Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v4.c30.s12: Chapter LIX: The Images of the Devotees

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v4.c30.s12

Language: English

Chapter LIX: The Images of the Devotees

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1. The characteristic features of all the devotees will now be described in order.

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2. They are divided into four classes, and should be accordingly measured.

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3-4. The first class (of devotees) are called the *Sālokya* (who reside in the same place as God), the second the *Sāmīpya* (who reside in the neighbourhood of God), the third the *Sārūpya* (who are in close resemblance or identity with God), and the fourth the *Sāyujya* (who are in intimate union with God).

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5. The *sālokya* state is said to be attained by a combination of devotion (attachment), knowledge, and renunciation (i.e., absence of worldly desire).

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6. The *sāmīpya* state is said to be attained through the combination of knowledge and renunciation.

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7. The *sārūpya* state can be attained only through the meditation (on God).

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8. And the *sāyujya* state which is the chief object of life is based on the true knowledge (about God).

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9. The limbs of the *Sālokya* class of devotees should be measured in the largest type of the nine *tāla* system.

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10. The limbs of the *Sāmīpya* class of devotees should be measured in the smallest type of the ten *tāla* system.

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11. The wise (sculptor) should measure the *Sārūpya* class of devotees in the intermediate type of the ten *tāla* system.

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12. The *Sāyujya* class of devotees are said by the wise to be measured in the largest type of the ten *tāla* system.

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13. The *tāla* measurement of the devotees will be described in this order.

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14. The whole length from the crown to the foot should be divided into one hundred and twelve (*bhāva*) parts¹.

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¹ Two kinds of *bhāvas* are generally enumerated, namely, *sthāyin* and *vyabhichārin*, the former numbers 8 or 9 corresponding to 8 or 9 *rasas*, and the latter numbers 33 or 34; but here the figure required is 12 as is assured by the details given in the following lines. This is stated (in line 9) to be the largest type of the nine *tāla* system, the other two types being of 110, 108 parts. According to the general rule the smallest type will be the nine *tāla* proper, being nine times the face of 12 parts.

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15. The crown (head proper) should be four *mātras* (parts) and the distance down to the eye four *aṅgulas* (parts).

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16. The distance down to the nose (*puṭa*, nostril) should be four *mātras* (parts) and equal to that the distance therefrom down to the chin.

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17–19. The height of the neck should be four *mātras* (parts). The distances from the neck (*bhadra*) to the heart, from the heart to the navel, and from the navel to the sex organ should be twelve parts each. The length of the thigh should be twice the face (i.e. twenty-four parts).

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20. The knee-cap should be made equal to the neck (i.e., four parts), and the leg equal to the thigh (i.e., twenty-four parts).

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21. The foot should be equal to the knee-cap (i.e., four parts) in height (length): thus should be measured the height (in the large type of the nine *tāla* system).

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22. The sole from the largest toe to the heel should be of sixteen *mātras* (parts).

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23. The length of the arm should be preferably twenty-four *mātras* (parts).

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24. The elbow should be two *mātras* (parts) and the forearm eighteen *aṅgulas* (parts).

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25. Thence the palm up to the tip of the middle finger should be twelve *mātras* (parts).

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26. The breadth of the face should be eleven parts (*aṁśa*), and the width of the neck eight parts.

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27. Equal to that (i.e., eight parts) should be the width round the root of the arm, and the width of the knee-cap equal to that.

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28. The breadth (width) up to (i.e., round) the arm should be thirty-six *aṅgulas* (parts).

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29. The breadth (of the chest) from one armpit to the other should be preferably twenty parts.

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30. The breadth at the middle belly should be fifteen parts.

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31. The width round the buttocks should be seventeen parts.

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32. The width round the loins should be nineteen parts.

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33. The width at the root of the thigh should be twelve and a half parts.

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34. The width at the root of the leg should be seven and a half parts.

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35. The middle of the leg should be six parts, and the width four parts.

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36. The width of the ankle at the root of the knee tube should be one and three-fourths times the foot.

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37. The breadth of the heel is stated to be four and a half parts.

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38. The breadth of the toes (lit., extended foot, *prapada*) should be five-sixths part.

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39. The breadth of the palm should be five *aṅgulas* (parts), and the length of the thumb four parts.

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40. The width thereof (of the thumb) should be two parts, and a half of that width should be the breadth of the nail.

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41. The length of the forefinger should be equal to the thumb in length, and the width thereof should be one part.

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42-43. Three parts, two parts and a half, and two parts should be the preferable length of the middle finger, the ring finger, and the little finger respectively.

