Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v5.c33.s17: Chapter LXV: Tālas, Comprising Twelve Types

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v5.c33.s17

Language: English

Chapter LXV: Tālas, Comprising Twelve Types

v5.c33.s17.2

v5.c33.s17.3

v5.c33.s17.4

*N.B.*—Each of the *tāla* system admits of three varieties, large, middle, and small; ordinarily in the ten *tāla*, the whole height of an image is ten times its face, in nine *tāla* it is nine times, in eight *tāla* it is eight times, and so forth.

v5.c33.s17.5

PLUMB LINES, ELEVEN IN NUMBER

v5.c33.s17.6

v5.c33.s17.7

*N.B.*—There are eleven lines drawn through the body of an image in order to find out accurately the perpendicular and the horizontal measurement of, and the distance between different parts of the body, varying in accordance with the three postures (erect, seated, and recumbent) and the four poses (equipoise, slight flexion, three flexions, and excessive flexions).

v5.c33.s17.8

ALLAHABAD UNIVERSITY, *February 6, 1933.*

v5.c33.s17.9

P. K. ACHARYA.

v5.c33.s17.10

ERECTION OF GNOMONS AND PEGS~CHAPTER VI

v5.c33.s17.11

SCALE —ONE INCH EQUALS ONE FOOT.

v5.c33.s17.12

NOTE:— THESE FIGURES ARE ONLY APPLICABLE TO THE MONTHS OF VṚISCHIKA AND ĀSHĀḌHA THE MONTH OF MĪNA HAVING APA-CHCHHĀYĀ OF 4 PARTS THE SHADOW LINES (FOR MORNING ETC) WOULD DECLINE TOWARDS THE SOUTH

v5.c33.s17.14

ERECTION OF GNOMONS AND PEGS CHAPTER VI

v5.c33.s17.15

FIG. 1. GENERAL METHOD OF FINDING CARDINAL POINTS

v5.c33.s17.16

FIG 2. ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF FINDING CARDINAL POINTS

v5.c33.s17.17

FIG 3. METHOD OF FIXING FOUNDATION PEGS.

v5.c33.s17.18

[Figure: FIG: 2 CORRECT NORTH LINE IN THIS FIGURE, DEDUCTION FOR APA-CHCHHĀYĀ HAS BEEN TAKEN ON THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE CIRCLE EAST WEST LINE DEDUCTION FOR APA-CHCHHĀYĀ]

v5.c33.s17.19

[Figure: FIG: 1 NORTH NORTH EAST EVENING SHADOW POINT CENTRE OF GNOMON FISH-LIKE SEGMENT]

v5.c33.s17.20

[Figure: FIG: 3. CENTRE LINE FOUNDATION PEGS]

v5.c33.s17.21

THE SITE PLANS ~ CHAPTER VII

v5.c33.s17.22

FIG 1. SAKALA OF 1 PLOT.

v5.c33.s17.23

FIG 2. PECHAKA - 4 -

v5.c33.s17.24

FIG 3. PĪṬHA - 9 -

v5.c33.s17.25

SOMA, VARUṆA, ĀDITYA, YAMA, FIG: 1

v5.c33.s17.26

GAGANA, SOMA, ĪŚA, VARUṆA, ĀDITYA, PAVANA., YAMA, AGNI, FIG: 2

v5.c33.s17.27

PAVANA, SOMA, ĪŚA, VARUṆA, PṚTHVĪ, ĀDITYA, GAGANA, YAMA, AGNI, FIG 3

v5.c33.s17.28

FIG. 1. MAHĀPĪṬHA OF 16 PLOTS.

v5.c33.s17.29

FIG. 1A — ARRANGED DIFFERENTLY

v5.c33.s17.30

AN REPEAT THOSE NAMES FROM IDENTICAL PLOTS IN FIG. 1 FIG. 1 THE DOTTED LINES INDICATE ANOTHER POSSIBLE ARRANGE-MENT OF THOSE FOUR PLOTS FIG. 1A

