Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v5.c33.s12: Chapter XLIX: Crowns for Gods, Kings and Their Consorts
Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v5.c33.s12
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Chapter XLIX: Crowns for Gods, Kings and Their Consorts
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CROWNS FOR GODS, KINGS AND THEIR CONSORTS, OF FOURTEEN KINDS VARYING IN SIZE, PLAN, AND ORNAMENTS
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| CXXXVIII | First type | Jaṭā, triangular in plan, decorated with various ornaments, for Brahmā, Rudra, Love-goddess, Brahmāṇī, Chāmuṇḍī, and others. |
| CXXXIX | Second type | Mauli, of ear-like plan, decorated with various ornaments, for Mana-unmādinī (enchantress of the mind). |
| CXL | Sixth type | Kuntala, of triangular plan, decorated with various ornaments for Mana-unmādinī (enchantress of the mind), Sarasvatī, Sāvitrī, Earth-goddess, Love-goddess and the queen of the Chakravartin king. |
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Not illustrated
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| | Third type | Kirīṭa, of ear-like plan, decorated with various ornaments, for Nārāyaṇa, Vishṇu, the Chakravartin, Adhirāja, Mahārāja classes of kings and for Tārakā, Vārāhī, and Vaishṇavī. |
v5.c33.s12.5
| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | Fourth type | Karaṇḍa, of peacock's beak-like plan, decorated with various ornaments, for inferior gods, for female deities (Durgā, Earth-goddess, Kaumārī, Lakshmī, Sarasvatī, Sāvitrī, etc.), for mythical beings (Yakshas, Vidyādharas, Gandarvas, Kinnaras, Rākshasas, Nigrahas etc.), for Dauvārika, Sugrīva, Pushpadanta, for Garuḍa and for the Chakravartin, Narendra, Mahendra and other classes of kings. |
| | Fifth type | Śirastraka, of bubble plan, decorated with various ornaments and gold pieces, for the Pārshṇika class of kings. |
| | Seventh type | Keśabandha, of triangular plan, decorated with various ornaments, for the goddesses, Sarasvatī, Sāvitrī, Durgā, Lakshmī, and for the Adhirāja and Narendra classes of kings and their queens. |
| | Eighth type | Dhammilla, of creeper plan, decorated with various ornaments, for the queens of the Pārshṇika, Paṭṭadhara, Maṇḍaleśa and Paṭṭabhāj classes of kings. |
| | Ninth type | Alaka, of ear-like plan, decorated with various ornaments, for Bhairavī, and for the queens of the Prāhāraka and Astragrāha classes of kings. |
| | Tenth type | Chūḍaka, of cock's crest-like plan, decorated with various ornaments, for the queens of the Prāhāraka and Astragrāha classes of kings. |
| | Eleventh type | Mukuṭa, of triangular plan, marked with the crescent moon and the sun, decorated with various ornaments and gold pieces, for Brahmā, Rudra, Nārāyaṇa, Śiva, Vishṇu, for inferior gods (Dauvārika, etc.), for Manaunmādinī and all other female deities, for the Chakravartin and other classes of kings, for the queens of Chakravartin, Pārshṇika, Paṭṭadhara, Maṇḍaleśa and Paṭṭabhāj kings. |
| | Twelfth type | Patra-paṭṭa, of ploughshare shape, decorated with various ornaments and gold pieces, for the Paṭṭadhara class of kings. |
| | Thirteenth type | Ratna-paṭṭa, of ploughshare shape, marked with the nine gems and decorated with various ornaments and gold pieces, for Pārshṇika and Maṇḍaleśa kings. |
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | Fourteenth type | Pushpa-paṭṭa, of quadrangular or circular plan, decorated with various ornaments, gold pieces, and flowers, for the Paṭṭabhāj class of kings. |
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N.B.—Petty kings are not allowed to put on a real crown; they wear garlands in place of the crown.
