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Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s9: K

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s9

Language
English

K

v1.c6.s9.1

KAKSHA—The arm-pit.

v1.c6.s9.2

Kakshayor antaram tāraṁ viṁśa-mātraṁ praśasyate |

v1.c6.s9.3

(M. LIX. 29).

v1.c6.s9.4

Eka-viṁśāṅgulaṁ chordhve kakshayor antara-sthale |

v1.c6.s9.5

(M. LXV. 52 etc.).

v1.c6.s9.6

KAKSHA-BANDHA—A class of bases.

v1.c6.s9.7

See the four types, the component mouldings and other details under *Adhishṭhāna*.

v1.c6.s9.8

(M. XIV. 320—358).

v1.c6.s9.9

KATAKA—An ornament (like a ring) of a base, a bracelet.

v1.c6.s9.10

Madhye paṭṭair viśeshaṁ tu pushpa-ratnaiś cha śobhitam |
Kaṭakāvṛitam eva vā śuddha-vṛittaṁ athāpi vā |

v1.c6.s9.11

(M. XIV. 75—76).

v1.c6.s9.12

Compare also the list of mouldings under *Adhishṭhāna*.

v1.c6.s9.13

Vṛittaṁ vidhiṁ tri-paṭṭaṁ vā dhārāya-kaṭakānvitam |

v1.c6.s9.14

(Ibid. 238).

v1.c6.s9.15

Etat tu chitra-kalpaṁ (=an ornament) tu nāṭakābhi(kai)r alaṅkṛitam | (M. L. 11).

v1.c6.s9.16

Keyūra-kaṭakair yuktaṁ prakoshṭha-valayaṁ tathā |

v1.c6.s9.17

(M. LIV. 13).

v1.c6.s9.18

In connection with the plumb-lines :

v1.c6.s9.19

Śaktīnāṁ pushpa-hastaṁ tu stanāntaṁ kaṭakāgrakaṁ |
Tad-aṅgushṭhāvasānāntaṁ cha dvyantaraṁ chatur-aṅgulam |

v1.c6.s9.20

(M. LXVII. 135—136).

v1.c6.s9.21

"One pair of bracelets (kaṭaka) for the arms of the goddess (consisting of) fifty-six karāñju, two mañjādī and (one) kunri of gold."

v1.c6.s9.22

(Inscription of Rajaraja, no. 2, line 37. H. S. I. I. vol. II. p. 19).

v1.c6.s9.23

"One pair of bracelets (kaṭaka) for the arms of the goddess, consisting of thirty-nine karāñju and seven mañjādi of gold."

v1.c6.s9.24

(Inscription of Rajendra-Chola, no. 8, line 19. H. S. I. I. vol. II. p. 89).

v1.c6.s9.25

Astyuttara-giri-kaṭake (declivity of the Northern Mountain) Vijayapuraṁ-nāmā nṛipa-dhānī ।

v1.c6.s9.26

(Grant of Jayaditya of Vijaya-pura, line 6, Ind. Ant. vol. XXI. p. 170).

v1.c6.s9.27

“In the world-renowned Rāya-chālukya’s camp (or capital, kaṭaka), the bodyguard Keṭa-nāyaka gained unlimited fame and the greatest reputation for energy and readiness.”

v1.c6.s9.28

(Ep. Carnat. vol. V. part I. Channarayapatna Taluq, no. 210, transl. p. 216, line 9 of no. 210).

v1.c6.s9.29

KAṬAKĀKĀRA—An ornament shaped like a bracelet or ring.

v1.c6.s9.30

Referring to ‘lupā’ or a pent-roof:

v1.c6.s9.31

Evaṁ cha lakshaṇaṁ proktaṁ kaṭakākāraṁ tu yojayet ।

v1.c6.s9.32

(M. XVIII. 249).

v1.c6.s9.33

KAṬI—The hip-part of a building.

v1.c6.s9.34

(1) Yo vistāro bhaved yasya dvi-guṇā tat-samunnatiḥ ।
Uchchhrāyād yas tritīyo’ṁśas tena tulyā kaṭir bhavet ।

v1.c6.s9.35

The height of a building should be twice its width and its kaṭi (lit. hip) should be (equal to) ⅓ of its height. (Bṛihatsaṁhitā, LVI. 11).

v1.c6.s9.36

Dr. Kern translates ‘kaṭi’ by ‘the flight of steps’ (J. R. A. S. N. S. vol. VI, p. 318); but in this sense the word never occurs in dictionaries or literature; nor does this rendering suit the context here, first, because the description concerns a single storeyed building, where the flight of steps, if there be any at the entrance, would not be usually ⅓ of the height of the whole building; secondly, the measures of the flight of steps mostly in buildings of more than one storey are never considered in any architectural treatises as being dependent on the height of the building or the storey.

v1.c6.s9.37

(2) Chatuḥ-shashṭi-padaṁ kṛitvā madhye dvāraṁ prakalpayet ।
Vistārād dvi-guṇochchhrāyaṁ tat-tri-bhāgaḥ kaṭir bhavet ॥

v1.c6.s9.38

(3) Bhavishya-Purāṇa (chap. 130, v. 18) has the same verse as (1), except ‘tasya’ in place of ‘yasya’ in the first line, and ‘atha’ for ‘aṁsa’ in the second line. Bṛihat-saṁhitā seems to have improved the lines.

v1.c6.s9.39

(4) In the sense of the hip or buttocks:

v1.c6.s9.40

Kaṭi(ś) chorū-viśālaṁ syān madhya-kāñchina-lambavat।
(M. LIV. 91).
Kaṭi-tāraṁ bhāskarāṁśaṁ syād ashṭāṁśaṁ choru-vistṛitam।
Mukhaṁ vakshaś cha kukshiś cha kaṭi-dīrghe dvādaśāṁśakam। (M. LVII. 32, 55).
Viṁśāṁśaṁ cha kaṭi-tāraṁ ūrdhve śroṇi-viśālakam।
(M. LXV. 48).