v5.c33.s17.31

UPA-PĪṬHA PLAN OF 25 PLOTS

v5.c33.s17.33

v5.c33.s17.34

NOTE:-

v5.c33.s17.35

DETAIL ALLOTMENTS FOR THIS TYPE HAVE BEEN OBTAINED FROM THE FOOT NOTE, PAGE 37

v5.c33.s17.36

UGRA PĪṬHA PLAN OF 36 PLOTS

v5.c33.s17.38

NOTE :- THIS IS AN AMPLIFICATION OF THE UPA PĪṬHA TYPE

v5.c33.s17.39

STHAṆḌILA PLAN OF 49 PLOTS

v5.c33.s17.41

NOTE :-

v5.c33.s17.42

THIS IS AN AMPLIFICATION OF THE UGRA PĪṬHA TYPE

v5.c33.s17.43

CHANDITA PLAN OF 64 PLOTS

v5.c33.s17.45

NOTE :-

v5.c33.s17.46

1. THE DOTTED LINES ON THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE BRAHMĀ PLOT INDICATE ANOTHER ARRANGEMENT OF THOSE FOUR PLOTS (ARYAKA ETC.)
2. ANOTHER ALTERNATIVE ARRANGEMENT IS POSSIBLE BY STARTING WITH ĀRYAKA FROM THE DUE NORTH-EASTERN PLOT OF BRAHMĀ.

v5.c33.s17.47

CHANDITA PLAN OF 64 PLOTS

v5.c33.s17.49

NOTE :-
THE IDEA OF CIRCULAR PLANS
HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM BRIHAT-
-SAṀHITĀ . SEE FOOT-NOTES ON
PAGES 44 AND 45.

v5.c33.s17.50

PARAMA-ŚĀYIKA PLAN OF 81 PLOTS

v5.c33.s17.53

NOTE:-
THE IDEA OF CIRCULAR PLANS HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM BṚIHAT-SAṂHITĀ. SEE FOOT-NOTES ON PAGES 44 AND 45.

v5.c33.s17.55

NOTE:~

v5.c33.s17.56

THE IDEA OF TRIANGULAR PLAN HAS BEEN OBTAINED FROM UTPALA SEE FOOTNOTES ON PAGES 44 AND 45.

v5.c33.s17.57

ĀSANA PLAN OF 100 PLOTS

v5.c33.s17.59

NOTE.~

v5.c33.s17.60

THE DETAILS OF THIS PLAN HAVE BEEN OBTAINED FROM ŚILPA-RATNA ETC. SEE FOOTNOTE ON PAGE 46.

v5.c33.s17.61

v5.c33.s17.63

NOTE:—

v5.c33.s17.64

THE IDEA OF CIRCULAR PLANS HAS BEEN OBTAINED FROM BṚIHAT-SAṂHITĀ AND ŚILPA-RATNA SUPPLIES DETAILS. SEE FOOTNOTES ON PAGES 44, 45 AND 46

v5.c33.s17.65

THE VILLAGE—CHAPTER IX

v5.c33.s17.66

THE DANDAKA LAY-OUT

v5.c33.s17.67

SCALE—⅛ INCH = 1 ROD = 5'-1"

v5.c33.s17.68

NOTE:— THE LENGTH HAS BEEN TAKEN 4 RODS LESS THAN DOUBLE THE BREADTH ACCORDING TO AYA RULES 'T' HERE STANDS FOR TEMPLE

v5.c33.s17.69

LAY-OUT PLAN

v5.c33.s17.70

THE SARVATO-BHADRA LAY-OUT

v5.c33.s17.71

SCALE 1/16 INCH = 1 ROD = 5'-1"

v5.c33.s17.72

LAY-OUT PLAN

v5.c33.s17.73

NOTE :— THE SURROUNDING PLOT BETWEEN Ⓐ AND ⓑ IS THE LAST OR PAISACHA ROUND.

v5.c33.s17.74

[Figure: THE VILLAGE — CHAPTER IX THE NANDYĀVARTA LAY-OUT SCALE — 1/8 INCH = 5 RODS = 25'-0" NOTE:- THE SURROUNDING STRIP OF PLOT BETWEEN e AND b ROUGHLY INDICATES THE PAIŚĀCHA AND BETWEEN b AND a THE MĀNUSHA ROUNDS. CENTRAL PORTION IS THE DAIVA PLOT. 'T' STANDS FOR TEMPLE. LAY-OUT PLAN

v5.c33.s17.75

THE PADMAKA LAY-OUT

v5.c33.s17.76

SCALE—⅛ INCH=3 RODS=16-5'

v5.c33.s17.77

NOTE:- THE OUTER WALL CAN BE MADE CIRCULAR HEXAGONAL OR OCTAGONAL 'T' STANDS FOR TEMPLE.

v5.c33.s17.78

LAY-OUT PLAN.

v5.c33.s17.79

THE SVASTIKA LAY-OUT.

