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Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c7: Appendix I. A Sketch of Sanskrit Treatises on Architecture

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c7

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English

Appendix I. A Sketch of Sanskrit Treatises on Architecture

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¹ Compare, Vārtta—The Ancient Hindu Economic by Narendra Nath Law, M.A. B L, Ph.D. (Indian Antiquary, vol XLVII p 256).

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A

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AGNI-PURĀṆA—See under Purāṇas.

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AṄKA-ŚĀSTRA—On architecture. (Oppert's List of Sanskrit Mss. in Private Libraries of South India, vol. I. no. 2499, p. 228).

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APARĀJITA-PṚICHCHHĀ—by Bhuvana-deva, "quoted by Hemādri in the Pariśesha-khaṇḍa, 2, 660-662, 819." (Aufrecht, Catalogus catalogorum, part II, p. 4).

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APARĀJITA-VĀSTU-ŚĀSTRA—attributed to Viśvakarman, in possession of Maṇi Śaṅkara Bhaṭṭa, Surat. (Catalogue of Sanskrit Mss. contained in Private Libraries in Gujarat, Kathiavad, Kachchh, Sindh, and Khandesh, 1872, p. 276, no. I).

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ABHILĀSHITĀRTHA-CHINTĀMAṆI—by Malla Someśvara, on architecture. (Taylor's catalogue Raisonné, I. 478).

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ARTHA-ŚĀSTRA—(Kauṭilīya)—ed. R. Shama Sastri, B.A , Mysore, 1919. Chapters :
22. Janapada-niveśa.
23. Bhūmichchhidra-vidhāna.
24. Durga-vidhāna.
25. Durga-niveśa.
65. Vāstuka, Gṛiha-vāstuka.
66. Vāstu-vikraya ; Sīmā-vivāda ; Maryādā-sthāpana ; Bādha-bādhika.
67. Vāstuke vivīte kshetra-patha-hiṁsā.

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AMŚUMAT—(KĀŚYAPĪYA)—On architecture and sculpture. (Taylor's catalogue Raisonée, I. 314).

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AMŚUMAD-BHEDĀGAMĀ—See under Āgamas.

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AMŚUMĀNA-KALPA—On architecture. (Aufrecht, ibid. part I, p. 1).

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Ā

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ĀGAMAS—Of the 28 Mahā-āgamas¹, the following have special reference to architecture and cognate arts.

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¹ Kāmikāgama.
2. Yogajāgama.
3. Chintyāgama.
4. Kāraṇāgama.
5. Ajitāgama.
6. Dīptāgama.
7. Sūkshmāgama.
8. Sahasrūgama.
9. Amśumānāgama.
10. Suprabhedāgama.
11. Vijayāgama.
12. Niśvāsāgama.
14. Anilāgama.
15. Vīrāgama.
16. Rauravāgama.
17. Makuṭāgama.
18. Vimalāgama.
19. Chandra-jñānāgama.
20. Bimbāgama.
21. Prodgītāgama.
22. Lalitāgama.
23. Siddhāgama, also called Vaikhūnasāgama.
24. Sāntvanāgama.
25. Sarvoktāgama.
26. Parameśvarāgama.
27. Kiraṇāgama.
28. Vātulāgama. (See Sūkshmāgama, British Museum, 14033, aa, 26).

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I. Amśumad-bhedāgama (paṭala or chapter):
28. Uttama-daśa-tāla-vidhi.

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(There is another Amśumad-bheda by Kāśyapa, account of which is given elsewhere.)

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II. Kāmikāgama (paṭala or chapters):
11. Bhū-parīkshā-vidhi.
12. Praveśa-bali-vidhi.
13. Bhū-parigraha-vidhi.
14. Bhū-karshaṇa-vidhi.
15. Śaṅku-sthāpana-vidhi.
16. Mānopakaraṇa-vidhi.
17. Pāda-vinyāsa.
18. Sūtra-nirmāṇa.
19. Vāstu-deva-bali.

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21. Vistārāyāma-lakshaṇa.
22. Āyādi-lakshaṇa.
24. Daṇḍika-vidhi (dealing with doors and gateways).
25. Vīthi-dvārādi-māna.
26. Grāmādi-devatā-sthāpana.
28. Grāmādi-vinyāsa.
29. Brahma-deva-padāti.
30. Grāmādi-aṅga-sthāna-nirmāṇa.
31. Garbha-nyāsa.
32. Bāla-sthāpana-vidhi.
33. Grāma-griha-vinyāsa.
34. Vāstu-śānti-vidhi.
35. Śālā-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
36. Viśesha-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
37. Dvi-śālā-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
38. Chatuḥ-śālā-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
40. Varta(? dha)māna-śālā-lakshaṇa.
41. Nandyāvarta-vidhi.
42. Svastika-vidhi.
43. Paksha-śālādi-vidhi.
44. (H)asti-śālā-vidhi.
45. Mālikā-lakshaṇa vidhi.
46. Lāṅgala-mālikā-vidhi.
47. Maulika-mālikā-vidhi.
48. Padma-mālikā-vidhi.
49. Nāgarādi-vibheda.
50. Bhūmi-lamba-vidhi.
51. Ādyeshṭakā-vidhāna-vidhi.
52. Upapīṭha-vidhi.
53. Pāda-māna-vidhi.
54. Prastāra-vidhi.
55. Prāsāda-bhūshaṇa-vidhi.
56. Kaṇṭha-lakshaṇa-vidhi.

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57. Śikhara-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
58. Stūpika-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
59. Nālādi-sthāpana-vidhi.
60. Eka-bhumyādi-vidhi.
61. Mūrdhni-sthāpana-vidhi.
62. Liṅga-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
63. Aṅkurārpaṇa-vidhi.
64. Liṅga-pratishṭhā-vidhi.
65. Pratimā-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
67. Devatā-sthāpana-vidhi.
68. Pratimā-pratishṭhā-vidhi.
69. Vimāna-sthāpana-vidhi.
70. Maṇḍapa-sthāpana-vidhi.
71. Prākāra-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
72. Parivāra-sthāpana-vidhi.