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ORNAMENTS OF FOUR GROUPS OF SOME THIRTY TYPES AND FURNITURE OF EIGHT GROUPS, COMPRISING SEVERAL VARIETIES
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | | ORNAMENTS |
| CXLI | First type | Hāra (chain), of 108 or 64 strings, worn round the neck, suspending down to the heart. |
| CXLII | Special group | Suvarṇa-kañchuka (cuirass or bodice) worn round the breast (taken from the other texts). |
| | | *Not illustrated* |
| | First group | Patra-kalpa, adorned with leaves and creepers, for the gods and the Sārvabhauma class of kings. |
| | Second group | Chitra-kalpa, adorned with leaves, creepers, paintings, all jewels and calyxes, for the gods and the Chakravartin class of kings. |
| | Third group | Ratna-kalpa, adorned with flowers and jewels, for the gods and the Adhirāja and Narendra classes of kings. |
| | Fourth group | Miśra-kalpa, adorned with leaves and jewels, for the gods and the Adhirāja, Narendra and all other kings. |
| | Second type | Pendant, Skandhamālā-avalambana, suspended from the root of the arm and connected with the Keyūra and Kaṭaka armlets. |
| | Third type | Mid-armlets, Keyūra and Kaṭaka. |
| | Fourth type | Upper-armlets, Supurīma. |
| | Fifth type | String-armlets, Valaya-dāman. |
| | Sixth type | Wrist-bangle, Prakoṣṭha-valaya. |
| | Seventh type | String-bracelets, Maṇibandha-kalāpaka. |
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | Eighth type | Jewelled rings for fingers except the middle one. |
| | Ninth type | Breast-string (Brassiere), Stana-sūtra. |
| | Tenth type | Belly-band, Udara-bandha. |
| | Eleventh type | Chain, worn on the side of the sacred thread covering the breasts. |
| | Twelfth type | Front string, Pura-sūtra, suspended from where the sacred thread is tied down to the hip-chain. |
| | Thirteenth type | Hip-chain, Kaṭi-sūtra, worn round the waist. |
| | Fourteenth type | Armlet, Valaya, put around the root of the arm. |
| | Fifteenth type | String bracelet, Dāman, worn round the arm-pits. |
| | Sixteenth type | Belt, Paṭṭikā, put along the breadth of the hip-chain and round the knee-cap. |
| | Seventeenth type | Lion-face, put covering the sex-organ. |
| | Eighteenth type | Jewelled band, put covering the sex-organ. |
| | Nineteenth type | Five saphires, suspended with chains along the waist. |
| | Twentieth type | Net-ornaments, Jāla, for the feet. |
| | Twenty-first type | Silk-cloth, suspending down to the ankle. |
| | Twenty-second type | Skin, worn down to the knee. |
| | Twenty-third type | Bark, worn down to the knee. |
| | Twenty-fourth type | Skirt, worn down to the knee. |
| | Twenty-fifth type | Chinnavīra (or Chhannavīra), bodice, passing over both shoulders and hips, crossing and fastening in the middle of the breast and the back. |
| | Twenty-sixth type | Vana-mālā, garland worn round the neck. |
| | Twenty-seventh type | Serpent-belt, Kaṭaka, worn above the ankle, |
| | Twenty-eighth type | Anklets, Nūpura, for the feet. |
v5.c33.s12.11
| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | Twenty-ninth type | Ear-rings, Makara, crocodile shaped. |
| | Thirteenth type | Gold rings, Tāṭaṅka, for the ears. |
| | | **FURNITURE** |
| CXIII | Fourth group | Mañjūshā, basket, made of leaf, wood, etc., decorated with several ornaments, used as wardrobe, oil-tank, trunk, etc. |
| CXLIV | Fifth group | Dolā, swing or palanquin, consisting of pillars, walls, iron rings, transom, board, mirrors, portico, doors, etc., for the use of the gods and men. |
| | | *Not illustrated* |
| | First group | Dīpa-daṇḍa, lamp-post, made of wood, metals, and stone, movable and stationary, erected in front of the house and elsewhere. |
| | Second group | Vyajana, fan, furnished with posts made of wood or iron, leather chain, ornaments, etc., surfaces decorated with images of gods and inscribed with colours and metallic substances, used in cars, chariots and elsewhere. |