v1.c6.s9.41

KAṬI-SŪTRA—The (plumb) line by the hip or buttocks, a girdle.

v1.c6.s9.42

Kaṭi-sūtrāvasānaṁ syāt pura-sūtram iti smṛitaṁ।
Kaṭi-sūtraṁ tu saṁyuktaṁ kaṭi-prānte sa-paṭṭikā।
(M. L. 21, 27).
Tasmāt kaṭi-sūtrāntaṁ sapta-viṁśāṅgulaṁ bhavet।
Trayodaśāṁśakaṁ chaiva kaṭi-sūtraṁ tu vistṛitam।
(M. LXV. 150, 164).

v1.c6.s9.43

A girdle:

v1.c6.s9.44

Kaṭakaṁ kaṭi-sūtraṁ cha keyūraṁ ratna-pūritaṁ। (M. LI. 57).

v1.c6.s9.45

KAṆṬHA—Also called Gala, Grīva, Kandhara, meaning literally the neck or throat. This is a quadrangular moulding, sometimes square and sometimes rectangular. “When employed in pedestals, (see the lists of mouldings under *Upapīṭha*), it is made very high and it resembles the *dado* (or the portion of a pedestal between its base and cornice, also applied to the lower portions of the walls). But everywhere else it serves as a neutral member from which the projection of the rest of the mouldings are generally measured.” (Rām Rāz, Ess. arch. Hind. p. 25). The neck of a column (Suprabhedāgama, XXXI. 58, see under *Stambha*).

v1.c6.s9.46

Tuṅge triṁśati-bhāgena . . . . . l
Tad-ūrdhve kaṇṭhaṁ ashṭāṁśam . . . . . l (M. XIII. 90, 94).
Utsedhe tu chatur-viṁśat . . . . . l
Grīvochchaṁ dvā-daśāṁśakaṁ l (*Ibid.* 36–37).
Tad-evāṁśena . . . . .
Pañchāṁśa(ṁ) kandharaṁ proktaṁ . . . . . (*Ibid.* 48, 50).
Tad-evāṁśa (of 30 parts) . . . . .
Tad-ūrdhve galam ashṭāṁśam....... (*Ibid.* 97, 101).

v1.c6.s9.47

For further examples, see the lists of mouldings under *Upapīṭha*.

v1.c6.s9.48

Gala-tuṅgaṁ yugāṅgulam l
Gala-tāraṁ sārdham ashṭāṁśam.... l (M. LIX. 71, 81).

v1.c6.s9.49

For further examples, see the lists of limbs under *Tāla-māna*.

v1.c6.s9.50

KAḌAṄGA—A trench.

v1.c6.s9.51

“ Kaḍaṅgas or war-trenches are described in the Rev. G. Richter's Manual of Coorg (pp. 190–191); these are enormous trenches defended by a bank of the excavated soil, and ‘stretch over hills, woods, and comparatively flat countries, for miles and miles, at some place branching off in various directions, or encircling hill-tops.’ Mr. Richter quotes old records to show that they were constructed by ancient Rājās to fortify the principality. In South Kanara also these trenches abound. ”

v1.c6.s9.52

“ So, too, great and massive walls eight feet high, half as thick, and extending for long distances, are found buried in deep forest on the crest of the ghats between Kanara and Maisur, with large trees rooted in them.” (See ‘*Grāma*’ and compare the above with the surrounding defensive ditches of the village as given in the Mānasāra).

v1.c6.s9.53

(Ind. Ant. vol. IV. p. 162, c. I. last para, line 2 f.; c. 2. line 6).

v1.c6.s9.54

“ From this it appears to follow that the Coorg Kaḍaṅgas or large trenches, originally were intended for landmarks ”.

v1.c6.s9.55

(Three Kongu inscriptions, no. II. Ind. Ant. vol. VI. p. 103, c. I. line 29, transl. and foot note, last para).

v1.c6.s9.56

KANDARA-GṚIHA—(see *Dari-gṛiha*)—A cave house.

v1.c6.s9.57

Khyātaṁ (? syātaṁ) kanakādi-kandaragṛihodīrṇa-pratāpaṁ divi divi khyātaṁ naikavaṇig-viśāla-vibhavo bhūtābhiśobhaṁ śubham।
(Description of the town of Āṭapura, Āṭpur inscrip. of Śakti-kumāra, v. 11, Ind. Ant. vol. XXXIX. pp. 191, note 25, 187).

v1.c6.s9.58

KANDHARA—The neck, the dado. See ‘*Kaṇṭha*’ and compare the lists of mouldings under ‘Upapīṭha’.

v1.c6.s9.59

KANYĀ—A girl, a virgin, the name of a month, a lower part.

v1.c6.s9.60

Lupāṁ prāg-ukta-vistāraṁ tat-tad-vaṁśāṅghri-kāntakam।
Adho(aḥ)-pādasya lupādyaiś cha tatra dosho na vidyate।
Karṇāt kanyāvasānaṁ syān nava-sūtraṁ prasārayet।
(M. XVIII. 231-233).

v1.c6.s9.61

KAPĀṬA—(see *Kavāṭa*)—A door, the panel of a door.

v1.c6.s9.62

Kapāṭa-toraṇa-vatīṁ suvibhaktāntarāpaṇām।
(Rāmāyaṇa, I. 5, 10).
Dṛiḍha-baddha-kapāṭāni mahāparighavanti cha।
(*Ibid.* VI. 3, 11).