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It should be noticed that out of 75 chapters of the Kāmikāgama, more than 60 deal with architecture and sculpture. This Āgama is in fact another Vāstu-śāstra under a different name.

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III. Kāraṇāgama :

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Part I, (paṭala or chapters) :

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3. Vāstu-vinyāsa.
4. Ādyeshṭaka-vidhi.
5. Adhishṭhāna-vidhi.
6. Garbha-nyāsa-vidhi.
7. Prāsāda-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
8. Prākāra-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
9. Liṅga-lakshaṇa.
10. Mūrdhnīshṭakā-lakshaṇa.
11. Pratimā-lakshaṇa.
12. Strī-māna-daśa-tāla-lakshaṇa.
13. Kanishṭha-daśa-tāla-lakshaṇa.
14. Nava-tālottama-lakshaṇa.
16. Bali-karma-vidhi.

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19. Mṛit-saṁgrahaṇa-vidhi.
20. Aṅkurārpaṇa-vidhi.
41. Mahābhisheka-vidhi.
56. Vāstu-homa-vidhi.
59. Liṅga-sthāpana-vidhi.
60. Parivāra-sthāpana-vidhi.
61. Bali-pīṭha-pratishṭhā-vidhi.
62. Ratna-liṅga-sthāpana-vidhi.
66. Parivāra-bali.
70. Vimāna-sthāpana-vidhi.
88. Bhakta-sthāpana-vidhi.
138. Mṛit-saṁgrahaṇa (cf. 19).

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Part II, chapters:

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4. Kīla-parīkshā.
5. Gopura-lakshaṇa.
6. Maṇḍapa-lakshaṇa.
7. Pīṭha-lakshaṇa.
8. Śakti-lakshaṇa.
9. Grāma-śānti-vidhi.
10. Vāstu-śānti-vidhi.
11. Mṛit-saṁgrahaṇa.
12. Aṅkurārpaṇa.
13. Bimba-śuddhi.
14. Kautuka-bandhana.
15. Nayanonmīlana.
18. Bimba-śuddhi, (cf. II. 13).
19. Śayanāropaṇa.
21. Śiva-liṅga-sthāpana.
98. Maṭha-pratishṭhā.

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IV. Vaikhānasāgama (paṭala or chapters):

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22. Pratimā-lakshaṇa.
43. Uttama-daśa-tāla.

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V. Suprabhedāgama (paṭala or chapters) :
22. Karaṇādhikāra-lakshaṇa, deals with Ushṇīsha (crowns, head gears), Āsana (chair, seats), Paryaṅka (bedsteads, couch, etc.), Siṁhāsana (thrones), Raṅga (court-yards, theatres), Stambha (columns, pillars), etc.
23. Grāmādi-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
26. Taruṇālaya-vidhi.
27. Prāsāda-vāstu-vidhi.
28. Ādyeshṭakā-vidhi.
29. Garbha-nyāsa-vidhi.
30. Aṅguli-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
31. Prāsāda-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
32. Mūrdhnīshṭaka-vidhi.
33. Liṅga-lakshaṇa.
34. Sakala-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
35. Aṅkurārpaṇa-vidhi.
36. Liṅga-pratishṭhā-vidhi.
37. Sakala (image, idol)-pratishṭhā.
38. Śakti-pratishṭhā-vidhi.
39. Parivāra-vidhi.
40. Vṛishbaha-sthāpana-vidhi.

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ĀGASTYA-SAKALĀDHIKĀRA (manuscript)—

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(Aufrecht, part I, p. 683, see Taylor, I, 72).

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Chapters :
1. Māna-saṁgraha.
2. Uttama-daśa-tāla.
3. Madhyama-daśa-tāla.
4. Adhama-daśa-tāla.
5. Pratimā-lakshaṇa.
6. Vṛishabha-vāhana-lakshaṇa.
7. Naṭeśvara-vidhi.
8. Shoḍaśa-pratimā-lakshaṇa.
9. Dāru-saṁgraha.

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10. Mṛit-saṁskāra.
11. Varṇa-saṁskāra.

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There are three other Mss. in the Government Mss. Library, Madras, attributed to Agastya. See catalogue vol. XXII. nos. 13046, 13047, 13058. Nos. 13046, 13047 are incomplete and deal with astrological matters bearing upon architecture. No. 13058 is a portion of a large Ms. (see under Śilpa-saṁgraha) which is an anonymous compilation. The following chapters of it are ascribed to Agastya :—

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1. Māna-saṁgraha-viśesha.
2. Uttama-daśa-tāla.
3. Madhyama-daśa-tāla.
4. Somāskanda-lakshaṇa.
5. Chandra-śekhara-lakshaṇa.
6. Vṛisha-vāhana-lakshaṇa.
It is not quite clear whether the following 7—14 (which are not numbered as such in the compilation) should be attributed to Agastya :
7. Tripurāntaka-lakshaṇa.
8. Kalyāṇa-sundara-lakshaṇa.
9. Ardha-nārīśvara-lakshaṇa.
10. Pāśupata-lakshaṇa.
11. Bhikshāṭana-lakshaṇa.
12. Chaṇḍeśānugraha-lakshaṇa.
13. Dakshiṇā-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
14. Kāla-dahana-lakshaṇa.
15-18. Apparently missing.
19. Pratimā-lakshaṇa.

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The following found in another portion of the compilation are indifferentlynumbered as shown on the right parallel column:

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20. (3) Upapīṭha-vidhāna.
21. (9) Śūla-māna-vidhāna.
22. (10) Rajju-bandha-saṁskāra-vidhi.

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23. (11) Varṇa-saṁskāra.
24. (21) Akshi-mokshaṇa.