| | Third group | Darpaṇa, mirror, generally circular or lotus pattern, made of wooden or metal post, brass board, handle and other members, varying, according to castes, used as an attribute of the goddess of learning (Sarasvatī) and an ornament for doors, for cars and chariots, for decoration of buildings, for porticos or swings, for royal umbrellas, and fixed on crowns, etc. |
| | Sixth group | Tulā, balance, made of wood and metals, consisting of scale beam, scale pans, tongue, pivot, bar-like chains and other members, used also for the kings to be weighed against gold to be distributed, varying according to the nine classes of kings. |
| | Seventh group | Patra, seal, of leaf-pattern, imprinted with the palm-print of the right hand of the kings and well marked with gold lines, including a pen for marking the commencement of the new year, and varying according to the (nine) ranks of kings. |
v5.c33.s12.12
| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | Eighth group | Pañjara, cages and nests, movable and stationary, made of suitable materials and necessary members, for the use of the musk deer (cat), the parrot, the Chātaka bird, the Chakora bird, the duck, the pigeon, the peacock, the francoline partridge, the wagtail, the cock, the mongoose, the sparrow, the boar, the tiger, etc. |
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*N.B*—The bigger articles of furniture are separately described: cars and chariots (Chapter XLIII), bedsteads and couches (Chapter XLIV), and seats and thrones (Chapter XLV), of which the following are further varieties more fully described in other texts:
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| Ninth group | Benches—To accommodate three persons. |
| Tenth group | Couches.—Covered with canopies. |
| Eleventh group | Chairs—Rectangular, cushioned, cane-bottomed. |
| Twelfth group | Sofa—Raised on a pedestal, with many legs, state, etc., with arms to it. |
| Thirteenth group | Carpets—Of various types, inwrought with gold or with silk. |
| Fourteenth group | Rugs—Of various kinds, including horse-rugs and carriage-rugs, with long hair on one or both sides. |
| Fifteenth group | Curtains—Of various patterns and materials. |
| Sixteenth group | Counterpanes—Of many colours. |
| Seventeenth group | Coverlets—With long fleece, woollen marked with thick flowers, cotton dyed with figures of animals. |
| Eighteenth group | Matresses—Of various kinds. |
| Nineteenth group | Pillows—Of the size of man's head and body. |
| Twentieth group | Bolsters—Of five kinds as stuffed with wool, cotton, bark, grass, and leaves. |
| Twenty-first group | Elephant housings—Richly decorated and of various kinds. |
| Twenty-second group | Skins—Of panthers, antelope, etc. |
| Twenty-third group | Cushions—Large, crimson and of other kinds. |
| Twenty-fourth group | Mosquito-curtains—Of various sizes and colours. |
| Twenty-fifth group | Spittoon—Of various kinds. |
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THE TRIAD, COMPRISING BRAHMĀ, VISHṆU, AND ŚIVA
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| CXLV | Brahmā | With consorts, Sarasvatī on the right and Śāvitrī on the left, measured in the large ten *tāla*, the consorts being in the middle ten *tāla*; placed on one pedestal in the erect posture, (may also be seated on a lotus throne or be in a recumbent posture); in the equipoise (single flexion, three-flexion or excessive flexion) pose; stationary (or movable) position; made with gold, silver, copper, stone, wood, stucco, grit, glass, or terra-cotta; in high relief, (middle relief or low relief); furnished with four faces, one neck, eight eyes, eight ears, two legs, four arms, the two lower hands being in boon-giving and refuge-offering attitudes, and the two upper hands holding attributes of the water-pot, and the rosary (or two sacrificial ladles); wearing crowns, the matted hair, ear-rings, various ornaments, the sacred thread, outer garment, whitish clothes, a strip of bark, an upper garment and golden complexion. |
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*N.B.*—For description of Sarasvatī see plate CXLVIII, p. 57, and of Sāvitrī see pp. 57-58 above.