v1.c6.s9.63

KAPOTA—A section of circular moulding made in the form of a pigeon’s head, from which it takes it name. It is a crowning member of bases, pedestals and entablatures. Compare the lists of mouldings, from the *Māna āra*, given under ‘Upapīṭha’ (where ‘Kapota’ occurs eight times), ‘Adhishṭhāna’ (fifteen times), and ‘Prastara’ (five times) and also see Gwilt (*Encycl. of Arch.* art. 2532, 2555, pp. 806, 813-814). When employed in the entablature, it serves the purpose of a spout in the shape of a pigeon’s beak to throw off water falling on the cornice. In this office it resembles, in some measure, the corona having a broad vertical face and with its soffit or under portion recessed so as to form a drip which prevents water running down the building. Its synonyms are: *vaktra-hasta* (face supported by hand), *lupā*(pent roof), *gopānaka*(beam), and *chandra* (the moon).

v1.c6.s9.64

Referring to the pedestal :

v1.c6.s9.65

Tad-dvayam chāmbujaṁ chordhve kapotochchaṁ guṇāṁśakam । (M. XIII. 57).

v1.c6.s9.66

For further illustrations see the lists of mouldings under *Upapīṭha*.

v1.c6.s9.67

Referring to the base :

v1.c6.s9.68

Padmam aṁśaṁ tad-ūrdhve tu kapotochchaṁ tri(y)aṁśakam । (M. XIV. 357).

v1.c6.s9.69

For further illustrations see the lists of mouldings under *Adhishṭhāna*.

v1.c6.s9.70

Referring to the entablature :

v1.c6.s9.71

Tad-ūrdhve vājanaṁ chaikaṁ dhātu-bhāgaṁ kapotakam । (M. XVI. 27).

v1.c6.s9.72

For further illustrations see the lists of mouldings under *Prastara*.

v1.c6.s9.73

A synonym of the entablature :

v1.c6.s9.74

Kapotaṁ prastraṁ chaiva mañchaṁ prachchhādanaṁ tathā ।
. . . . . paryāya-vāchakāḥ । (*Ibid.* 18, 20).

v1.c6.s9.75

Referring to the six-storeyed buildings :

v1.c6.s9.76

Prastarādi-kapotāntaṁ kshudra-nāsyā(ṁ) vibhūshitam । (M. XXIV. 39).

v1.c6.s9.77

(2) "A kapotam is a section of moulding made in the form of a pigeon’s head. It is a crowning member of cornices, pedestals and entablatures. When employed in the latter, it often connects utility with beauty, inasmuch as the beak of the bird is so placed as to serve the purpose of a spout." (Rām Rāz, Ess. arch. of Hind. p. 24).

v1.c6.s9.78

KAPOTA-PĀLIKĀ (Ī)—A pigeon-house, an aviary, "properly 'dove-ridge,' 'dove-list,' may be rendered by crown-work, fillet, gable-edge, and even by cornice. In Tamil, *kapotakam* is explained as 'a moulding in masonry;' see Winslow's Tam. Dict. i.v." Then Dr. Kern quotes Rām Rāz’s passage noticed under 'Kapota' and adds "the same author (Rām Rāz) notices (p. 51) that the spout may be made to spring from the head of a lion, etc."

v1.c6.s9.79

With this, Kern compares Utpala's definition:

v1.c6.s9.80

Kapota-pālikā grahaṇena bahir nirgatā mukhāni kāshṭhānyuchyante—by the acceptation of Kapota-pālī, the projecting lion-face timbers (mouldings) are understood;

v1.c6.s9.81

(and also Viśvak, 6. 767):

v1.c6.s9.82

Prāsādau nirgatau kāryau kapotau garbha-mānataḥ।
Ūrdhvaṁ bhitty-uchchhrayāt tasya mañjarīṁ tu prakalpayet।
Mañjaryāś chārdha-bhāgena śuka-nāsaṁ prakalpayet।
Ūrdhvaṁ tathārdha-bhāgena vedi-bandho bhaved iha॥

v1.c6.s9.83

Then Kern finds fault with Colebrooke's rendering of Kapotapālikā and viṭaṅka (in his Amara-Kosha, quoted below) as 'dove-cot' and says "Colebrooke's error, strange to say, has been perpetuated in all dictionaries; the more reason now to draw attention to it." (J. R. A. S., N. S., vi. p. 320, note 2).

v1.c6.s9.84

"A storey's altitude is of 108 digits (aṅgulas) according to Maya, but Viśva-karman pronounces it to be of 3 cubits and a half (i.e. 84 digits). As to this, however, able architects have declared that in reality there is no discrepancy of opinion, for, if you add the height of the crown-work (Kapota-pālī), the smaller number will equal (the greater)." (Bṛihat-saṁhitā, lvi. 29, 30).

v1.c6.s9.85

There is a compound word 'Kapota-pālikā' or 'Kapota-pālī' (dove-cot) in Sir. M. Williams's Dict. p. 202. c. 3. Similarly the two words, *kapota* and *pālikā* or *pālī* occur together in the Bṛihat-saṁhitā and (its commentary) Utpala quoted above. But they do not occur as one word in Winslow's *Tamil Dict.*, in Viśvak, and in Rām Rāz. In the twety-eight instances in the Mānasāra too, pointed out above (under Kapota), only the word 'Kapota' occurs. There is a different moulding called both 'Pālī' and 'Pālikā' in the Mānasāra. As regards the correctness of Dr. Kern's rendering of the term by ‘dove-ridge,’ or of Colebrooke’s and Sir M. Williams’s by ‘dove-cot’ nothing can be stated definitely as the term is used figuratively to indicate a moulding.