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ĀGĀRA-VINODA—On the construction of houses.

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(Aufrecht. ibid. part I, p. 2).

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ĀYA-TATTVA—by Maṇḍana Sūtradhāra.

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(See Vāstu-śāstra by Rājavallabha Maṇḍana).

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ĀYĀDI-LAKSHAṆA—On architectural and sculptural measurement.

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(Aufrecht, part I, 62).

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ĀRĀMĀDI-PRATISHTHĀ-PADDHATI—On the construction of gardens, etc.

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(Aufrecht, part I, p. 53).

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K

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KĀMIKĀGAMA—See under Āgamas.

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KARAṆĀGAMA—See under Āgamas.

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KĀŚYAPĪYA—(Manuscript), deals with architecture and cognate arts. (Govt. Mss. Library, Madras, Catalogue of Mss. vol. XXII. p. 8755 f., nos. 13032, 13033. See also Oppert's List of Sanskrit Mss. in Private Libraries of South India, vol. II. p. 395, no. 6336). “This work has attained universal authority amongst all the sculptors of South India up to the present time, and the young pupils are even now taught to learn by heart the verses given in this book regarding the rules of construction and measurements of images.”\∗ Kāśyapa is said to have learnt this science from Śiva (paṭala I, verses 1–5).

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\∗ South Indian Bronzes, by Gangooli.

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The contents are divided into eighty-three paṭalas which are classified in an overlapping manner into the following headings:—

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1. Karshaṇa.
2. Prāsāda-vāstu.
3. Vāstu-homa.
4. Prathameshtaka-vidhi.
5. Upapīṭha-vidhāna.

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6. Adhishṭhāna-vidhi.
7. Nāla-lakshaṇa.
8. Stambha-lakshaṇa.
9. Phalaka-lakshaṇa.
10. Vedikā-lakshaṇa.
11. Jālaka-lakshaṇa.
12. Tāraṇa-lakshaṇa.
13. Vṛitta-sphuṭita-lakshaṇa.
14. Stambha-toraṇa-vidhi.
15. Kumbha-tala-lakshaṇa.
16. Vṛitta-sphuṭita-lakshaṇa, cf. 13.
17. Dvāra-lakshaṇa.
18. Kampa-dvāra-lakshaṇa.
19. Prastara-lakshaṇa.
20. Gala-vidhāna.
21. Śikhara-lakshaṇa.
22. Nāsikā-lakshaṇa.
23. Mānopakaraṇa.
24. Māna-sūtrādi-lakshaṇa.
25. Nāgarādi-vidhi.
26. Garbha-nyāsa-vidhi.
27. Eka-tala-vidhāna. 28-40. Dvi-trayodaśa-tala-vidhāna.
41. Shoḍaśa-bhūmi-vidhāna.
42. Mūrdhanishṭaka-vidhāna.
43. Prākāra-lakshaṇa.
44. Maṇṭa(-ḍa)pa-lakshaṇa.
45. Gopura-lakshaṇa.
46. Sapta-mātṛika-lakshaṇa.
47. Vināyaka-lakshaṇa.
48. Parivāra-vidhi.
49. Liṅga-lakshaṇoddhāra.

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52. Uttama-nava-tāla.
53. Madhyama-nava-tāla.
54. Adhama-nava-tāla.
55. Ashṭa-tāla.
56. Sapta-tāla.
57. Pīṭha-lakshaṇoddhāra.
58. Sakala-sthāpana-vidhi. 59-60. Sukhāsana.
61. Chandra-śekhara-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
62. Vṛisha-vāhana-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
63. Nṛitta-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
64. Gaṅgādhara-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
65. Tri-pura-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
66. Kalyāṇa-sundara-lakshaṇa.
67. Ardha-nārīśvara-lakshaṇa.
68. Gajaha-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
69. Paśupati-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
70. Kaṅkāla-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
71. Hary-ardha-hara-lakshaṇa.
72. Bhikshāṭana-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
73. Chaṇḍeśānugraha.
74. Dakshiṇā-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
75. Kālaha-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
76. Liṅgodbhava-lakshaṇa.
77. Vṛiksha-saṁgrahaṇa.
78. Śūla-lakshaṇa.
79. Śūla-pāṇi-lakshaṇa.
80. Rajju-bandha-lakshaṇa.
81. Mṛit-saṁskāra-lakshaṇa.
82. Kalka-saṁskāra-lakshaṇa.
83. Varṇa-saṁskāra-lakshaṇa.
84. Varṇa-lepana-medhya-lakshaṇa.
85. Grāmādi-lakshaṇa.
86. Grāma-lakshaṇa.

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KUPĀDI-JALA-STHĀNA-LAKSAHṆA—On the construction of wells, etc.

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(In possession of the Mahārājā of Travancore; Oppert's List of Sanskrit Mss. in Private Libraries of South India, vol. I. p. 467).

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KAUTUKA-LAKSHAṆA—On Architecture.

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(Oppert's List of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. II. p. 258).

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KRIYĀ-SAṀGRAHA-PAÑJIKĀ—A catalogue of rituals by Kuladatta. It contains among other things instructions for the selection of site for the construction of a Nīhāra and also rules for building a dwelling house.

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(The Sanskrit and Buddhist Literature of Nepal by Rajendra Lal Mitra, 1882, p. 105).

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KSHĪRĀRṆAVA—Attributed to Viśvakarman, on architecture, etc.

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(Aufrecht, ibid. part II. pp. 26, 158).

v1.c7.65

KSHETRA-NIRMĀṆA-VIDHI—On the preparation of ground with a view to construction of buildings thereupon.

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(In possession of the Rājā of Cochin; Oppert's List of Sanskrit Mss. in Private Libraries of South India, vol. I. p. 354).

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G

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GARUḌA-PURĀṆA—See under Purāṇas.

