrounding terraces.

v1.c6.s32.97

(1) Apratishiddhālindaṁ samantato vāstu sarvato-bhadram। Nṛipa-vibudha-samūhānāṁ kāryaṁ dvāraiś chaturbhir api॥ “An edifice with uninterrupted terraces on every side is termed Sarvato-bhadra (i.e. goodly on every side); such a one is fit for kings and gods, and ought to have four entrances.” (Bṛihat-saṁhitā, LIII. 31, J. R. A. S., N. S., vol. VI. p. 285).

v1.c6.s32.98

“Sarvato-bhadra is the name of a kind of building, which has four entrances, many spires or turrets (śikhara), many beautiful dormer windows and five storeys, and is 26 cubits broad.” (Ibid. LVI. 27, J. R. A. S., N. S., vol. VI. p. 320).

v1.c6.s32.99

(2) Matsya-Purāṇa (chap. 269, v. 29, 34, 35, 48, 53, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.100

(3) Bhavishya-Purāṇa (chap. 130, v. 34, see under Prāsāda). A type of quadrangular building:

v1.c6.s32.101

(4) Agni-Purāṇa (chap. 104, v. 14-15, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.102

(5) Garuḍa-Purāṇa (chap. 47, v. 24-25, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.103

(6) Sarvato-bhadram ashṭāsyaṁ—the Sarvato-bhadra house (śālā) has eight faces. (Kāmikāgama, XXXV. 88).

v1.c6.s32.104

An entablature (ibid. LIV. 8).

v1.c6.s32.105

(7) A class of villages (M. IX. 2, 126 f).

v1.c6.s32.106

A type of prastara or entablature (M. XVI. 185).

v1.c6.s32.107

A kind of joinery (M. XVII. 53).

v1.c6.s32.108

A class of maṇḍapa or pavilions (M. XXXIV. 555).

v1.c6.s32.109

A type of śālā or hall (M. XXXV. 4).

v1.c6.s32.110

A class of windows (M. XXXIII. 583).

v1.c6.s32.111

A kind of phallus (M. LII. 114).

v1.c6.s32.112

(8) Sarvato-bhadra-devālaya—"according to Varāhamihira (Bṛihat-saṁhitā, LVI. 27) it means a temple with four doors and many spires, i. e., such a one which looks equally pleasing from all sides."

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(Ep. Ind. vol. I. p. 382, note 50).

v1.c6.s32.114

(9) Sarvato-bhadra-chatur-mukha-ratna-traya-rūpa-tri-bhuvana-tilaka-Jina-chaityālaya vanu |

v1.c6.s32.115

"The Tribhuvana Jina chaityālaya temple...........(which is) auspicious on every side, has four faces (and) is the embodiment of the three jewels (of the Jainas)."

v1.c6.s32.116

(Karkala Inscrip. of Bhairava II, line 17, Ep. Ind. vol. VIII. pp. 132, 135).

v1.c6.s32.117

(10) Nayana-mano-haraḥ Sarvvato-bhadraḥ |

v1.c6.s32.118

"Apperently the name of a hall in the first storey of the cave temple."

v1.c6.s32.119

(The Pallava Inscrip. of the seven Pagodas, no. 13, Ep. Ind. vol. X. p. 7).

v1.c6.s32.120

(11) Sarvato-bhadra-pratimā—"literally an image lovely on all sides, is apparently a technical term for an 'four fold image,' one being carved on each side of a four-faced column."

v1.c6.s32.121

(Jaina Inscrip. from Mathura, no. 11, Ep. Ind. vol. I. p. 382, foot notes 50, 51).

v1.c6.s32.122

SAHĀYA-DURGA—A kind of fort.

v1.c6.s32.123

(See details under Durga).

v1.c6.s32.124

SAHASRA-LIṄGA—A thousand-phalli, a group of phalli of Śiva.

v1.c6.s32.125

“ Set up on the colonnade to the west a row of liṅgas forming the thousand liṅgas.”

v1.c6.s32.126

(Ep. Carnat. vol. IV. Chamrajnagar Taluq, no. 86, Transl. p. 11, line 9, Roman text, p. 18, line 14).

v1.c6.s32.127

SAṀKĪRṆA—A type of building, houses built with a certain number of materials, a joinery.

v1.c6.s32.128

Buildings made of more than two materials (M. XVIII. 139, etc. see under Vimāna and Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.129

A class of buildings (Kāmikāgama, XLV. 62, see under Mālikā).

v1.c6.s32.130

A kind of joinery (M. XVII. 140, 146).