v5.c33.s17.80

SCALE- 1/8 INCH = 2½ RODS = 12-8½

v5.c33.s17.82

[Figure: THE VILLAGE — CHAPTER IX THE PRASTARA LAY-OUT SCALE 1/8 INCH = 10 RODS = 50′-0″ NOTE:— THE SURROUNDING STRIP OF PLOT BETWEEN C AND D ROUGHLY INDICATES THE PAIŚĀCHA AND BETWEEN D AND A THE MĀNUSHA ROUNDS. CENTRAL PORTION IS THE DAIVA PLOT. T STANDS FOR TEMPLE

v5.c33.s17.83

THE KĀRMUKA LAY-OUT

v5.c33.s17.84

SCALE — 1/8 INCH = 5 RODS = 25'-5"

v5.c33.s17.85

NOTE:—

v5.c33.s17.86

UN-ALLOTED SPACES ARE FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE VILLAGE WALL.

v5.c33.s17.87

RIVER SIDE

v5.c33.s17.88

LAY-OUT PLAN.

v5.c33.s17.89

THE PRASTARA LAY-OUT

v5.c33.s17.90

SCALE 1/8 INCH = 10 RODS = 50'-10"

v5.c33.s17.91

NOTE:— THE SURROUNDING STRIP OF PLOT BETWEEN © AND Ⓑ ROUGHLY INDICATES THE PAIŚĀCHA AND BETWEEN Ⓑ AND Ⓐ THE MĀNUSHA ROUNDS. CENTRAL PORTION IS THE DAIVA PLOT. T STANDS FOR TEMPLE

v5.c33.s17.92

LAY-OUT PLAN

v5.c33.s17.93

[Figure: THE VILLAGE — CHAPTER IX THE KĀRMUKA LAY-OUT SCALE—⅛ INCH = 5 RODS = 25'-0" NOTE:— UNALLOTED SPACES ARE FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT WITH IN THE VILLAGE WALL. R I V E R S I D E MARKET GODOWNS VAISYAS VAISYAS WEAVER VAISYAS VAISYAS VISHNU SIVA PRIESTS SIVA VISHNU BRAHMINS OIL-MEN TAILOR POLICE UN-ALLOTED UN-ALLOTED VILLAGE GUARDS MILK-MEN POTTER FISHER-MEN ETC SŪDRAS SŪDRAS SŪDRAS WASHERMEN 100 RODS RAMPART LAY-OUT PLAN. B. C. MUKHERJI.]

v5.c33.s17.94

[Figure: THE VILLAGE — CHAPTER IX THE CHATUR-MUKHA LAY-OUT SCALE — 1/8 INCH = 5 RODS = 15'-0" NOTE:— THE SURROUNDING STRIP OF PLOT BETWEEN CAND DROUGHLY INDICATES THE PAISA'CHA AND BETWEEN DAND BTHE MA'NUSHA ROUNDS. CENTRAL PORTION IS THE DAIVA PLOT. 'T' STANDS FOR TEMPLE THIS VILLAGE IS FOR THE VAIS'YAS MAINLY LAY-OUT PLAN. DITCH LINE]

v5.c33.s17.95

TOWNS AND FORTS. CHAPTER X

v5.c33.s17.96

RĀJADHĀNĪYA LAY-OUT. - SCALE 1/8 INCH = 15 RODS = 76'-3" FOR CHAKRAVARTIN KINGS.

v5.c33.s17.97

NOTE :- THE DETAILS FOR ALLOTMENT HAVE MAINLY BEEN TAKEN FROM CHAPTER IX.

v5.c33.s17.98

NOTE :- NAGARA IS A SMALLER TOWN THAN RĀJADHĀNĪYA ITS GENERAL OUT-LINE HAS BEEN SHOWN. KĒVALA & NAGARA VARY ONLY IN MINOR DETAILS.

v5.c33.s17.99

[Figure: GENERAL OUT-LINE OF NAGARA NOT TO SCALE]

v5.c33.s17.100

LAY-OUT PLAN

v5.c33.s17.101

TOWNS AND FORTS—CHAPTER X

v5.c33.s17.102

NOT TO SCALE.

v5.c33.s17.103

NOTE:-

v5.c33.s17.104

THE DETAILED ALLOTMENTS FOR THESE LAY-OUTS ARE TO BE MADE ON THE SAME PRINCIPLE ON WHICH THE VILLAGES HAVE BEEN DESIGNED.

v5.c33.s17.105

[Figure: RIVER SIDE HARBOUR WATCH TOWER MARKET GODOWNS FOR SŪDRAS ONLY GENERAL OUT-LINE OF KHĒTA TOWN. THERE SHOULD BE NO RESIDENCE OF KINGS OR UPPER CASTE PEOPLE IN THIS VILLAGE]

v5.c33.s17.106

[Figure: ARCHITECTS & ARTISANS. PUBLIC BUILDINGS KSHATRIYAS NOBLES PALACE SŪDRAS TEMPLE MINISTERS KSHATRIYAS HILL ALL ROUND PRIESTS ETC VAISYAS GENERAL OUTLINE OF KHARVATA TOWN.]