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44. Their respective width is said to be seven, six, and five *yavas* (i.e., seven-eighths, six-eighths and five-eighths parts).

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45. The breadth of the nails is said to be a half of the breadth of the respective fingers.

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46. The width of the arm at the middle should be seven parts, and the elbow should be the same.

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47. The (width of the) forearm should be four parts and of the wrist-joint three parts.

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48. The breadth of the palm should be six parts at the root, and four parts at the top.

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49. The length of the palm should be six parts, and the remainder the middle finger.

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50. Five and a half parts should be the length of the two fingers, the forefinger and the ring-finger.

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51. The length of the little finger and the thumb should be three and a half parts.

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52-53. One part (i.e., eight *yavas*), six, seven, six, and four *yavas*: these are said to be the width of the five fingers from the thumb to the little finger respectively.

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54. They (the fingers) should be measured as aforesaid, tapering from the broad root to the thin tip.

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55-57. The breadth of the nails at the tip should be preferably three parts each; the length of the nails is said to be three-fourths part more (than the breadth), or the wise sculptor should make the tip of the nail one, two, or three *yavas*.

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58. The thumb should have two parts (digits) and the other fingers three (digits).

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59. The lines of knowledge, etc., should be marked on the surface of the palm.

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60. The brows should be situated extending from the eye-line to the end of the hair.

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61. The length of the eye should be two parts, and a half of that its breadth.

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62-63. The length of the ear should be four parts, and the tubular vessel of the ear equal to that, and the breadth (? of the ear) is said to be two parts; the rest should be made as prescribed by the wise sculptor.

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64. Thus is described the largest type of the nine *tāla*, the rest (of which) should be like those of the ten *tāla*.

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65-66. For the second type (i.e., the *Sāmīpya* class of devotees)¹ the whole height should be divided into one hundred and sixteen parts from the foot to the top of the limit of the crown (as) in the smallest type of the ten *tāla* system.

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¹ Compare line 10.

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67. The height from the crown to the hair should be four parts.

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68. Thence the distance down to the eye-line should be four parts and a half.

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69. Therefrom the distance down to the end of the nose should be preferably four parts.

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70. The distance from the tip of the nose to the chin should be three parts and a half.

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71. Thence the distance to the neck should be one and a-half parts, and the height of the neck four parts.

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72-73. The distances from the neck to the heart, from the heart to the navel, and from the navel to the sex organ should be all equal, being twelve parts each.

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74. The length of the thigh from the sex organ (to the knee-joint) should be twenty-five parts.

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75. The leg should be equal to the thigh, and the (height of) the foot from the sole and the knee-cap four parts each.

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76. The (length of the) foot from the heel to the largest toe should be sixteen parts and a half.

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77. The length of the arm from the line of the larynx should be twenty-five parts.

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78. The elbow should be two parts, and the forearm nineteen parts.

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79. The palm up to the tip of the middle finger should be twelve parts and a half.

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80. The breadth of the face is said to be eleven parts and a half.

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81. The width of the neck should be eight parts and a half, and that of the arm and the knee equal to that.

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82. The breadth (of the shoulder) up to the arm should be thirty-seven and a half parts.

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83. The distance between the armpits is stated to be twenty and a half parts.

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84. The width at the middle belly should be fifteen and a half parts.

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85. The width round the buttocks should be eighteen and a half parts.

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86. The width round the hips is desired to be nineteen parts.

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87. The width at the root of the thigh should be twelve and a half parts.

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88. The width at the middle of the leg should be eight and a half parts.

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89. The width of the knee should be four parts, and the width of the ankle five parts.

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90. The toes (*prapada*, lit., the extended point of the foot) should be six parts, and the length of the thumb four parts.

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91–92. The length of the forefinger should be equal to that, and the length of the other fingers should be less than that by half a part, but the breadth (thereof) is said to be equal.

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93. The width of the elbow should be eight and a half parts.

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94. The width of the forearm should be five parts, and that of the wrist-joint four parts.

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95. The breadth of the palm should be five parts, and the length of the palm seven parts.

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96. The preferable length of the middle finger should be five and a half parts.

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97. The length of the forefinger should be made of five parts.

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98. The length of the smallest finger and the thumb should be four and a half parts each.

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99. The length of the ear should be four parts, and the extension of the tubular vessel equal to that.

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100. All other limbs, which are not mentioned here, should be measured as in the largest type of the ten *tāla* system.¹

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¹ See chapter LXV, and the writer's *Dictionary*, pages 233—240.

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101. When that is made under the supervision of the sculptors, there would be no defect in it.²

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² In this account no description of the images proper is given.