v1.c6.s32.131

SAṀGRAHA—A combination of mouldings at the bottom of a column.

v1.c6.s32.132

Ekāṁśaṁ pādukaṁ kuryāt pañcha-bhāgaṁ tu saṁgraham|

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(M. XV. 179, etc).

v1.c6.s32.134

SAṀGRAHAṆA—A fortress to defend a group of ten villages.

v1.c6.s32.135

Daśa-grāmī-saṁgraheṇa saṁgrahaṇaṁ sthāpayet |

v1.c6.s32.136

(Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra, chap. XXII. p. 46).

v1.c6.s32.137

SAṀGHĀRĀMA—(see Vihāra)—Residences of monks or hermits, the monastery.

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(Taxila plate of Patika, line 3, Ep. Ind. vol. IV. pp. 55, 56).

v1.c6.s32.139

SAṀCHĀRA—An entrance, a door, a gate, an outlet, a military post, a tower or circuit on the top of the surrounding wall of a village or town.

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(M. x. 109, etc).

v1.c6.s32.141

SAṀCHITA—A class of buildings in which the breadth is the unit of measurement, the temples in which the idol is in the sitting posture.

v1.c6.s32.142

(M. XIX. 7-11, XXX. 103-174, see under Apasaṁchita).

v1.c6.s32.143

Pratyekaṁ tri-vidhaṁ proktaṁ saṁchitaṁ chāpy-asaṁchitam |
Upa-saṁchitam ity evam........ |

v1.c6.s32.144

(Kāmikāgama, XLV. 6-7).

v1.c6.s32.145

SAṂPŪRṆA—A class of buildings. (Kāmikāgama, XLV. 29-30, see under Mālikā).

v1.c6.s32.146

SAṂVIDDHA—A fortified city. (M. X. 41, see under Nagara).

v1.c6.s32.147

Cf. Visiting “ the gramas, nagaras, kheṭas, kharvaṭas, maḍambas, pattanas, droṇamukhas and saṁvāhanas—the cities of the elephants at the cardinal points.” (Ep. Carnat. vol. VII. Shikarpur Taluq, no. 118, Transl. p. 86, last para, line 14).

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SAṂSAD—An assembly hall (built within a wedding pavilion).

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Cf. Ratha-rathi-yutā hy āsan kṛitrimā hy akṛitopamāḥ |
Sarveshāṁ mohanārthāya tathā cha saṁsadaḥ kṛitāḥ ||

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(Skanda-Purāṇa, Māheśvara-khaṇḍa-prathma, chap. 24, v. 13).

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SAṂSTHĀNA—The arrangement, laying-out, plans of buildings and other objects.

v1.c6.s32.152

(1) Tri-koṇaṁ vṛittam ardhendum ashṭa-koṇaṁ dvir-ashṭakam |
Chatush-koṇaṁ tu kartavyaṁ saṁsthānaṁ maṇḍapasya tu ||
The plan of a maṇḍapa should be made triangular, quadrangular, octagonal, sixteen-angular, half-moon-shaped and circular.

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(Matsya-Purāṇa, chap. 270, v. 15-16).

v1.c6.s32.154

(2) Tri-koṇaṁ padmaṁ arddhenduṁ chatush-koṇaṁ dvir-ashṭakam |
Yatra tatra vidhātavyaṁ saṁsthānaṁ maṇḍapasya tu ||

v1.c6.s32.155

(Garuḍa-Purāṇa, chap. 47, v. 32-33).

v1.c6.s32.156

SĀRA—A class of buildings.

v1.c6.s32.157

SĀLA(-LĀ)—A wall, a rampart, an apartment, a house.

v1.c6.s32.158

(1) Udyānāmra-vanopetāṁ mahatīṁ sāla-mekhalām |
Commentary: sālaḥ prākāraḥ (enclosure wall), sāla-vanaṁ vā |
(Rāmāyaṇa, I. 5-12).

v1.c6.s32.159

(2) Antare śesha-bhāgāṁs tu hitvā madhye tu sālakam ||
Sāla-gopurayos tuṅgastv-adhikaś chāpi mūlataḥ ||
Agrato'lindakopetam aṭṭālaṁ sālakāntare ||
(Kāmikāgama, xxxv. 112A, 124, 126).

v1.c6.s32.160

(3) Sālāntaṁ vedikordhve tu yuddhārthaṁ kalpayet sudhīḥ |
(M. IX. 364).
See also M. XXXI. 36, 37 (pañcha-sālā), 39, (Jāti-sālā), 40, 41, 44, 48, 52, etc.
Sāla(-ā)-janma-samaṁ chaiva dhāmna-janma-samaṁ tu vā |
Sālāṅgādhikaṁ hīnaṁ chech chorair arthaṁ vinaśyate |
(M. LXIX. 42, 45).