v1.c6.s9.86

Kapota-pālinī-yukta-mato gachchhati tulyatām ।
(Bhavishya-Purāṇa, chap. 130, v. 37).
Koṇa-pārāvataṁ kuryāt stūpy-āchchhādanakāni cha ॥
Koṇa-pārāvataṁ nyasya koṇa-loshṭāni vinyaset ॥
(Vāstu-vidyā, ed. Gaṇapati Śāstri, xvi. 27, 36).
Bahiḥ kapota-karaṇaṁ vājanopari kalpayet ॥
Ardha-tri-pāda-daṇḍaṁ vā kapota-lambanaṁ bhavet ॥
(Kāmikāgama, liv. 21, 22; see also v. 36, 37).
Chatur-guṇaṁ (of the main temple) mukhāyāmaṁ prākārāṇāṁ viśeshataḥ ।
Kapotāntaṁ samutsedhaṁ hasta-vistāra-bhittikam ॥
(Suprabhedāgama, xxxi. 119).
Kapota-pālikāyāṁ tu viṭaṅkaṁ puṁ-napuṁsakaṁ ॥
(Amarakosha, ii. 3, 15).

v1.c6.s9.87

KAPOLA—The cheek, an upper part of a building.

v1.c6.s9.88

(1) Prāsādāu nirgatau kāryau kapolau garbha-mānataḥ ।
(Matsya-Purāṇa, chap. 269, v. 11).
(2) Chaturdhā śikharaṁ bhājya(m) ardha-bhāga-dvayasya tu ।
Śuka-nāsaṁ prakurvīta tritīye vedikā matā ॥
Kaṇṭhaṁ āmalasāraṁ tu chaturthe parikalpayet ।
Kapolayos tu saṁhāro dvi-guṇo'tra vidhīyate ॥
(*Ibid.* chap. 269, 18-19).
(3) Mukha-tāraṁ kapolāntaṁ nava-mātraṁ praśasyate ।
(M. lxiii. 7).

v1.c6.s9.89

KABANDHANA—A knob at the end of the nail above the post of the bedstead.

v1.c6.s9.90

Adhaḥ kīlena pādānāṁ madhye randhraṁ praveśayet ।
Tad-ūrdhve paṭṭikāṁ nyasya kīlāgre cha kabandhanam ।
Chaturbhiḥ śriṅkhalā-yuktam āndolaṁ chaikatopari ।
Deva-bhū-sura-bhūpānām anyeshāṁ śayanārthakam ।

v1.c6.s9.91

K(H)A-BHITTI—An upper storey.

v1.c6.s9.92

Garbhādhāna-kramaṇakaṁ kaḥ(kha)-bhittir mukhya-dhāmani ||
Kaḥ(kha)-bhitter dakshiṇe bhāge saumyāvāsaḥ praśasyate ||
Kaḥ(kha)-bhitty-agrabhitter dvāra-dvayaṁ kuryād viśeshataḥ ||
Vāstu-dvāra-yutaṁ chaiva k(h)a-bhitteś cha viśeshataḥ ||
Vāstūnāṁ pārśvayor madhye stambha-sajñaṁ nidhāpayet |
K(h)a-bhitti-vistṛitārthaṁ tu tat-pārśvayor dvayor hi (tat) ||
(Kāmikāgama, xxxv. 45, 47, 48, 63 ; lv. 31).

v1.c6.s9.93

KAMALA—A lotus, a class of the six-storeyed buildings. (M. xxiv. 17-18, see under *Prāsāda*).

v1.c6.s9.94

KAMALĀṄGA—A class of the three-storeyed buildings. (M. xxi. 33-38, see under *Prāsāda*).

v1.c6.s9.95

KAMPA—A fillet, a small flat band which occurs chiefly between mouldings to connect or separate them. "Of all the rectangular mouldings it has the least height. Its projection, though generally equal to its altitude, frequently varies according to the position of the principal members, which, it is employed, to connect or to separate. It answers in every respect to the fillet." (Rām Rāz, Ess. Arch. Hind. p. 24).

v1.c6.s9.96

Referring to the pedestal :

v1.c6.s9.97

Utsedhe tu chatur-viṁśat . . . . . |
Ekena kampaṁ ityuktam . . . . . |
Kampaṁ ardhaṁ tathā karṇaṁ........... |
(M. xiii. 36-37, 49).

v1.c6.s9.98

For further examples, see the lists of mouldings under *Upapīṭha*.

v1.c6.s9.99

Referring to the base :

v1.c6.s9.100

Ekona-triṁśad aṅgaṁ (=aṁśaṁ) tu tungaṁ kṛitvā........... |
Kampaṁ ekena kartavyam . . . . . |
(M. xiv. 14-16).

v1.c6.s9.101

For further examples, see the lists of mouldings under *Adhishṭāna*.

v1.c6.s9.102

KAMPA-DVĀRA—A side-door, a private entrance.

v1.c6.s9.103

(1) Kampa-dvāraṁ tu vā kuryān madhya-pārśva-dvayos tathā ।
(Kāmikāgama, xxxv. 49).
(2) Mukhya-dvāraṁ tu tad-vāme kampa-dvāraṁ tad-anyake ।
(*Ibid.* lv. 32).

v1.c6.s9.104

KAMPANA—(same as Kampa)—A fillet. Compare the lists of mouldings under *Adhishṭhāna*.

v1.c6.s9.105

KAMPA-BANDHA—A class of bases. It has four types differing from one another in height and in the addition or omission of some mouldings. (See M. xiv. 361-372, under *Adhishṭhāna*).

v1.c6.s9.106

KAMPA-VṚITTA—The round or circular fillet.

v1.c6.s9.107

Kampa-vṛittaṁ cha lupā-mūle śobhārthaṁ tu balārthakam ।
(M. xviii. 274).

v1.c6.s9.108

KARAṆḌA—A head-gear, a basket or bee-hive-like ornament.