v5.c33.s17.107

[Figure: ARTISAN PALACE KSHATRIYAS PUBLIC BUILDINGS NOBLES VAISYAS MINISTERS BRAHMINS GENERAL OUTLINE OF KUBJAKA TOWN]

v5.c33.s17.108

JALA-DURGA (WATER-FORT)

v5.c33.s17.109

SIVIRA—ENCAMPMENT

v5.c33.s17.110

[Figure: DRONAKA—A FORTRESS MORE OR LESS A FORTIFIED COMMERCIAL TOWN]

v5.c33.s17.111

[Figure: DETAILS OF FORT GATES AS OBTAINED FROM ARTHA-SASTRA]

v5.c33.s17.112

THE FOUNDATION— CHAPTER XII

v5.c33.s17.113

WITH DIFFERENT SIZES OF BRICKS

v5.c33.s17.114

SCALE ½ INCH = ONE FOOT.

v5.c33.s17.115

NOTE:-

v5.c33.s17.116

THE OTHER FOUNDATIONS ARE PRACTICALLY THE SAME, WITH THIS DIFFERENCE THAT THE MATERIALS TO BE DEPOSITED VARY IN EVERY DIFFERENT CLASS OF BUILDING ALSO THE WIDTH AND DEPTH OF FOUNDATIONS DEPEND ON THE NATURE AND HEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE.

v5.c33.s17.117

7½"×15"×30"

v5.c33.s17.118

[Figure: 15"×15"×30" INTERMEDIATE SIZE BRICKS]

v5.c33.s17.119

[Figure: SUGGESTED SECTION OF FOUNDATION THE WIDTH OF THIS FOUNDATION HAS BEEN TAKEN TO BE 3 CUBITS (THAT IS 4'-6") IN-STEAD OF 3 MOLS AS SUGGESTED IN THE TEXT.]

v5.c33.s17.120

5¼"×2½"×10½"

v5.c33.s17.121

5¼"×5¼"×10½"

v5.c33.s17.122

3½"×6¾"×13½"

v5.c33.s17.123

[Figure: 6¾"×6¾"×13½" SMALL SIZE BRICKS]

v5.c33.s17.124

22½"×22½"×45"

v5.c33.s17.125

[Figure: 11¼"×22½"×45" LARGE SIZE BRICKS]

v5.c33.s17.126

PROFILES OF MOULDINGS FROM MĀNASĀRA

v5.c33.s17.127

NOTE. THE CLASSIC MOULDINGS ARE EIGHT IN NUMBER WHEREAS THERE ARE NINE TYPES OF MOULDINGS IN THE MĀNA-SĀRA BUT PRATI BEING MORE AKIN TO ANTARA MAY BE TAKEN AS A SUBSIDIARY MOULDING

v5.c33.s17.128

Architectural profiles of mouldings

v5.c33.s17.129

1. VĀJANA WITH PRATI-VĀJANA BELOW

v5.c33.s17.130

RATNA-PATTA

v5.c33.s17.131

NIMNA OR SPLAY

v5.c33.s17.132

VAJRA-PATTA

v5.c33.s17.133

SUBSIDIARY MOULDINGS BASED ON VĀJANA TYPE

v5.c33.s17.134

EQUIVALENT TO CLASSIC FILLETS

v5.c33.s17.135

2. PADMA CYMA RECTA OR REVERSA

v5.c33.s17.136

3. KARNA OR CAVETTO

v5.c33.s17.137

4. KUMUDA OR TORUS

v5.c33.s17.138

5. ANTARA OR SCOTIA

v5.c33.s17.139

6. GOPĀNA OR OVLO

v5.c33.s17.140

7. PRATI OR PRATIMUKHA

v5.c33.s17.141

8. KAPOTA OR BIRDS BEAK

v5.c33.s17.142

9. KUMBHA

v5.c33.s17.143

DHĀRĀ-KUMBHA

v5.c33.s17.144

PEDESTALS OF COLUMNS

v5.c33.s17.145

VEDI-BHADRA CLASS

v5.c33.s17.146

FIRST TYPE OF 24 PARTS

v5.c33.s17.147

SECOND TYPE OF 12 PARTS

v5.c33.s17.148

[Figure: THIS IS THE HEIGHT OF THE TOPMOST FILLET ACCORDING TO DETAILED DIVISION OF PARTS THIRD TYPE OF 12 PARTS]