v1.c6.s32.161

(4) Kanakojvala-sāla-raśmi-jālaiḥ parikhāmbu....prati-bimbitaiḥ |
"Through the mass of the rays which issue from its golden walls and which are reflected in the water of its (Vijayanagara's) moat"
(Vijayanagara Inscrip. of Devaraja II, lines 7-8, H. S. I. I., vol. I. no. 153, pp. 162, 164).

v1.c6.s32.162

(5) Antaraṁ sadma-sālam—"the inner wall of the shrine."
(Ranganatha Inscrip. of Sundara-pandya, v. 22, Ep. Ind. vol. III. pp. 13, 16).

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(6) Sphaṭika-sālā-nibhaṁ babandha—"like a wall of crystal."
(Two Inscrip. of Tammusiddhi, no. A, Tiruvālaṅgāḍu Inscrip. v. 16, Ep. Ind. vol. VII. pp. 124, 125).

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(7) Durllaṁgha-dushkara-vibheda-viśāla-sālā-durggādha-dustara-bṛihat-parikhā-paritā |

v1.c6.s32.165

"(The city of Kāñchī) whose large rampart was insurmountable and hard to be breached (and) which was surrounded by a great moat, unfathomable and hard to be crossed."
(Gadval Plates of Vikramāditya I, v. 6, line 21, Ep. Ind. vol. x. pp. 103, 105).

v1.c6.s32.166

(7) Śrīmān esho'rkka-kīrttir nnṛipa iva vilasat sāla-sopānakādyaiḥ ।

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"That honourable one, like a king of sun-like glory (erected) splendid walls and stairs."
(Ep. Carnat. vol. II. no. 105, Roman text, p. 79, line 14, Transl. p. 164, para 6).

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SIDDHA—A type of storeyed building, a class of divine beings.

v1.c6.s32.169

A class of two-storeyed buildings (M. xx. 94, 16-18, see under Prāsāda).
Semi-divine beings, their images are described (M. LV. 88 f).

v1.c6.s32.170

SIDDHĀRTHA—A type of building furuished with two halls.

v1.c6.s32.171

Siddhārtham apara-yāmye yama-sūryaṁ paśchimottare śāle ।
"A house with only a western and southern hall is termed Siddhārtha."
(Bṛihat-saṁhitā, LIII. 39, J. R. A. S., N. S., vol. VI. p. 286).

v1.c6.s32.172

SINDHUKA—A class of buildings.

v1.c6.s32.173

(Kāmikāgama, XLV. 23-28, see under Mālikā).

v1.c6.s32.174

SI(ŚI)LĀ-VAṬA—A stone mason.

v1.c6.s32.175

'Sūdradhāra-Āsalena baṁdhitā tathā silāvaṭa-jāhaḍena ghaṭitā ।
"The step-well was constructed by the architect Āsala and (the stones were) worked and shaped by the mason Jāhaḍa.
(Manglan stone Inscrip. line 13-14, Ind. Ant. vol. XLI. p. 88).

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SIMHA—A type of pavilion, a class of oval buildings, a riding animal (lion) of gods.

v1.c6.s32.177

A maṇḍapa or pavilion with sixteen pillars (Matsya-Purāṇa, chap. 270, v. 13, see under Maṇḍapa).

v1.c6.s32.178

Siṁha is the name of a kind of one-storeyed building which is dudecagonal in plan, covered by lions (? siṁhākranta) and eight cubits wide :

v1.c6.s32.179

(1) Bṛihat-saṁhitā (chap. xlv. 28, J. R. A. S., N. S., vol. vi, p. 329).

v1.c6.s32.180

(2) See quotation of the commentary from Kāśyapa, which is more explicit :

v1.c6.s32.181

Siṁhaḥ siṁhaiḥ samākrāntaḥ koṇair dvā-daśabhir yutaḥ।
Vishkambhād ashṭa-hastaḥ syād ekā tasya cha bhūmikā ॥

v1.c6.s32.182

(3) Matsya-Purāṇa (chap. 269, v. 29, 36, 40, 49, 53, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.183

(4) Bhavishya-Purāṇa (chap. 130, v. 35, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.184

A kind of oval building : Garuḍa-Purāṇa (chap. 47, v. 29-30, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s32.185