v1.c6.s9.109

Karaṇḍa-makuṭopetaṁ rakta-vastrottarīyakam ।
Karaṇḍa-makuṭopetaṁ dhyātvā . . . . . ।
(M. vii. 164-205).
Devānāṁ bhūpatīnāṁ cha mauli-lakshaṇaṁ uchyate ।
Jaṭā-mauli-kirīṭaṁ cha karaṇḍaṁ cha śirastrakam(strāṇaṁ) ।
Kanyasā(ṁ) devatānāṁ cha karaṇḍa-makuṭānvitām ।
(M. xlix. 12-13, 19).
Dvi-bhujaṁ cha dvi-netrāṁ cha karaṇḍa-makuṭānvitām ।
(M. liv. 69, 76).

v1.c6.s9.110

KARAVĪRA—A fragrant plant, or flower (oleander or Nerium Odorum), an ornament of that shape. In connection with the pent roof :

v1.c6.s9.111

Śroṇyāṁ madhya-lupāḥ sarve(vā) lupā-saṁkhyā yatheshṭakā ।
Karavīra-bahu-varṇā saṁpuṭābhaṁ vikalpayet ।
(M. xviii. 242-243).

v1.c6.s9.112

KARI-KARṆA(ṆIKĀ)—The ear of the elephant, (? the tip of an elephant's trunk, karṇikā), an ornament of that shape.

v1.c6.s9.113

Upābja(ṁ) karikarṇa-(another reading, karṇikā)-yuktaṁ kuryāt tat kshudra-pīṭhakam ।

v1.c6.s9.114

KARIKA—A moulding of a column.

v1.c6.s9.115

Vīra-karṇa(-kaṇṭha)syodayam jñātvā nava-bhāga(-e) vibhājite।
Ekāṁśaṁ pādukaṁ kuryāt pañcha-bhāgaṁ tu saṁgraham।
Tad-ūrdhve karikāṁśaṁ syād abjam aṁśena yojayet।
(M. xv. 176-178).

v1.c6.s9.116

KARUṆA-VĪṆĀ—A flute, a sculptural ornament.

v1.c6.s9.117

Vadana-garuḍa-bhāvaṁ bāhukau paksha-yuktau।
Makuṭa-kamala-yuktaṁ pushpa-sachchhāya-varṇam।
Parita(ḥ) karuṇavīṇā kinnarasya rūpakam।
(M. LVIII. 21-22).

v1.c6.s9.118

KAROṬI(TĪ)—A basin, the drum of the ear, an ornament.

v1.c6.s9.119

An ornament of the pent roof :

v1.c6.s9.120

Evaṁ uktaṁ lupā chordhve śikharair vāmbare’pi vā।
Phalakā-kshepaṇaṁ vāpi tāmraṁ vāyasi kīlayet।
Hemajena karoṭīṁ vā mṛit-karoṭīṁ vidhānayet।
(M. XVIII. 269-271).

v1.c6.s9.121

Referring to a single-storeyed building:

v1.c6.s9.122

Karoṭivad alaṅkṛitya lambane patra-saṁyutam।
(M. XIX. 41).

v1.c6.s9.123

KARKAṬA—A moulding, a kind of joinery resembling the crab's leg.

v1.c6.s9.124

Karkaṭakāṅghrivat kṛitvā pautra-nāsāṅghriṁ veśayet।
Etat saṁkīrṇa-sandhiḥ syāt sarva-harmyeshu yogyakam।
(M. XVII. 143-148).

v1.c6.s9.125

KARKARĪ-KṚITA--Paved with small pieces of stone.

v1.c6.s9.126

(1) Mahā-mārgaṁ tu sarveshāṁ vīthīnāṁ karkarī-kṛitam।
Vīther(thyā:) etad dvayaṁ proktaṁ tan-madhye karkarī-kṛitam।
(M. IX. 197, 333).

v1.c6.s9.127

Referring to the pedestal:

v1.c6.s9.128

Prativājanakaṁ teshāṁ kṛiteḥ karkarī-kṛitam।
(M. XIII. 151).

v1.c6.s9.129

Referring to the gate-house (gopura):

v1.c6.s9.130

Etat tu śikharaṁ proktaṁ karkarī-nāsikā-kṛitam।

v1.c6.s9.131

Referring to the Maṇḍapa (pavilion) : Tach-chatush-karṇa-deśe tu karkarī chāshṭa-bhadrakam। Tat karṇaṁ cha dvayor bhadraṁ chaturthaṁ karkarī-kṛitam। Karkarī-bhadra-saṁyuktaṁ maṇḍapasya viśālakam। (M. xxxiv. 305, 308, 309). Maṇḍape chordhva-kūṭaṁ syāt śālākāraṁ tu yojayet। Ashṭa-vaktra-samāyuktaṁ karṇeshu karkarī-kṛitam। (*Ibid.* 530-531).

v1.c6.s9.132

Referring to the Śālā (hall) : Veda-vedāṁśakaṁ madhye vivṛitaṁ saṁvṛitāṅk(g)aṇam। Tad-bahiś chāvṛitāṁśena karkarī-samalaṅkṛitam। (M. xxxv. 300-301).

v1.c6.s9.133

(2) In connection with the description of a *svastika* (shaped)-house : Pṛishṭhe tu dīrgha-koshṭhaṁ syāt pūrva-koshṭhaṁ tathā bhavet। Bāhya(-e) bāhya(-e) śālā-dvayaṁ netraṁ yuktaṁ tu karkarī-yutaṁ॥ (Kāmikāgama, xlii. 7).