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Thus in the *Mānasāra*, the science of architecture, the fifty-ninth chapter, entitled:

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The description of the devotees.

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THE GOOSE

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1-3. Now I shall describe the characteristic features of the riding animals (vehicles) of the Triad, namely, the characteristic features of the goose, the *Garuḍa*-bird, the bull, and the lion (will be described in order).

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4-5. The three kinds of height of the goose, consisting of the largest and other (the intermediate and the smallest) sizes, are said to be equal to the height of Brahmā (the rider) , one-half, and one-third thereof.

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6. The (limbs of the) goose should be measured lengthwise in the largest type of the two *tāla* system.

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7. The height of the head should be four parts, and the length of the neck eight parts.

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8-9. (Thence) the height up to the heart (i.e., the middle portion) should be eleven parts, below that the length of the thigh one and three-fourths parts, and the knee is said to be one part.

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10. The length of the leg should be equal to the height of the thigh, and the height (i.e., length) of the foot one part.

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11. The length of the face should be three parts, and at the back of the head two parts.

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12. The breadth (width) of the face should be four parts, and (that of) the neck at the root one part.

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13. The width of the neck should taper from the root towards the top where the face should be bisected into two beaks.

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14. The breadth of the belly should be eight parts, and the chest area equal to that.

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15. From the fore part thereof and proceeding from the root (of the tail) the length of the tail should be sixteen parts.

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16-18. The breadth of the eye should be five *aṅgulas* (parts), and the length of the wing eight parts, its breadth two parts, and the forepart should be one *aṅgula* (part) and the thickness one *aṅgula* (part); and the length of the arm should be eight parts.

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19. The elbow should be one part, and the length of the hand (wing) up to the end six *aṅgulas* (parts).

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20. The two hands (wings) should be shaped like the plough at the joint (lit., entrance) of the end of the wing.

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21-22. The width of the quite circular root of the thigh should be two and a half parts; the breadth at the fore part should be one part and a half, and the breadth of the knee one fourth part.

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23. The length of the leg should be one part, and the breadth of the sole two parts.

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24. The length of the (middle finger) up to the tip should be four parts.

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25. To each side of that (middle finger) should be two fingers preferably of two parts each.

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26-27. The length of the root (main) finger at the back should be preferably two parts; the breadth at the front should be one part and at the back equal to that.

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28. The width of the (main) finger should be one and a half arts, and a half of that should be the (width of the) other fingers.

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29. The length of the face should be three parts, and the breadth one part.

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30. The length of the eye should be half a part, and the breadth should be discreetly made¹

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¹ Compare line 16 where the breadth is stated to be five parts.

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31. The expert (sculptor) should mark the eye at the middle of the length of the face.

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32. The distance between the eyes along the ear-line should be two *yavas* (i.e., one-fourth part).

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33. The height of the crest (*stūpi*) above the head should be two parts, and the thickness (thereof) one part.

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34–35. Its length ending at the back of the head should be six parts, and the breadth four parts; the rest should be discreetly made.

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36–37. The riding bird (goose) of Brahmā should be made white all over the limbs, but the legs should be mixed with red, and the beak should be goldish.

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38. For all the images the vehicles should be made movable (? as well as stationary).

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39–42. The feathers of variegated (lit., all) colours should be charmingly fixed at the two wings of the goose, at its tail, back, and rows of feathers at the crest; and feathers should be made coating the elongated belly.

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43–46. Rows of geese should be discreetly carved as ornaments at the different parts of the buildings of the gods, the Brahmans, and the Kings, (namely) at the entablature, the top of the crowning fillet, the pinnacle, the nest (recess), the neck, and all over.

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Thus in the *Mānasāra*, the science of architecture, the sixtieth chapter entitled:

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The description of the goose in connection with the vehicles.

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THE GARUḌA-BIRD

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1. The measurement and the characteristic features of the king of birds (*Garuḍa*) will be described now.

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2-5. Equal to the height of the principal idol (of Vishṇu), three-fourths, and one-half of it ; equal to the *utsava*¹ height (i. e., the comparative height of the idol), twice, thrice, three-and-a-half times, four times, four and a half times thereof: these are said to be the nine kinds of height (of *Garuḍa*) consisting of three in each of the three sizes, namely, the largest, etc.

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¹ Images are given special height when made for a festivity; the usual meaning of *utsava* is the height of an image in comparison with the idol (see chapter LV. 34, and the writer's *Dictionary*, pages 80-81).