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| CXLVI | Vishṇu | With consorts, Lakshmī and Bhūdevī, alternately on the right and the left, measured in the large ten *tāla*, the consorts being in the middle ten *tāla*, made in the erect, (seated or recumbent) posture, on three lotus seats, in the equipoise (single flexion, three flexion or excessive flexion) pose; stationary (or movable) position; made with gold, silver, copper, stone, wood, stucco, grit, glass, or terra-cotta; in the high relief, (middle relief, or low relief); furnished with a single head, two ears, two legs, but four arms, one hand being in refuge-offering attitude and three others holding attributes of the (lotus), mace, discus and conch-shell; wearing the *kirīṭa* crown, the ornamental nimbus at the back of the head, the Śrīvatsa symbol on the chest, the sacred thread, yellow garment, bright blue complexion, smiling face, straight nose and elongated eyes. |
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*N.B.*—For description of Lakshmī, see plate CXLIX, pp. 57-58, and of Bhūdevī otherwise called Mahī, p. 59 above.
v5.c33.s12.20
| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| CXLVII | Śiva | With the consort Pārvatī on the left, measured in the large ten *tāla*, the consort being in the middle ten *tāla*, made in erect, (seated or recumbent posture), on two lotus seats, in the equipoise (single flexion, three flexion or excessive flexion) pose; stationary (or movable) position; made with gold, silver, copper, stone, wood, stucco, grit, glass, or terra-cotta; in high relief, (middle relief, or low relief); furnished with a single head but a third eye on the forehead, the left side of the neck being marked with the *kālakūṭa* poison, bearing two ears, two legs, four arms, two hands in the boon-giving and the refuge-offering attitudes, the attributes in the other two hands being an antelope and a tabor, wearing a crown marked with the Ganges and the crescent moon, and the matted hair of an ascetic, the tiger-skin and a waist cloth, the sacred thread, ear-rings and various ornaments and reddish complexion. |
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*N.B.*—For description of Pārvatī, otherwise called Durgā, *see* p. 59 above.
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THE PHALLUS OR SYMBOL OF THE TRIAD, COMPRISING SEVERAL TYPES
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | | *Not illustrated* |
| | Liṅga (general) | Brahmā portion at the bottom being of quadrangular shape, Vishṇu portion at the middle of octagonal shape, and the Śiva portion at the top of circular shape, with flutes (or stream-mark) varying from sixteen to one thousand. These shapes are interchangeable, the topmost point being like a bud, leaf or umbrella. It includes the *Pīṭha* (pedestal) upon which it stands. It is carved singly or in group, varying according to castes, materials (gold, silver, copper, stone, wood, stucco, grit, glass, or terracotta), and sizes. It is used for personal and public worship. |
| | First type | Śaiva, with its characteristic features. |
v5.c33.s12.24
| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | Second type | Pāśupata, with its characteristic features. |
| | Third type | Kālamukha, with its characteristic features. |
| | Fourth type | Mahāvrata, with its characteristic features. |
| | Fifth type | Vāma, with its characteristic features. |
| | Sixth type | Bhairava, with its characteristic features. |
| | Seventh type | Samakarṇa, with its characteristic features, the worship by the Brahmans. |