v1.c6.s9.134

**KARṆA**—The ear, a moulding, any side-object, a corner-tower. Kampaṁ ardhaṁ tathā karṇaṁ tad-ūrdhve'ṁśena paṭṭikā। (M. xiii. 49). For further examples, see the lists of mouldings under *Upapīṭha*. A moulding of the base : Karṇa-tuṅga(ṁ) tr(i)yaṁśaṁ syāt tad-ūrdhve kampa(ṁ) śivāṁśakam॥ (M. xiv. 12). For further examples, see the lists of mouldings under *Adhishṭhāna*. A moulding of the column : Kumbhāyāmaṁ tathotkarṇaṁ ūrdhve karṇa(ṁ) samaṁ bhavet। (M. xv. 54). Referring to the vimāna (building in general) : Padmasyopari karṇaṁ syāt tat-tridhā kumbha-vistṛitam।

v1.c6.s9.135

Karṇāt kanyāvasānaṁ syān nava-sūtraṁ prasārayet |

v1.c6.s9.136

Referring to the door:

v1.c6.s9.137

Ardhena kampa-saṁyuktaṁ karṇa(ṁ) bandh(v)aṁśaṁ īritam |
(M. xxxix. 69).

v1.c6.s9.138

Referring to the Tulā (balance) :

v1.c6.s9.139

Suvṛitta-nāla-deśe tu patra-mūle tu karṇa-yuk |
(M. L. 205).

v1.c6.s9.140

A moulding of a Vedikā (altar, railing, platform) :

v1.c6.s9.141

Vedikāyāṁ vihīnaṁ chet kartṛi-dṛishṭi(r) dīnaṁ vrajet |
Tat-karṇe'dhika-hīnaṁ ched bhojanena vināśanam |
(M. lxix. 26-27).

v1.c6.s9.142

Referring to a single-storeyed building :

v1.c6.s9.143

Tad eva vedikāṁśena nava-bhāga(-e) vibhājite |
Dvi-bhāgaṁ vājanaṁ mūle chordhve karṇaṁ guṇāṁśakam |
(M. xix. 64-65).

v1.c6.s9.144

KARṆA-KŪṬA—(see Kūṭa-koshṭha)—The tower at the corner of the roof, the side-niches.

v1.c6.s9.145

(1) Karṇa-harmyasya vistāraṁ shaḍ-bhāgaṁ(ge) tu vibhājite |
Ekāṁśaṁ karṇa-kūṭaṁ syān madhye śālā dvayāṁśakam |
(M. xix. 54-55, see also 167).

v1.c6.s9.146

In connection with the six-storeyed buildings :

v1.c6.s9.147

Ekaṁ vātha dvi-bhāgaṁ vā karṇa-kūṭa-viśālakam |
Tale tale karṇa-kūṭa-koshṭha-hārādi-bhūshitam |
Karṇa-kūṭa-viśāle tu tri-bhāgaikaṁ madhya-bhadrakam |
(M. xxiv. 29, 30, 33).
Ekaṁ vātha dvi-bhāgaṁ vā karṇa-kūṭa-viśālakam |
(M. xxv. 17).

v1.c6.s9.148

In connection with the gate-house (gopura) :

v1.c6.s9.149

Evaṁ lalāṭayoś chaiva dīrghaṁ vinyāsyam uchyate |
Karṇa-kūṭa-dvayaṁ chaiva tad-bhāga-dvayam īritam |
Madhya-koshṭhaṁ chaturthaṁ cha karṇa-kūṭaṁ chatushṭayam |

v1.c6.s9.150

(2) Agra-karṇa-samāyuktaṁ karṇa-kūṭa-dvayānvitam ||
Karṇa-kūṭa-vihīnaṁ vā chānyat sarvaṁ tu vāstushu ||
Chatush-koṇe chatush-kūṭaṁ tad-vistāreṇa nirmitam ||
Pañjara-dvitayaṁ kāryaṁ karṇa-kūṭa-samodayam |
Pradhānāvāsa-netrastha-netra-kūṭa-dvayaṁ nayet ||
(Kāmikāgama, XXXV. 65, 66, 73, 75).
Sarvam aṅgaṁ sabhākāraṁ karṇa-kūṭa-vivarjitam ||
Chatasras tu sabhā kāryā koṇa-kūṭa-chatushṭayam ||
(*Ibid*. XLV. 41, 44).
Kūṭa-koshṭhaka-nīḍānāṁ pramāṇaṁ iha kīrtitam |
Kūṭa-koshṭhādi-sarvāṅgaṁ māna-sūtrād bahir nayet ||
Antaḥ pramāṇa-sūtrāt tu veśanaṁ sarva-deśadam |
Chatur-asraṁ vasvasraṁ shoḍaśāsraṁ tu vartulam ||
Mastakaṁ stūpikopetaṁ karṇa-kūṭam idaṁ matam |
Madhye nāsā-samāyuktam ardha-kūṭi-samanvitam ||
Mukha-paṭṭikayopetaṁ śakti-dvaya-samanvitam |
Aneka-stūpikopetaṁ koshṭhakaṁ madhyaśo bhavet ||
Haṁsa-tuṇḍa-nibhaṁ prishṭhe śālākāraṁ mukhe mukhe |
Pañjaraṁ vihitaṁ kūṭa-koshṭhayor antaraṁ dvijāḥ ||
Pārśva-vaktraṁ tad evāshṭaṁ hasti-tuṇḍa-sa-maṇḍanam |
Esha jāti-kramāt proktaḥ karṇa-koshṭha-samanvitām ||
Madhye kūṭaṁ tayor madhye kshudra-koshṭhādi-śobhitam |
Chhandam etat samuddishṭaṁ kūṭaṁ vā koshṭhakaṁ tu vā ||
Antara-prastāropetaṁ nimnaṁ vonnataṁ eva vā |
Vikalpam iti nirdishṭam ābhāsaṁ tad vimiśritam ||
(*Ibid*. LV. 123-130).
(3) Prastarād ūrdhva-bhāge tu karṇa-kūṭa-samāyutam ||
(Suprabhedāgama, XXX. 30).

v1.c6.s9.151

“The attic is formed of different kinds of little pavilions. Those which are at the angles of the edifice are called Karṇa-kūṭa. They have a roof of square or circular section and are surrounded by a single awn, *stūpi*.”