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6-7. Each one of these measures, being divided into thirty parts, should be increased by one to one hundred and twenty-five parts, for the verification by the six auspicious formulas, namely, the *āya*, etc.²

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² Compare lines 25—42, and Note 1, page 542, and see the writer's *Dictionary*, pages 600 fol.

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8-10. As an alternative the height of *Garuḍa* may be measured in *aṅgula* (unit of three-fourths inch) : it should begin from one *aṅgula* and end at one hundred and twenty-three *aṅgulas*, the increment being by two *aṅgulas*; this measurement (also) should be verified by the formulas of *āya*, etc.

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11. Like the height of *Garuḍa*, the king of birds, should be also measured its length.

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12-15. The nine kinds (of length) consisting of the smallest size, etc., should be equal to the length of the pedestal (*pīṭha*), greater by one-half and three-fourths, twice, twice and one-fourth, twice and a half, twice and three-fourths, thrice, and thrice and one-fourth.

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16-17. It (the height) should be equal to the length, three-fourths and one-half thereof; these are said to be the three sizes, namely, the largest, etc.: thus is known to be (measured) the height of *Garuḍa*.

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18. This (? height) need not be verified by all the six formulas: only the formula of *aṁśa* should be applied (in this case)¹.

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19-20. In the erect, the sitting, or the walking posture the height should be taken, according to rules, from the crown of the head to the foot.

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21-23. In comparison with those measures, and according to some, in comparison with the principal idol, as also in the *aṅgula* unit in case of the *utsava* image as aforesaid: in all these ways the measures (of height) should be ascertained, and should be as stated above.

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24. The best artist should make that (*Garuḍa* image) stationary or movable.

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25. The rules of the six auspicious formulas, namely, the *āya*, etc., will be stated now.

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26-28. The formulas of *āya*, etc., in case of all the riding animals should be properly considered: by multiplying and dividing, according to the rules, the height of the riding animals, namely, *Garuḍa* (of Vishṇu), *Haṁsa* (the goose, of Brahmā), *Vṛishabha* (the bull, of Śiva) and *Siṁha* (the lion).¹ 29. In order to find out the *āya*, it (the length) should be multiplied by eight and the product should be divided by twelve ¹.

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¹ With regard to the measurement of the riding animals the six auspicious formulas consisting of *āya*, etc., must not be made to include the *Tithi*, but they should be made of the *Aṁśa* instead. See the writer's *Dictionary*, page 600. Of men, gods and goddesses (page 599, lines 45–45).

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¹ The remainder should be the *āya*.

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30. The *vyaya* is found out by multiplying it (the breadth) with nine and dividing the product by ten.

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31. The *yoni* is found out by multiplying it (the breadth) with three and dividing the product by eight.

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32. The *ṛiksha* is found out by multiplying it (the length) with eight and dividing the product with twenty-seven (lit., *gupta* and twenty).

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33. The *vāra* is found out by multiplying it (the height) with nine and dividing the product with seven.

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34. The *aṁśa* is found out by multiplying it (the height) with four and dividing the product by nine.

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35. The remainders (in each of the above mentioned six formulas) indicate the *āya*, etc.; thus the six formulas should be solved.

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36. The greater *āya* and less *vyaya* (are auspicious), but the reverse with greater *vyaya* (is inauspicious).

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37. The horse, the lion, the bull, and the elephant: these are known as the auspicious *yoni*.

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38. With regard to the lion, if the elephant-*yoni* be available it is inauspicious; if that (lion) be not available the elephant should be preferred.

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39. The *vipat*, *pratyaraga*, and *hastā*: excluding these, all other *ṛiksha* are auspicious.

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40. Saturday, Sunday, and Tuesday: excluding these, all other *vāra* (week days) are auspicious.

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41. The *taskara*, *shanda*, and *preshya*: these *aṁśa* should be avoided (the rest are auspicious).

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42. Thus should be considered the *āya*, etc. The measurement of the limbs (of *Garuḍa*) will be stated here.

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43-46. In accordance with the nine *tāla* system the (total) height of *Garuḍa* should be distributed to the hair (i.e., crown), thence to face, thence to neck, thence to lower portion, thence to sex organ, thence to thigh, thence to knee, thence to legs, and thence to foot in order of four, twelve, four, twelve, twelve, twelve, twenty-four, twenty-four, six, twelve, and four respectively¹.

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¹ The exact size of the nine *tāla* is not specified here, but in the largest type the whole height is divided into 112 parts (see the writer's *Dictionary*, pp. 225-226) and in the smallest size there should be 108 parts. Some unspecified limbs are also stated according to the ten *tāla* system see line 83). Again the whole figure being the composition of limbs of hybrid species of animals and birds, and the text being beyond improvement the measures given in the following lines are more or less confusing.