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GĀRGYA-SAṀHITĀ—(Mss. R. 15. 96, in Trinity College, Cambridge; it contains 108 leaves, in oblong folio; Indian paper; Devanāgarī character; copied in 1814). It deals with the following architectural subjects:

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Dvāra-nirdeśa। (fol. 51*a*, chap. 3).
Dvāra-pramāṇa-vidhi। (fol. 57*b*).
Gārgīyāyāṁ vāstu-vidyāyāṁ chatuḥ-śāla-dvi-tri-śālaika-śāla-vidhi। (fol. 58*a*).
Vāstu-vidyāyāṁ chatur-bhāga-tri-bhāga-prati-bhāga, etc., (fol. 60*a*).
Dvāra-stambhochchhraya-vidhi। (fol. 60*b*).

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Vāstu-vidyāyāṁ prathamo'dyāyaḥ। (fol. 67*a*).
” ” dvitīyo'dhyāyaḥ। (fol. 67*b*).
” ” dvāra-pramāṇa-nirdeśaṁ। (fol. 68*a*).
Gṛiha-praveśaṁ। (fol. 68*b*).

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GṚIHA-NIRŪPAṆA-SAṀKSHEPA—A summary-work on house-building.

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GṚIHA-NIRMĀṆA-VIDHI—On rules for the erection of houses, temples, and other edifices.

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GṚIHA-PĪṬHIKĀ—On the construction of houses.

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GṚIHA-VĀSTU-PRADĪPA—(Lucknow, 1901)—contains 87 pages, deals mcstly with astronomical and ritualistic matters in connection with the building of house.

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GṚIHĀRAMBHA—by Śrīpati.

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GOPURA-VIMĀNĀDI-LAKSHAṆA—On gate-houses and temples, etc.

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GRĀMA-NIRṆAYA—by Nārāyaṇa.

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GH

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GHAṬṬOTSARGA-SŪCHANIKĀ—On the erection of steps on the bank of a river.

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C

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CHAKRA-ŚĀSTRA—On architecture and cognate arts.

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CHITRA-KARMA-ŚILPA-ŚĀSTRA—On painting. (Aufrecht, ibid. part 1. p. 187).

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CHITRA-PAṬA—On painting. (Oppert’s list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. I. p. 440).

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CHITRA-LAKSHAṆA—(ed. Laufer)—treats largely with the sculptural measurement of images and painting; translated into German from Tibetan, the original Sanskrit version is apparently missing.

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CHITRA-SŪTRA—On painting (mentioned in Kaṭṭani-mata, 22). (Aufrecht, ibid. part 1. p. 187).

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J

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JAYA-MĀDHAVA-MĀNASOLLĀSA—attributed to one Jaya-siṁha-deva—On architecture. (Aufrecht, ibid. part I. p. 201).

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JĀLĀRGALA—attributed to Varāhamihira—On door-bars and latticed windows. (Oppert’s list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. II. no. 3146, p. 217).

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JALĀRGALA-YANTRA—On the architectural instruments and machines. (Oppert's list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. II. no. 3147, p. 217).

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JÑĀNA-RATNA-KOSHA—attributed to Viśvakarman—On architecture. (Aufrecht, part 1. p. 210, in possession of Acharatalal Vaidya, Ahmedabad, Catalogue of Sanskrit Mss. contained in the Private Libraries of Gujarat, etc., 1872, p. 276).

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T

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TACHCHU-ŚĀSTRA—same as Manushyālaya-chandrikā (see below).

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TĀRĀ-LAKSHAṆA—On sculpture (image of the goddess Tārā). (Aufrecht, part 1. p. 229).

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DAŚA-TĀLA-NYAGRODA - PARIMAṆḌALA-BUDDHA - PRATIMĀ-LAKSHAṆA—On the ten-tāla measure of Buddha images, exists in Tibetan translation; the original Sanskrit version is apparently missing.

v1.c7.96

DAŚĀ-PRAKĀRA—attributed to Vasishṭha—On architectural defects. (See Vāstu-sāraṇi by Mātṛi-prasāda-Pande, Benares, 1909).

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DIK-SĀDHANA—attributed to Bhāskara—On architecture. (See Vāstu-sāraṇi).

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DĪRGHA-VISTĀRA-PRAKĀRA—attributed to Nārada—On architectural measurement. (See Vāstu-sāraṇi).

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DEVATĀ-ŚILPA—On sculpture, dealing specially with the images of deities. (A classified catalogue of Sanskrit works in the Sarasvati Bhaṇḍāram Library of His Highness the Mahārājā of Mysore, class xix, no. 535).

v1.c7.100

DEVĀLAYA-LAKSHAṆA—On the construction of temples. (Oppert’s list of Sanskrit Mss. in Private Libraries of South India, vol. I. p. 470).

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DVĀRĀ-LAKSHAṆA-PAṬALA—On the construction of doors. (Oppert's list of Sanskrit Mss. in Private Libraries of South India, vol. I. no. 6003, p. 470).

v1.c7.102

DH

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DHRUVĀDI-SHOḌAŚA-GEHĀNI—attributed to Gaṇapati—On the architectural arrangement of buildings. (See Vāstu-sāraṇi).

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NĀRADA-PURĀṆA—See under Purāṇas.

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NĀRADA-SAṀHITĀ—deals with the following subjects :
(1) Sura-pratishṭhā (20 verses).
(2) Vāstu-vidhāna (62 verses, describing briefly Bhū-parīksha, Dvāra-sthāna, Śaṅku-sthāpana, Pada-nyāsa, and Gṛiha-nyāsa).
(3) Vāstu-lakshaṇa—describes ceremonies of Gṛiha-praveśa.