| | Eighth type | Vardhamāna, with its characteristic features, for worship by the Kshatriyas. |
| | Ninth type | Śivāṅka, with its characteristic features, for worship by the Vaiśyas. |
| | Tenth type | Svastika, with its cross-like shape and other characteristic features, for worship by the Śūdras. |
| | Eleventh type | Jāti, with its characteristic height. |
| | Twelfth type | Chhanda, with its characteristic height. |
| | Thirteenth type | Vikalpa, with its characteristic height. |
| | Fourteenth type | Ābhāsa, with its characteristic height. |
| | Fifteenth type | Nāgara, with its characteristic width and square form. |
| | Sixteenth type | Drāviḍa, with its characteristic width and octagonal or hexagonal form. |
| | Seventeenth type | Vesara, with its characteristic width and round form. |
| | Eighteenth type | Daivika, self-revealed, with its characteristic features, for divine purposes. |
| | Nineteenth type | Mānusha, self-revealed, with its characteristic features, for human purposes, on the terrace of a mountain. |
| | Twentieth type | Gāṇava, self-revealed, with its characteristic features, for the Gaṇas. |
| | Twenty-first type | Ārsha, self-revealed, with its characteristic features, for the seers or sages. |
| | Twenty-second type | Ātmārtha, with its characteristic features, for personal worship. |
| | Twenty-third type | Parārtha, with its characteristic features, for public worship. |
| | Twenty-fourth type | Kshaṇika, with its characteristic features, for temporary worship. |
v5.c33.s12.25
| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | Twenty-fifth type | Sthāyin, with its characteristic features, for permanent use. |
| | Twenty-sixth type | Ekaliṅga, carved singly and independently, with its characteristic features. |
| | Twenty-seventh type | Bahu-liṅga, carved in groups, with its characteristic features. |
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*N.B.*—There are several other minor varieties.
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ALTARS OR SYMBOLS OF SATĪ (ŚIVA'S CONSORT), COMPRISING EIGHT TYPES AND FIFTY ONE INDEPENDENT VARIETIES
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Not illustrated
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | Pīṭha (general) | Erected both independently of the Liṅga and as a component part thereof and conforming to the shape of the Liṅga, but of a different material; installed both inside and outside the main temple, in the central plot (*Brahma-pīṭha*) of villages and the palaces, on the top of a mountain and the bank of a river, etc., on the fifty-one sacred spots (*Pīṭha-sthāna*), of white colour for the Brahmans, of red colour for the Kshatriyas, of yellow colour for the Vaiśyas, and of black colour for the Śūdras. |
| | First type | Bhadrapīṭha, with its characteristic features. |
| | Second type | Śrībhadra, with its characteristic features. |
| | Third type | Śriviśāla, with its characteristic features. |
| | Fourth type | Upapīṭha, with its characteristic features. |
| | Fifth type | Nāgara, with its characteristic features and quadrangular form. |
| | Sixth type | Drāviḍa, with its characteristic features and octagonal form. |
| | Seventh type | Vesara, with its characteristic features and round form. |
| | Eighth type | Āndhra, with its characteristic features and hexagonal form. |
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*N.B.*—There are fifty-one independent varieties with slightly different features, but bearing as many epithets.