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47. Then, out of fifteen parts of its lion-like foot ten parts should be the (measure of the) sole.

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48. The length of the arm should be twice the face, the elbow should be equal to the eye, and the fore hands should lean over a stick.

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49. Thus is described the (limbs of *Garuḍa* from the) sole to the other (members) by the ancient sages versed in the science (of sculpture).

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50-53. In the large type of nine *tāla* system the breadth of the ear should be eight parts, and the breadth (of the chest) from one armpit to the other should be twenty parts, the breadth along the heart seventeen parts, the width of the belly twelve (? thirty-two) parts, and the breadth equal to (that of) the buttocks.

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54-57. Below that, the width of the hip should be seven parts, and the thigh ten (parts), and the width of the circular testicle at the root eight parts; the organ of generation should be made at the middle of the breadth of the root of the legs, and the breadth of the ankle should be four parts.

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58-59. The breadth of the foot should be five parts and the length of the largest toe (? thumb) three parts; and equal to that is said to be the length of the fore finger.

v4.c30.s12.171

60-61. The other four fingers should be nine, (?) ten, eleven, and twelve parts; they should be made of human measure by the learned artists.

v4.c30.s12.172

62-65. Seven, six, five, and four parts should be the measures at the joints of the arm; of the twelve parts width of the foreface the width at the middle and the front portions should be respectively three and nine; and the length thereof (i.e., of the foreface) and of the middle and the front portions should be respectively six, six, and four.

v4.c30.s12.173

66-67. The length of the ring-finger and the forefinger should be five *yavas* and six *yavas* respectively, and that of the little finger and the thumb three *yavas* each.

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68-69. The sculptor versed in the rules (of sculpture) should make the face of three parts: it should be smiling at the end (corner) of the eyes; the mind (sentiment, *mati*) should be expressive (on the face); otherwise it should be befitting to the king (of birds, i.e., *Garuḍa*).

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70-71. The pair of eye-brows between the eye and hair at the end should be five parts, and that should extend to the nostril (*puṭa*).

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72-75. The length of the *vihṛita* (the concealed organ) from the root of its *goji* (? origin) to the navel should be four *yavas*, and its height on the reverse should be one part; the forepart of the *vihṛita* should be one part more than the width of the forepart of the *goji*, and the lower portion should be four parts (lit, half of eight *mātras*); its height should be equal to the breadth, and the length four parts (*mātras*).

v4.c30.s12.177

76-77. (Thus is distributed) the (whole) height which is divided into three portions, namely, the length between the lip (*adhara*), concealed organ (*vihṛita*), and the foot (*pāda*); the remainder of the length; the breadth, the height, and the rest should be discreetly made.

v4.c30.s12.178

78-81. The nose up to the tip should be equal to the length of the face, the measure of which should fittingly extend to the drum of the ear; the chin (jaw) thereof should extend to the height of the ear; a half of that should be the breadth, and the tubular vessel the same.

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82-83. Thus is described the measurement; what is not stated here should be measured in accordance with the ten *tāla* system.¹

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¹ The hybrid features of *Garuḍa* and the combination of the nine and ten *tāla* systems of measures, above all the defective text have rendered the description partly obscure; but a clearer account of the whole figure is given in the following descriptive portion proper.

v4.c30.s12.181

84-85. The chain (ornament) should be (suspending) up to the elbow-joint, and the bodice should be put covering the two arms, the two wings, and the fingers.

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86-87. Its nose should be made like the beak of a parrot, the fore-part of its foot like that of a goose, and the face with fangs.

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88-89. The face should also be furnished with white complexion as of the nails; and the bright green complexion should be at the fore part of the back.

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90-91. It should be adorned with the eight-hooded snake (*nāga*), and with wings like those of a bird; its look should be terrific, and its diadem of the *karaṇḍa* (lit., basket) type.

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92-93. *Garuḍa* should have a melted gold complexion with circular spot resembling the colour of the sapphire.

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94-95. The wings should have the mixture of five colours, and the ear artery (vein) should have the colour of the young shoot.

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96-97. He is known to have the posture of bent mixedness in the walking pose and collectiveness in the sitting pose.

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98-101. The crown of the head should be adorned with a milk white conch-shell (ornament); on the left ear should be a lotus of the lotus colour, and on the right ear should be a large lotus; there should be a chain of ash colour and marked with cobras.

Linked texts (1)

Mānasāra — Sanskrit