v5.c33.s17.149

FOURTH TYPE OF 12 PARTS

v5.c33.s17.150

The image is oriented sideways (rotated 90 degrees counter-clockwise). Let's orient it properly to transcribe it in normal reading order, or transcribe it as rotated? Wait, the prompt says: "Transcribe this scanned page of a scholarly book exactly as printed, in reading order." Let's see the text orientation: Top-left (in landscape view): "SHEET N-O XXIX" is in the upper right if rotated 90 degrees clockwise! Let's check the text: "PEDESTALS OF COLUMNS" is along the left side, written vertically relative to the image file, but it's the title:

v5.c33.s17.151

PRATI-BHADRA CLASS

v5.c33.s17.152

NOTE:- DETAILS ARE DOUBLE THE GENERAL SIZE

v5.c33.s17.153

NUMBER OF PARTS ADDED TOGETHER GIVES 32½ AND NOT 32 AS GIVEN IN THE TEXT.

v5.c33.s17.154

[Figure: SHEET Nº XXIX PEDESTALS OF COLUMNS CHAPTER XIII PRATI-BHADRA CLASS FIRST TYPE OF 25 PARTS SECOND TYPE OF 32 PARTS THIRD TYPE FOURTH TYPE]

v5.c33.s17.155

Wait! The whole scanned page is an architectural drawing plate: "SHEET Nº XXIX". Let's see: is it a figure plate? "Figures, plates, maps and drawings: a line "[Figure: caption as printed]" where the figure stands (only the printed caption or label; empty brackets "[Figure:]" if it has none). Do not describe images."

v5.c33.s17.156

Wait, is the entire page an illustration/plate? Look at the text: Title: PEDESTALS OF COLUMNS — CHAPTER XIII — PRATI-BHADRA CLASS

v5.c33.s17.157

NOTE:- DETAILS ARE DOUBLE THE GENERAL SIZE

v5.c33.s17.158

At top right corner (when upright): SHEET Nº XXIX

v5.c33.s17.159

Under diagrams: FIRST TYPE OF 25 PARTS

v5.c33.s17.160

SECOND TYPE OF 32 PARTS

v5.c33.s17.161

THIRD TYPE... FOURTH TYPE...

v5.c33.s17.162

DETAIL AT A DETAIL AT B

v5.c33.s17.163

Bottom right: S. C. MUKHERJI.

v5.c33.s17.164

Wait, is this entire page a plate? If a page is an architectural plate consisting of diagrams, drawings, and labels, how should it be transcribed? Let's read the instructions carefully:
- Page furniture — running head, page number, chapter mark in the margin, printer's signature marks ("B 2", "12*"), library stamps, catchwords — each on its own line starting with "@H ".
- Headings as Markdown: "# " chapter or part title, "## " section, "### " subsection.
- Body text as paragraphs: one paragraph per line (join the printed lines of a paragraph; undo hyphenation at line ends), a blank line between paragraphs. Block quotations and verse quotations on lines starting with "> ".
- Footnote reference marks in the text as with the mark as printed...
- Tables as Markdown tables.
- Figures, plates, maps and drawings: a line "[Figure: caption as printed]" where the figure stands (only the printed caption or label; empty brackets "[Figure:]" if it has none). Do not describe images.

v5.c33.s17.165

Wait! If the entire page is a plate/drawing: Is it "[Figure: SHEET Nº XXIX ...]" or transcribed with headings/text? In many architectural books (like P. K. Acharya's *Architecture of Manasara*, Plates volume, drawings by S. C. Mukherji), each plate is a full-page plate with titles, notes, and architectural drawings. Wait, can we transcribe it as:

v5.c33.s17.166

PEDESTALS OF COLUMNS

v5.c33.s17.167

— CHAPTER XIII —

v5.c33.s17.168

PRATI-BHADRA CLASS

v5.c33.s17.169

NOTE:— DETAILS ARE DOUBLE THE GENERAL SIZE

v5.c33.s17.171

Wait, what about the notes and labels? Let's check if the whole sheet is a figure, or has text. If it's treated as a plate, "[Figure: ...]" with caption. But what is the caption? "PEDESTALS OF COLUMNS — CHAPTER XIII — PRATI-BHADRA CLASS". Wait, usually when a scanned page is a plate, the prompt says: "- Figures, plates, maps and drawings: a line "[Figure: caption as printed]" where the figure stands (only the printed caption or label; empty brackets "[Figure:]" if it has none). Do not describe images."

Linked texts (4)

Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra — Kauṭilya, Sanskrit
Bṛhatsaṃhitā — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit
Utpala
Śilparatna — Śrīkumāra (Śilparatna) 1500, Sanskrit