The lion, a riding animal of gods : Devānāṁ vāhanaṁ siṁham (M. lxiii. 1), the sculptural description of his image (ibid. 2-46).

v1.c6.s32.186

SIṀHĀSANA—(cf. Āsana)—A throne or seat, marked with a lion.
(1) Siṁha-mudrita-manoharāsanam। Kesarī-lāñchhitaṁ tv-atha manoharāsanam। (M. xlv. 204, 206). Mānasara (chap. xlv. named Siṁhāsana, 1—112) : The lion seat or throne is made for the use of deities and kings (line 1). These thrones are first divided into four classes (4-8)—the Prathama (first) throne is stated to be fit for the first coronation, the Maṅgala throne for the Maṅgala-coronation, the Vīra throne for the Vīra-coronation, and the Vijaya throne for the Vijaya-coronation. It should be noted that these four thrones are used for the four stages of coronation of the same king (M. XLIX. 166, etc).

v1.c6.s32.187

Concerning deities, the Nityārchana throne is used for daily worship, Viśesha-throne on some special occasions; the Nityotsava throne, and the Viśeshotsava-throne are used for ordinary and special festivals respectively (9-11).

v1.c6.s32.188

But the thrones for both deities and kings, for all purposes, are divided into ten kinds (see below). An account of the general plan as well as of the measurement of the various parts of them is given in detail (17-213). They are technically called—Padmāsana, Padma-keśara, Padma-bhadra, Śrī-bhadra, Śrī-viśāla, Śrī-bandha, Śrī-mukha, Bhadrāsana, Padma-bandha, and Pāda-bandha (12-16).

v1.c6.s32.189

Of the ten kinds, the first, Padmāsana, is used as the throne for Śiva or Vishṇu (121), the Padma-bhadra for the king Adhirāja (i.e., Chakravartin or emperor) (143), Śrī-bhadra is fit for the kings Adhirāja and Narendra for all purposes (153), the Śrī-viśāla is fit for the kings Pārshṇika and Narendra (171), the Śrī-bandha is for the kings Pārshṇika and Paṭṭa-dhara (174), Śrī-mukha for the king Maṇḍaleśa (177), Bhadrāsana for the king Paṭṭa-bhāj (179), Padma-bandha for the king Prāhāraka (182), and the Pāda-bandha throne is fit for the king Astra-grāha (190).

v1.c6.s32.190

The lion-legs are, however, not attached to the throne of Astra-grāha (191). Thrones of all other petty kings of the Vaiśya and the Śūdra castes are stated to be furnished with pedestals instead, and are made four cornered (square) (192-193). But thrones of all other kings are marked with lions and furnished with six legs (196). These thrones are stated to be made facing the east (prāṅmukha) (197).

v1.c6.s32.191

Of the thrones of deities, the Nirīkshaṇa (eyes, ? windows) is made on the four sides (198).

v1.c6.s32.192

Various kinds of thrones are thus described but the most beautiful one according to one's choice should be used :

v1.c6.s32.193

Evaṁ cha vividhaṁ proktaṁ yaṁ mānoramya(m) mānayet | (200).

v1.c6.s32.194

(2) "This is the mighty lion-throne (Siṁhāsana) on which sat the glorious, powerful king, in whose arm is strength, the Lord Emperor Kāliṅga Niśśaṅka Laṅkeśwara."

v1.c6.s32.195

"Siṁhāsanāya—on the lion 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (pillars). Lion throne, royal throne, throne...........In this case there was actually a large lion, whose fine proportions remind one of the Assyrian bulls and which formed the support, or one of the supports, of the royal seat. A frieze of lions runs round the building." Rhys Davids.

v1.c6.s32.196

(Inscrip. at the Audience Hall of Parākrama Bāhu, Pulastipur, Ceylon, Ind. Ant. vol. II. p. 247, c. 2, para 4 ; p. 249, c. 2).

v1.c6.s32.197

(3) "The other shrine contains a fine large figure of Buddha, seated on a siṁhāsana or throne with recumbent lions at the base, and elephants and other carved accessories at the sides."

v1.c6.s32.198

(Monumental Antiquities, N. W. Provinces and Oudh, Arch. Surv. new Imp. series, vol. II. Agra division, p. 95, no. 23, line 6).

v1.c6.s32.199

SUKA(-KHA)-NĀSIKĀ—A small room in front of the idol in a temple.

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(1) "The great minister Kampaṇṇa for the repair of the roof-stones in the Sukanāsike (a small room in front of the idol) of the god Chenna-keśava, set up four pillars with capitals and repaired them."

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