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FEMALE DEITIES, COMPRISING THIRTEEN GODDESSES
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| CXLVIII | First type | Sarasvatī, goddess of learning, carved both independently (and as consort of Brahmā), measured in the (middle) ten *tāla*, placed on a lotus pedestal as seated in a *padmāsana* (cross-legged) posture, in the equipoised pose, and in a stationary position; made of gold, silver, copper, stone, wood, stucco, grit, glass, or terra-cotta; furnished with a cheerful face, two eyes, two ears, two legs, four arms, holding the mirror (or lute) in the upper right hand, a book in the upper left hand, the rosary garland in the lower right hand, and a pot in the lower left hand. Her complexion is crystal white (or gold). She wears yellow clothes and a knotted garment, jewel scarf, etc. She puts on the *keśa-bandha*, *karaṇḍa* or *kuntala* crown together with the crest jewel, a bee mark on pearl fillet on the forehead, crocodile shaped rings, flowers and pearl garlands on the ears, a chain and pearl strings over the neck and shoulders, breast-bands or brassier round the breasts and garlands for the arms, the *keyūra* and *kaṭaka* armlets, bracelets or bangles on the wrists, pearl bands on the root of the arms, rings of precious stones on all fingers except the middle one, serpent-shaped net ornaments on the legs, anklets, jewel rings on the toes, and all other ornaments. There is a second variety of Sarasvatī with two arms, the right hand being in boon-giving attitude, and the left holding a lotus; seated or erect on the right of Brahmā, with same complexion but slightly different ornaments. |
| CXLIX | Third type | Lakshmī, goddess of prosperity, of two types, great and ordinary, carved both independently and as a consort of Vishṇu, measured in the (middle) ten *tāla*, placed on a red lotus as seated in a *padmāsana* (cross-legged) posture, in the equipoised pose and in a stationary position; made |
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | | of gold, silver, copper, stone, wood, stucco, grit, glass, or terra-cotta; furnished with plump and full breasts, a cheerful face with large and broad eyes smiling, having two ears, two legs, four arms, the upper right hand being in the refuge-offering attitude, the upper left hand holding a small drum, the lower right hand holding a lotus (or rosary garland), and the lower left hand holding a blue or red lotus. She bears a pure gold complexion and is clad in yellow clothes or a red garment, jewel *chhannavīra* jacket and gold or jewel scarf. She puts on the *kuntala* type of crown and there is a (bee-mark or) jewel fillet on the forehead. She is adorned with gold rings or crocodile rings with gold strings or garlands on the ears, a pretty chain and strings over the neck, jewels or gold fillets on the nipples and around the breasts, gold *keyura*, and *kaṭaka* upper armlets, jewel bracelets on the wrists and bangles on the wrist-joints, jewel strings round the buttock and jewel garlands, etc., three pendants adorned with all gems, serpent-shaped bracelets with jewel bands and anklets on the feet, and jewel rings on the toes, and all other ornaments. |
| | | There is an ordinary type, furnished with two arms, two eyes, two elephants on the two sides and slightly different ornaments. |
| | | There is a third type, placed on the right side of Vishṇu, in an erect or sitting posture, furnished with two eyes and two arms holding a lotus with the uplifted hand and the right hand being in the boon-giving posture or hanging downwards, and furnished with slightly different ornaments. |
| | | *Not illustrated* |
| | Second type | Sāvitri, carved both independently and as a consort of Brahmā, measured in the middle ten *tāla*, placed on a lotus pedestal in an erect or sitting posture, in one of the four poses, in stationary or movable position; made of one of the nine materials; furnished with white, red, or |
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | | bright blue complexion, two eyes, two arms, a peaceful face, a silk garment or yellow clothes, with a characteristic crown and various ornaments. |
| | Fourth type | Mahi or Bhūdevi, earth-goddess (mother country), carved both independently and as a consort of Vishṇu, measured in the middle ten *tāla*, placed on a seat; in an erect or sitting posture, in one of the four poses, in stationary or movable position; made of one of the nine materials; furnished with bright blue complexion, two arms, two eyes, a peaceful motherly face, fine silk clothes, with a characteristic crown, lotus attribute, and various ornaments. |