v1.c6.s9.152

“Those which are placed in the middle are called *sālā*, they have an elongated roof and have three *stūpis*”.

v1.c6.s9.153

“ Between the Karṇa-kūṭa and śālā are found some kinds of little windows called Pañjara.”
(Dravidian Architecture by Jouveau-Dubreuil, ed. S. Krishna Swami Aiyangar, pp. 13, 5).

v1.c6.s9.154

KARṆA-PATRA—A leaf-like ornament for the ear.

v1.c6.s9.155

Tasyādho ratna-dāmai(bhi)ś cha lalāṭordhve’rdha-chandravat ।
Karṇa-patra samāyuktaṁ śrotrordhve karṇa-pushpayuk ।
Tasmāt tu lambanaṁ dāma sarva-ratnair alaṅkṛitam ।
(M. XLIX. 112-114).

v1.c6.s9.156

KARṆA-PŪRAKA—An ear-ornament.

v1.c6.s9.157

Kuryāt tri-valayopetaṁ na kuryāt tu śikhā-maṇim ।
Sarva-ratnaṁ vinyasya vinā cha karṇa pūrakam ।
(M. XLIX. 138-139).

v1.c6.s9.158

KARṆA-BANDHA—An ornament for the ear, a part of the ear.

v1.c6.s9.159

Karṇa-bandhaiḥ karṇa-rudrāksha-mālā ।
(M. LXII. 67).

v1.c6.s9.160

The lower part of the ear :

v1.c6.s9.161

Hanvantaṁ karṇa-bandhāntaṁ dvayāntaraṁ daśāṅgulam ।
(M. LXV. 102).

v1.c6.s9.162

KARṆA-HARMYA—A tower, a side-tower. In connection with single-storeyed buildings :

v1.c6.s9.163

Karṇa-harmyasya vistāraṁ shaḍ-bhāgaṁ tu vibhājite ।
Ekāṁśaṁ karṇa-kūṭaṁ syān madhye śālā dvayāṁśakam ।
Ekaṁ vā dvi-tri-daṇḍena nirgamaṁ bhadram eva vā ।
Śālā-kūṭa-dvayor madhye chaika-hārā sa-pañjaram ।
Tat-tuṅga(ṁ) sapta-bhāgaṁ syād ekāṁśaṁ vedikodayam ।
Tad-ūrdhve’dhyardha-bhāgena galaṁ tryaṁśaba(śena) mastakam ।
Tad-ardhaṁ stūpikottuṅgaṁ karṇa-harmyam iti smṛitam ।
(M. XIX. 54-60).

v1.c6.s9.164

Maṇḍape prastarasyordhve karṇa (another reading, khaṇḍa)-harmyādi-maṇḍitam ।
(*Ibid.* 214).

v1.c6.s9.165

Stūpi-tuṅgaṁ dvayāṁśaṁ syād dvi-tale tad dvitīyakam ।
Tad evordhvam adhishṭhānaṁ vimānāṁśeka(aika)-vitastikam ।

v1.c6.s9.166

Tad-ūrdhve'ṅghṛi śarāṁśaṁ syāt karṇa-harmyādi-maṇḍitam।

v1.c6.s9.167

Prachchhādanopari stambhaṁ karṇa-harmyādi-maṇḍitam।

v1.c6.s9.168

(M. xxxi. 10).

v1.c6.s9.169

Tad-ūrdhve maṇḍapānāṁ cha chūlikā karṇa-harmyakam।

v1.c6.s9.170

(M. xxxiv. 64).

v1.c6.s9.171

Harmye chordhva-tale pādaṁ bāhya-kūṭādi(ṁ) vinyaset।
Karṇa-harmyākṛitiṁ vātha sāntara-prastaraṁ tu vā।

v1.c6.s9.172

(M. xx. 57-58).

v1.c6.s9.173

Cf. "They (tombs of the Rājās at Mahadēvapura in Coorg from 1809) are square buildings, much in the Muhammadan style, on well-raised basements, with a handsome dome in the centre, and minaret-like turrets at the four corners (? Karṇa-harmya) surmounted by basavas or bulls. On the top of the dome is a gilded ball, with a vane. All the windows have well-carved syenite frames with solid brass bars . . . . . Good wood-carving may sometimes be seen in the domestic architecture." (Ep. Carnat. vol. I. Introduction, p. 27, last paragraph).

v1.c6.s9.174

KARṆIKĀ—Generally implies a crowning projection and resembles the cornice i.e., the crowning or upper portion of the entablature.

v1.c6.s9.175

Vistāre pañcha-bhāge tu vedārdhaṁ padma-vistṛitam।
Padma-tāra-tri-bhāgaikaṁ karṇikā-vistṛitaṁ bhavet।

v1.c6.s9.176

(M. xxxii. 110—111).

v1.c6.s9.177

A moulding of the entablature:

v1.c6.s9.178

Kapota-nāsikā-kshudra-nivrordhve sthita-karṇikā ॥
Vātāhata-chalach-chāru-latāvat karṇikā-kriyā ॥

v1.c6.s9.179

(Kāmikāgama, LIV. 37, 40.)

v1.c6.s9.180

KARṆIKĀRA—A pavilion with 20 pillars, a tree, a class of people. (Matsya-Purāṇa, chap. 270, v. 13, see under Maṇḍapa).

v1.c6.s9.181

Mahendre vātha satye vā karṇikārālayaṁ bhavet।

v1.c6.s9.182

**KALAŚ(S)A**—(cf. Stūpi)—A pitcher, a cupola, a finial, a dome, a pinnacle, a tower, a type of round building.

v1.c6.s9.183

(2) Garuḍa-Purāṇa (chap. 47, v. 21, 23, 28-29, see under Prāsāda).