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NĀVĀ-ŚĀSTRA—“On ship-building and navigation.” But the work is chiefly astrological. Some directions are, however, given respecting the materials and dimensions of vessels. (Taylor’s Catalogue Raisoneé, vol. III. p. 6). In Taylor’s Catalogue Raisoneé, there is mentioned another Ms. of which the title is lost. It is “on the art of constructing forts, houses, fanes, of settling a village; navigation and variety of other similar things emunerated as taught in 36 works, the names of which are given.” (Ibid. vol. III. p. 350).

v1.c7.107

P

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PAKSHI-MANUSHYĀLAYA-LAKSHAṆA—On the construction of human dwellings and aviaries. (Oppert’s list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. I. p. 471).

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PAÑCHA-RĀTRA-(PRA)DĪPIKĀ—(also called Mantra-dīpikā)—It professes to form a part of the Padma-tantra of the Nārada-Pañcha-rātra. It has a Telugu commentary by Peḍḍanāchārya. It deals with images and consists of the following five chapters :
1. Śilā-saṁgraha-lakshaṇa.
2. Dāru-saṁgrahaṇa.
3. Pratimā-lakshaṇa.
4. ........ nāma-tṛitīyo’dhyāya.
5. Pratimā-saṁgrahe jalādhivāsana-ashṭamo’dhyāya. (See Egg. Mss. 3150, 2579, II, Mackenzie collection).

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PIṆḌA-PRAKĀRA—attributed to Gopirāja---On architectural subjects. (See Vāstu-sāraṇi).

v1.c7.111

PĪṬHA-LAKSHAṆA—On pedastals. (Oppert's list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. I. p. 472).

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PURĀṆAS—(Bombay editions)---Of the 18 or 19 Mahā-purāṇas,¹ the following have special reference to Architecture and Sculpture.

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¹ | 1. Brahma | 11. Liṅga. |

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I. Agni-Purāṇa : Chapters :
42. Prāsāda-lakshaṇa-kathana.
43. Prāsāda-devatā-sthāpana.
44. Vāsudevādi-pratimā-lakshaṇa-vidhi.
45. Piṇḍikā-lakshaṇa.
46. Śālagrāmādi-mūrti-lakshaṇa-kathana.
49. Matsyādi-daśāvatāra-kathana.
50. Devī-pratimā-lakshaṇa-kathana.
51. Sūryādi-pratimā-lakshaṇa.
52. Devī-pratimā-lakshaṇa (cf. 50).
53. Liṅga-lakshaṇa.
54. Liṅga-mānādi-kathana.
55. Piṇḍikā-lakshaṇa-kathana (cf. 45).
60. Vāsudeva-pratishṭhā-vidhi (cf. 44).
62. Lakshmī-pratishṭhā-vidhi.
104. Prāsāda-lakshaṇa (cf. 42).
105. Gṛihādi-vāstu-kathana.
106. Nagarādi-vāstu.

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| 2. Padma. | 12. Varāha. |
| 3. Vishṇu. | 13. Skanda (also called Kumāra). |
| 4. Śiva. | 14. Vāmana. |
| 5. Bhāgavata. | 15. Matsya. |
| 6. Nārada. | 16. Garuḍa. |
| 7. Mārkaṇḍeya. | 17. Brahmāṇḍa. |
| 8. Agni | 18. Vāyu. |
| 9. Bhavishya. | 19. Kūrma. |
| 10. Brahma-vaivarta | |

v1.c7.116

Chapters :
45. Śālagrāma-mūrti-lakshaṇa.
46. Prāsāda-ārāma-durga - devālaya-maṭhādi-vāstu - mānalakshaṇa-nirūpaṇa.
47. Prāsāda-liṅga-maṇḍapādi-śubhāśubha-lakshaṇa-nirūpaṇa.
48. Devānāṁ pratishṭhā-vidhi.

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III. Nārada-Purāṇa : Part I, chapter :
13. Devatāyana-vāpī-kūpa-taḷāgādi-nirmāṇa.

v1.c7.118

IV. Brahmāṇḍa-Purāṇa : Chapter :
7. Gṛihādi-nirmāṇa.

v1.c7.119

V. Bhavishya-Purāṇa : Chapters :
12. Madhya-parvaṇi, Pratidevatā-pratimā-lakshṇa-varṇana
130. Brahma-parvaṇi, Prāsāda-lakshaṇa-varṇana.
131. Mūrti-sthāna, deals with the materials, etc., of which images are made.
132. Pratimā-māna, deals with the measurement of images.

v1.c7.120

VI. Mātsya-Purāṇa : Chapters :
252. Deals with the introduction of eighteen ancient architects—Bhṛigu, Atri, Vasisṭha, Viśvakarmā, Maya, Nārada, Nagnajit, Viśālāksha, Purandara, Brahma, Kumāra, Nandīśa, Śaunaka, Garga, Vāsudeva, Aniruddha, Śukra, and Bṛihaspati.
255. Stambha-māna-vinirṇaya.
257. Dārvāharaṇa.
258. Nava-tāla-māna.
262. Pīṭhikā-lakshaṇa.

v1.c7.121

263\. Liṅga-lakshaṇa. 269\. Prāsāda-varṇana. 270\. Maṇḍapa-lakshaṇa.

v1.c7.122

VII. Liṅga-Purāṇa :

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Part II, chapter:

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48\. Yāga-kuṇḍa-vinyāsa-kathana-pūrvakaṁ sarvāsāṁ devatānāṁ sthāpana-vidhi-nirūpaṇam, Prāsādārchāni-nirūpaṇam.

v1.c7.125

VIII. Vāyu-Purāṇa :

v1.c7.126

Part I, chapter :

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39\. Śaila-sthita-vividha-devālaya-kīrtana.

v1.c7.128

IX. Skanda-Purāṇa :

v1.c7.129

Chapters :

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24\. Māheśvara-khaṇḍe prathame—Himālayena sva-sutāyā vivāhārthaṁ Gargāchārya-purohitaṁ puraskṛitya Viśvakarma-dvārā pūrva-maṇḍapa-nirmāṇādi-varṇanam, Nāradād Viśvakarma-kṛita-vivāha-maṇḍapaṁ chāturyeṇa sarva-deva-pratikṛiti-chitra-vinyāsaṁ śrutvā sarveshāṁ devānāṁ śaṅkā-prāptiḥ. Māheśvara-khaṇḍe dvitīye—svayaṁ Viśvakarma-dvāra nirmāpite Mahīnagare sthāpana-varṇana.