| | Fifth type | Durgā or Pārvatī, the Maid of Mountain, carved both independently and as a consort of Śiva or Phallus, measured in the middle ten *tāla*, placed on a seat, in an erect or sitting posture, in one of the four poses, in the attitude of a milk-maid, in stationary (or movable) position; made of one of the nine materials; furnished with light blue complexion, fine silk clothes or yellow garment, lotus attribute, long arms, large eyes, plump breasts with high slope, broad belly, well marked buttock, large hip and thighs, broad smiling face, high neck prominent mouth, characteristic crown and various ornaments. |
| | | There are two other varieties: Gaurī or the White, and Pārvatī or the Maid of Mountain with slightly different features and ornaments. |
| | Sixth type | Mana-unmādinī (enchantress of the mind) or Ratī, goddess of love, measured in the middle ten *tāla*, generally placed in Śiva temple, in an erect posture and characteristic pose, or seated on a bull, made with one of the nine materials; furnished with three eyes, four arms, water-lily and rosary attributes, reddish-white or bright blue complexion, fine silk clothes, characteristic crown and various ornaments, carved, when independent, with a young hare and a horse on the two sides. |
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | Seventh type | Vārāhī, measured in the nine *tāla*, placed on the Bhadra pedestal, in a suitable posture, pose and position; made of one of the nine materials; furnished with four arms bearing the plough and other attributes, hog's fice with snout, bright blue complexion, characteristic crown and various ornaments. |
| | Eighth type | Kaumārī, measured in the nine *tāla*, placed on the Bhadra pedestal, in a suitvable posture, pose and position; made of one of the nine materials; furnished with four arms, three eyes, the *karaṇḍa* crown, red complexion, bright blue clothes, characteristic attributes and various ornaments. |
| | Ninth type | Chāmuṇḍī, measured in the nine *tāla*, placed on the Bhadra pedestal, in a suitable posture, pose and position; made of one of the nine materials; furnished with three eyes, four arms, the *jaṭā* crown, arrow attribute, dark-bluish complexion, garland on the head, conch leaf and rings on the ears, and various other ornaments. |
| | Tenth type | Bhairavī, measured in the nine *tāla*, placed on the Bhadra pedestal, in a suitable posture, pose and position; made of one of the nine materials; furnished with three eyes, four arms, arrow attribute, red complexion, black clothes, characteristic crown, attributes, and various ornaments. |
| | | There is a second type, Rudrāṇī, with slightly different features and ornaments. |
| | Eleventh type | Māhendrī, measured in the nine *tāla*, placed on the Bhadra pedestal in a suitable posture, pose and position; made of one of the nine materials; furnished with three eyes, four arms, bearing characteristic attributes, crown, complexion, clothes, and various ornaments. |
| | Twelfth type | Vaishṇavī, measured in the nine *tāla*, placed on the Bhadra pedestal, in a suitable posture, pose and position; made of one of the nine materials; furnished with four arms, three eyes, bright blue complexion, yellow clothes, characteristic attributes, crown, and various ornaments. |
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | Thirteenth type | Brahmāṇī, measured in the nine *tāla*, placed on the Bhadra pedestal, in a suitable posture, pose and position; made of one of the nine materials; furnished with four arms, three eyes, four faces, the *jaṭā* crown, pot and rosary attributes, white complexion, red clothes, and various ornaments. |
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*N.B.*—There are references to other minor varieties of female deities also.
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JAIN IMAGES, COMPRISING FIVE GROUPS AND TWENTY-FOUR TIRTHANKARAS
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| CL | Third group | Jina, measured in the large ten *tāla*, in a straight, erect or sitting posture in the equipoised pose, stationary (or movable) position; made with gold, silver, copper, stone, wood, stucco, grit, glass, or terra-cotta; in high relief; furnished with two arms and two eyes; the head being clean-shaven but furnished with the top knot (nimbus); the legs uniformly straight, two long hands, suspending, two feet on the lotus throne with a pinnacle, the crocodile arch, ornamental tree, royal elephants, etc., in a straight pose; the whole body being in a stiff attitude; bearing a meditative look on the supreme soul; placed below the fourth or third heaven; wearing no robes or ornaments; marked with the *śrīvatsa* symbol in gold on the chest; crystal complexion; accompanied by sages, demigods and goddesses in a praying mood: Nārada with his musical instrument, Yaksha and Yaksheśvara on the sides with raised chowries, Vidyādharas and minor kings. |