v1.c6.s9.184

(3) Stambhārdhaṁ kalaśād bāhye latā-vartanam ishyate ॥ Mushṭi-bandhopari kshiptaṁ vyālāntaṁ kalaśāvadhi ॥ (Kāmikāgama, LV. 103, 109).

v1.c6.s9.185

(4) Dome : Kāñchanāṇḍa-kalasa। (Khajuraho Inscrip. no. V, line 19, Ep. Ind. vol. I. p. 150).

v1.c6.s9.186

(5) Pinnacle : Vimānopari sauvarṇṇāḥ kalaśā.......pratishṭhāpitāḥ। Placed golden pinnacle on the shrine. (Yena-Madala Inscrip. of Gana-pamba, v. 17, Ep. Ind. vol. III. pp. 99, 102).

v1.c6.s9.187

(6) Dome or pinnacle : Devālayais sudhā-śubhrais suvarṇa-kalaśāṁkitaiḥ। Patākā-chumbitāmbhodair yyad-dharmmo nīta unnatim॥ (Two pillar inscrip. at Amaravati, no. A, Inscrip. of Keta II, v. 43, Ep. Ind. vol. VI. p. 152).

v1.c6.s9.188

(7) Prāsādaṁ navabhiś cha hema-kalaśair atyunnataṁ gopura-prākārotsava-maṁṭapair upachitaṁ śrī-Rāmabhadrāya cha। An exceedingly high temple furnished with nine gilt domes, a gate-tower, a wall, and a festive hall, to the holy Rāmabhadra.” (Kondavidu Inscrip. of Krishnaraya, v. 27, Ep. Ind. vol. VI. pp. 237, 331).

v1.c6.s9.189

(8) Suvarṇṇa-kalaśa-sthāpanā cha—in setting golden pinnacles (on temples). (Karkala Inscrip. of Bhairava II, line 18, Ep. Ind. vol. VIII. pp. 132, 135).

v1.c6.s9.190

(9) Abhinava-nishpanna-preksha-madhya-maṁḍape . . . . . Suvarṇṇamaya-kalaśa-ropaṇa-pratishṭhā kṛitā—“the ceremony of placing a golden cupola on the newly made central hall, intended for dramatic performances was carried out.” (The Chahamanas of Marwar, no. xix, Jālor stone Inscrip. of Samarasimhadeva, lines 5, 6, Ep. Ind. vol. xi. p. 55).

v1.c6.s9.191

(10) Uttuṅgatāspāda-devāyatanāgra-hema-kalaśaṁ . . . . . pūrṇṇa-kalaśaṁ.......... “The golden cupola on the summit of the god’s dwelling, a seat of exaltation........... like a full pitcher.” (Inscrip. at Ittagi, A of A. D. 1112, v. 64, Ep. Ind. vol. xiii. pp. 46, 56).

v1.c6.s9.192

(11) “And Viśvakarmma built his temple (Ananta-Koṭīśvara) with complete devotion, adorned with all manner of pictures, its fronts brilliant with many golden kalaśas decked with precious stones, its tower kissing the clouds.” (Ep. Carnat. vol. viii. part I, Sorab Taluq, no. 276, Transl. p. 47, second para, last sentence).

v1.c6.s9.193

(12) “We grant to you, in addition, two five-branched torches, five kalaśas above the palanquin and so forth.” (Ep. Carnat. vol. viii. part I, Nagar Taluq, no. 68, p. 153, Transl. line 12).

v1.c6.s9.194

(13) Chakre jāmbū-nadyair gurutara-kalaśair bhāsvarair eka-viṁśaiḥ | Nepāla-kshoṇī-pālaḥ prathita-bhuja-bhūshaṇaṁ tan-maṭhasya || (Inscrip. from Nepal, no. 17, Inscrip. of Siddhi Nṛisiṁha of Lalita pattana, v. 17, Ind. Ant. vol. ix. pp. 185, 187, c. 1).

v1.c6.s9.195

(14) “Above the seventh or highest row of cells, there is a roomy terrace occupied by four large bulls couchant at the corners and from the centre rises a comparatively slender neck surmounted by an umbrella or semi-dome crowned by the usual kalaśa or finial.” (Gangai-Konda-puram Śaiva temple, Ind. Ant. vol. xi. p. 118, c. 1).

v1.c6.s9.196

(15) "Erected a new gopura with golden finials (suvarṇa-kalaśa) in the Chāmuṇḍeśvarī hill."

v1.c6.s9.197

(Ep. Carnat. vol. III. Mysore Taluq, no. 20, Transl. p. 3, Roman text, p. 6).

v1.c6.s9.198

(16) "The pinnacle (kalaśa) of a ruined temple in the fort of Bellur, in Nāga mañgala Taluq shows exactly what the finial ornament of this style of temple was, which Fergusson, from its appearance in photographs, mistook for a lantern and though unable to account for so incongruous a feature introduced it into his picture of Halebid temple restored (Hist. of Ind. and East. Arch. p. 400). The crowning ornament is really a Kalaśa or sacrificial vase, such as is used at the final consecration ceremonies, round the rim of which is tied a cloth in narrow folds and knotted into a bunch at each of the four cardinal points. In later ornamentation the cloth was replaced by wreaths of leaves and flowers with a cluster or bouquet at the four points the sprays and flowers depending from which went down as far as the foot of the vase, and thus produced the appearance which in the picture suggested a lantern."

v1.c6.s9.199

(Ep. Carnat. vol. IV. Introduction, p. 38).

v1.c6.s9.200

(17) Saumya-keśava-nāthasya gopurāgre hiraṇmayī| Sthāpitā kalaśī guṇḍa-daṇḍa-nāthena śāśvatī || Saudhāgram ujvalad anyūna-divākarābho| Bālātapa-pratima-kāntir aharniśaṁ yaḥ ||

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