v1.c7.131

25\. Vaishṇava-khaṇḍe dvitīye—Nārada-likhita-sāhitya-sambhāva-saṁgraha-patraṁ śrutvā Indradumnājñayā Padmanidhinā svarṇa-śālā-nirmāṇaṁ, Nāradājñayā Viśvakarmaṇā syandana-traya-nirmāṇaṁ, tasya rathasya Nārada-kareṇa sthāpanaṁ, tat-prasaṁgena ratha-sthāpana-prakāra-vidhi-varṇanam.

v1.c7.132

PRATIMĀ-DRAVYĀDI-VACHANA—On the materials of which idols are made.

v1.c7.133

(Oppert's list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. I. p. 490).

v1.c7.134

PRATIMĀ-MĀNA-LAKSHAṆA—On the tāla-measures of images, exists in Tibetan Translation; Sylvain Levi reports that he has traced its original Sanskrit version in the Palace Library of Tibet

v1.c7.135

PRATISHTHĀ-TATTVA—also called Maya-saṁgraha—On architecture.

v1.c7.136

PRATISHTHĀ-TANTRA—On architecture in a dialogue form between Śiva and Pārvati.

v1.c7.137

(Aufrecht, ibid. part III. p. 74).

v1.c7.138

PRĀSADA-KALPA—On the construction of buildings.

v1.c7.139

(Oppert's list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. II. p. 522).

v1.c7.140

PRĀSĀDA-KĪRTANA—On architecture.

v1.c7.141

(Author not known; in possession of Gopal Rao, Mālegamva, Catalogue of Sanskrit Mss. in Private Libraries of Gujarat, etc., 1872, p. 276).

v1.c7.142

PRĀSĀDA-DĪPIKĀ—On architecture, quoted in Madana-Pārijāta.

v1.c7.143

(Aufrecht, ibid. part I. p. 364).

v1.c7.144

PRĀSĀDA-MAṆḌANA-VĀSTU-ŚĀSTRA—artributed to Sūtradhāra Maṇḍana—(Egg. Mss. 3147, 2253). It is written in Sanskrit, but is largely mixed with Bhāshā forms. It contains the following eight chapters:
1. Miśra-kalaśa.
2. Jagati dṛishśi-dosho āyatanādhikāra.
3. Bhitti-pīṭha-maṇḍovāra-garbha-gṛihaudumbara-pramāṇa.
4. Pramāṇa-dṛishṭi-pada-sthāna-śikhara-kalaśa-lakshaṇa.
5. Rājyādi-prāsādādhikāra.
6. Keśaryādi-prāsāda-jāti-lakshaṇa, pañcha-kshetrapañcha-chatvāriṁśan-meru-lakshaṇādhyāya.
7. Maṇḍapa-bālānaka-saṁbaraṇādhikāra. 8 Jīrṇoddhāra-bhinna-dosha-sthāvara-pratishṭhā, Sūtradhāra-pūjā, Jina-pratishṭhā, Vāstu-purusha-vinyāsa.

v1.c7.145

PRĀSĀDA-LAKSHAṆA—attributed to Varāhamihira—On architecture.

v1.c7.146

(Oppert's list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. II. p. 208).

v1.c7.147

PRĀSĀDA-LAKSHAṆA—On buildings. (Oppert’s list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. I. p. 473).

v1.c7.148

PRĀSĀDĀLAṄKĀRA-LAKSHAṆA—On the decoration (articles of furniture) of buildings. (In possession of the Mahārājā of Travancore; Oppert’s list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. II. p. 473).

v1.c7.149

B

v1.c7.150

BIMBAMĀNA—(Mss. British Museum, nos. I. 559, 5291, foll. 33, 7 lines to a page; II. 558, 5292, foll. 27, 9 lines to a page; written in Simhalese character, has a Simhalese commentary)—This is a treatise on religious sculpture, stated to be extracted from a Gautamīya ascribed to Sāriputra. The last colophon runs thus—Iti Gautamīye Sāri-putra-śrute Bimba-mānam samāptam. The commentator explains this Bimbamāna-vidhi as the Sarvajña-pratimā-pramāṇa-vidhi.

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BṚIHAT-SAṀHITĀ—of Varāhamihira—On architectural and sculptural matters.

v1.c7.152

Chapters:
53. Vāstu-vidyā.
56. Prāsāda-lakshaṇa.
57. Vajra-lepa.
58. Pratimā-lakshaṇa.
79. Śayyāsana-lakshaṇa.

v1.c7.153

BUDDHA-PRATIMĀ-LAKSHAṆA—On the tāla measure of Buddha-images; exists in Tibetan Translation; the original Sanskrit version is apparently missing.

v1.c7.154

BRAHMĀṆḌA-PURĀṆA—See under Purāṇas.

v1.c7.155

BH

v1.c7.156

BHAVISHYA-PURĀṆA—See under Purāṇas.

v1.c7.157

M

v1.c7.158

MAṬHA-PRATISHṬHĀ-TATTVA—attributed to Raghuhandana—contains quotations from the Devī-purāṇa and the Deva-pratishṭhā-tattva, both of which deal with architectural and sculptural matters.

v1.c7.159

MATSYA-PURĀṆA—See under Purāṇas.

v1.c7.160

MANUSHYĀLAYA-CHANDRIKA—(also called Tachchu-śāstra)—deals with measurement, etc., concerning private dwelling houses as distingueshed from religious temples, and military forts, etc. It contains 65 stanzas and a Malayalam translation. There is a Ms. also bearing the same title. (Opperi's list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. I. p. 475).

v1.c7.161

MANUSHYĀLAYA-LAKSHAṆA—On the building of human dwellings. (In possession of the Mahārājā of Travancore, Oppert's list of Sanskrit Mss. ibid. vol. I. p. 475).

v1.c7.162

MANTRA-DĪPIKĀ—(see Pañcha-rātra-pradīpikā)—On architecture.