| | | There is a sitting variety, placed on the lotus seat, with two hands placed upwards over the face. |
| | | *Not illustrated* |
| | First group | Siddhas, measured in the large ten *tāla*, in an erect or sitting posture, in equipoised pose, |
v5.c33.s12.40
| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | | stationary or movable position; in high, middle or low relief; made of one of the nine materials, and with characteristic features slightly different from those of the Jinas. |
| | Second group | Sugandhas, measured in the large ten *tāla*, in an erect or sitting posture, in equipoised pose, in stationary or movable position; in high, middle or low relief; made of one of the nine materials, and with characteristic features slightly different from those of the Jinas. |
| | Fourth group | Arhatas, measured in the large ten *tāla*, in an erect or sitting posture, in equipoised pose, in stationary or movable position; in high, middle or low relief; made of one of the nine materials, and with characteristic features slightly different from those of the Jinas. |
| | Fifth group | Pārśvakas, measured in the large ten *tāla*, in an erect or sitting posture, in equipoised pose, stationary or movable position; in high, middle or low relief; made of one of the nine materials, and with characteristic features slightly different from those of the Jinas. |
| | Tīrthaṅkaras | Comprising twenty-four types, also measured in the large ten *tāla*, carved in an erect or sitting posture; in suitable pose and position, with one of the nine materials, generally in high relief, with slightly different characteristic features: |
| | First type | Ādinātha, with his distinctive sign of the bull. |
| | Second type | Ajitanātha, with his distinctive sign of the elephant. |
| | Third type | Śambhunātha, with his distinctive sign of the horse. |
| | Fourth type | Abhayānandanātha, with his distinctive sign of the monkey. |
| | Fifth type | Sumatinātha, with his distinctive sign of the red goose. |
v5.c33.s12.41
| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| | Sixth type | Supadmanātha, with his distinctive sign of the lotus. |
| | Seventh type | Supārśvanātha, with his distinctive sign of the Svastika. |
| | Eighth type | Chandraprabha, with his distinctive sign of the crescent moon. |
| | Ninth type | Pushpadanta, with his distinctive sign of the crocodile. |
| | Tenth type | Śītalanātha, with his distinctive sign of the tree or flower. |
| | Eleventh type | Amśanātha, with his distinctive sign of the rhinoceros. |
| | Twelfth type | Vasupadya, with his distinctive sign of the buffalo. |
| | Thirteenth type | Vimalanātha, with his distinctive sign of the boar. |
| | Fourteenth type | Anantanātha, with his distinctive sign of the porcupine. |
| | Fifteenth type | Dharmanātha, with his distinctive sign of the thunderbolt. |
| | Sixteenth type | Śāntanātha, with his distinctive sign of the antelope. |
| | Seventeenth type | Kunthanātha, with his distinctive sign of the goat. |
| | Eighteenth type | Aranātha, with his distinctive sign of the fish. |
| | Nineteenth type | Mallinātha, with his distinctive sign of the pinnacle. |
| | Twentieth type | Munisuvr his distinctive sign of the tortoise. |
| | Twenty-first type | Naminātha, with distinctive sign of the lotus with stalk. |
| | Twenty-second type | Neminātha, with his distinctive sign of the shell. |
| | Twenty-third type | Pārśvanātha, with his distinctive sign of the snake. |
| | Twenty-fourth type | Vardhamāna or Māhāvīra, with his distinctive sign of the lion. |
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BUDDHIST IMAGES, COMPRISING SEVERAL TYPES
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| Plate no. | Figure | Description |
| CLI | Buddha | Measured in the large ten *tāla*, made of wood, stone, or metallic substances (gold, silver, or copper), in sitting (or erect) posture, equipoised pose, stationary (or movable) position; in high, (middle, or low relief, or on a tablet or wall) with terra-cotta or grit; placed on a throne decorated with arches, holy fig tree and ornamental tree; furnished with a full face, long nose, smiling eyes, elongated ears, fleshy body, broad chest, round belly, long arms, white complexion, yellow clothes, the *ushṇīsha* (protuberance of the skull), and carved in a praying attitude. |
| | | There are other types, generally in an erect posture and with slightly different characteristic features. |