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MAYAMATA—an oft quoted and well known authority on architecture. There are several treatises attributed to Maya:—

v1.c7.164

I. Mayamata, edited by Gaṇapati Śāstri, 1919, from three fragmentary and one incomplete (with a Tamil translation) Mss.; it contains 34 chapters, and four more chapters are missing (see below).

v1.c7.165

There are some other Mss. bearing the same title (Egg. 3150, 2575); one of them (in the Oriental Mss. Library, Madras), written in modern Telugu, on rough paper, contains five chapters with a short commentary by Gannamāchārya.

v1.c7.166

II. Mayamata-Śilpa-śāstra-vidhāna (Egg. 3150, 25

v1.c7.167

There is also another English translation of Mayamata in the Mackenzie collection (Translation, class x, Sanskrit, 2—6).

v1.c7.168

V. Maya-vāstu—text, pp. 33, published by Rama Svami Sāstralu & Sons, Madras, 1916.

v1.c7.169

VI. Maya-vāstu-śāstram—text, pp. 40, published by K. Lakshman Mudali, Madras, 1917.

v1.c7.170

VII. Mayamata-vāstu-śāstra—Oriental Mss. Library, Madras, Catalogue vol. XXII. nos. 13034 (with a Tamil commentary), 13035 (with a Telugu commentary), 13036, 13037, 13038, 13039 (with a Telugu commentary).

v1.c7.171

Of these Mss. no. 13034 is the largest, containing 390 pages of 13¼ × 8″ paper of 22 lines to a page. The subjects and the method of description are strikingly similar to those of the Mānasāra. It is divided into the following thirty-six chapters:—

v1.c7.172

1. Saṅgrahādhyāya.
2. Vāstu-prakāra.
3. Bhū-parīkshā.
4. Bhū-parigraha.
5. Mānopakaraṇa.
6. Dik-parichchhedana.
7. Pada-devatā-vinyāsa.
8. Deva-bali-karma-vidhāna (incomplete).
9. . Grāma-garbha-vinyāsa (incomplete).
10. Nagara-vinyāsa.
11. Bhū-lamb(h)a-vidhāna.
12. Garbha-nyāsa-vidhāna.
13. Upapīṭha-vidhāna.
14. Adhishṭhāna-vidhāna.
15. Pāda-pramāṇa-dravya-parigraha.
16. Prastara-karaṇa.
17. Sandhi-karma-vidhāna.
18. Śikhara-karaṇa-bhavana-samāpti-vidhāna.
19. Eka-bhūmi-vidhāna.

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20. Dvi-bhūmi-vidhāna.
21. Tri-bhūmi-vidhāna.
22. Bahu-bhūmi-vidhāna.
23. Prākāra-parivāra (elsewhere, Sandhi-karma-vidhāna).
24. Gopura-vidhāna.
25. Sabhā (maṇḍapa)-vidhāna.
26. Śālā-vidhāna.
27. Gṛiha-mānādhikāra (elsewhere, Chatur-gṛiha-vidhāna)
28. Gṛiha-praveśa.
29. Rāja-veśma-vidhāna.
30. Dvāra-vidhāna.
31. Yānādhikāra.
32. Yāna-śayanādhikāra.
33. Liṅga-lakshaṇa.
34. Pīṭha-lakshaṇa (incomplete).
35. Anukarma-vidhāna.
36. Pratimā-lakshaṇa.

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Compare no. I, which contains the first 34 out of 36 chapters given in the above list, the variations are noted within brackets.

v1.c7.175

No. 13035 contains in 74 pages the chapters 1-32.

v1.c7.176

No. 13036 is same as no. 13035.

v1.c7.177

No. 13037 contains only two incomplete chapters in 6 pages.

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No. 13038 contains in 94 pages the following twelve chapters :—

v1.c7.179

1. Pratimā-vidhāna.
2. Āya-lakshaṇa.
3. Liṅga-lakshaṇa.
4. Daśa-tāla-vidhāna
5. Kuñchita-vidhāna.
6. Nava-tāla-vidhāna.
7. Hasta-karma-vidhāna.
8. Upapīṭha-vidhāna.
9. Eka-bhūmi-vidhāna.

v1.c7.180

10. Dvi-tala-vidhāna.
11. Tri-tala-vidhāna.
12. Gopura-vidhāna. Its colophon runs thus—"iti Gannāchārya-virachi-tāyāṁ Mayamate Śilpa-śāstre..."

v1.c7.181

No. 13039 contains in 36 pages the first four chapters of no. 13038.

v1.c7.182

"There is in Tamil a treatise on Śilpa-śastra, said to have been originally composed in Sanskrit by Myen (i.e., Maya) who, according to Mythology, was a son of Brahmā and architect of the gods. The original work appears to have been disseminated far and wide, and to have suffered by omissions as well as by additions. The work under consideration seems to have been formed from selections of existing editions of the original work under the superintendence and guidance of persons having a practical knowledge of Śilpa-śastra or at least of persons professing to have such knowledge (Ind. Ant. vol. v. p. 230, c. 1, para 1; see also M. II. 11-12, 17-20 under Sthapati, p. 709-710).

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In regard to Maya the following note is of great interest :—

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Exploration of the sites of a lost civilization is the fascinating pursuit of Dr. Gann, who has discovered a hitherto unknown monolith and a once-populous site in the forests of Yucatan. He is exploring for traces of the Mayas, and his progress is recorded in a series of articles published in the *Morning Post*.

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"I discovered the ruins of the great city of Coba," he writes, "through information found in a recent translation of the ancient Maya manuscript book of Chilan Balam of Chumayel. This describes the migration of the Itzas from Chichenitza to Coba, which is about fifty miles to the east of Chichenitza.

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"The books of Chilan Balam are the old traditions of the Mayas, which survived the Spanish conquest of Yucatan. They record the migrations of Maya clans, and were reduced to writing in the sixteenth century. I was informed by a wandering Maya Indian that in the Mexican territory of Quintana Roo he had come across a great slab of stones lying buried in the bush upon which were inscribed: ‘Ubalob uxben uincoob,’ or things belonging to the ancient people. He said he had found it not many miles north of the British Honduras frontier.

v1.c7.187

“As guide I took the Indian who had told me of the stone. He, like most of his race, had nothing to say to strangers, and he said it most efficiently.

v1.c7.188

“I had no difficulty in obtaining my permit to visit the shores of Chetumal Bay, where the Maya monolith was reported to be.

v1.c7.189

“So we set out on our journey up the Bay, which runs almost due north for about thirty miles into the south of the Yucatan peninsula. This is surely one of the most desolate stretches of water in the world. It is shallow; yellow; forbidding. On the east separating it from the Caribbean Sea, is an unexplored, uninhabited peninsula, covered with virgin bush. On the west, between the Bay and the great Bacalar Lagoon, the land is equally desolate, being traversed at rare intervals only by a few Indian ‘Chicle bleeders,’ who roam in search of the sapodilla trees, from which they get the latex that forms the raw material of chewing gum.

v1.c7.190

“About thirteen miles from Payo Obispo I lighted on my great find. We came to a spot on the west coast of the bay where an Indian had cut down the bush to make a small maize plantation. My Indian guide directed us to land here, and then led us to the stone we were seeking.

v1.c7.191

“The full importance of the discovery was not apparent at first. It was a block of greyish schist, twelve feet long, eighteen inches wide, and twelve inches thick. It had at one time stood upright, but now lay flat and embedded in the ground. Upon one edge faint traces of sculpture were visible, but the greater part of the exposed surfaces had been worn quite smooth by the tropical down pours of an unknown number of rainy seasons. This has been the fate of many Maya inscriptions.

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"I then brushed the soil from the stone, and there—glorious surprise—I saw the Maya Initial Series Date—9. 8. 0. 0. 0. 5 Aban 3 Chen. or 26 October, 333 A.D.! The sculpture preserved by its burial in the earth, was almost as clear and plain as on the day when it was cut in the stone, nearly sixteen centuries ago.

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"Amid all the Maya ruins in Yucatan only four such Initial Series dates have been found, and the date carved on the monolith which lay before me was more than three hundred years earlier than that appearing on the oldest of the stelae previously found. Now, one of the most baffling mysteries connected with the Mayas is their abandonment of their old empire and foundation of the new one; for, at a certain period in their history, they left their cities, built with an enormous expenditure of labour, and migrated from the fertile lands in which they stood to found new settlements in what were, apparently, uninhabited regions.

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"Earthquakes, pestilence, and foreign invasion have been suggested as possible causes of this migration. The cities the Mayas left bear no traces of violence having been wrought by man or the forces of Nature, and the buildings of their new settlements were obviously erected by a people with unimpaired vigour. It is therefore important to fix the date when they first established themselves in Yucatan; and this discovery may, in fact, cause a complete reversion of the ideas generally held as to their first immigration into this peninsula and their foundation of what is known as the New Empire. It may, indeed, affect our views of the whole history of the earliest and most advanced aboriginal civilisation of America, which was in many respects the highest civilisation of ancient, if not of any time.

v1.c7.195

"The carving on this stela begins with the initial glyph and in column below this come the glyphs meaning—

v1.c7.196

9 Bactuns (periods of 400 years, each of 360 days). 8 Katuns (periods of twenty years); 0 Tuns (years). 0 Uinals (Maya months of twenty days). 0 Kins (days). It thus records the lapse of 3760 years from the beginning of the Maya chronology. The Mayas did not count any period of time until it was completed, that is to say, their sign for the first day of a month was 0. So if written in our style these glyphs would read 1. 1. 3761.

v1.c7.197

"It is generally assumed that the date from which the Mayas reckoned their chronology is mythological rather than historical. But for the present purposes consideration of such a question is immaterial. The point is that all the dates on such monoliths are reckoned from the same day, and therefore, according to Spinden's correlation of their system with ours, this date corresponds to our 26 October, 333 A. D.

v1.c7.198

"This would, apparently, place the beginning of the Maya chronology in B. C. 3381. The British Museum Guide to the Maudsley Collection of Maya Sculptures gives this Maya date 9. 8. 0. 0. 0. 5 Ahan, 3 Chen as A.D. 64. But it mentions that Professor Morley has worked out another correlation which places this and all other Maya dates some 270 years later.

v1.c7.199

"Beneath this date on the stela was a great sheet of hieroglyphics, which were perfectly clearly defined, but they are in our present state of knowledge indecipherable. I have no doubt though that if we could read them we should find that they recorded events which had occurred during the preceding Katun or period of twenty Maya years, as such stelae were put up by the Mayas to commemorate the ends of each of those periods.

v1.c7.200

"The monolith had been erected just in front of a great terraced pyramid which stood between two others. All these pyramids were faced, in the usual Maya style, with blocks of cut limestone. The central one had three terraces and was thirty-two feet high. Its flat top, upon which there no doubt stood a wooden temple, long since perished, was one hundred and thirty-five feet long and sixty-four feet across.

v1.c7.201

"Further investigation showed that these pyramids were at one end of a great enclosure, which was surrounded by a massive stone wall. This wall is from twelve to fifteen feet thick at the base, and in the places where it has remained intact, it is twelve feet high; but for the most part the growth of luxurious vegetation has thrown the stones down and the ruins are only three or four feet above ground. The wall is a mile and a half long and forms a semicircle with the two ends running down to the shore.

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