Indian Art: A History of Indian Art from the Earliest Times up to the Third Century A.D. c18: Appendix II: Description of the Line-Drawing Plates

Indian Art: A History of Indian Art from the Earliest Times up to the Third Century A.D. c18

Language: English

Appendix II: Description of the Line-Drawing Plates

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Fig. 1 Human figure, with square body and triangular head; the bust being filled by zig-zag or wavy lines. Prehistoric rock-painting. From shelters in the Mahadeva Hills. First Series. See p. 11. From Gordon, *The Pre-history of India*, fig. 12 (9).

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Fig. 2 Stick-like human figures with square and triangular body and triangular head. Prehistoric rock-painting. From Kabra Pahar and Singhanpur, Raigarh. First Series. See p. 11.

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Fig. 3 A group of human figures with bow and arrow. Prehistoric rock-painting. Late Second Series. From the Mahadeva Hills. See p. 11. From Gordon, *ibid.* fig. 13 (1).

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Fig. 4 Scene of honey taking from a beehive. Prehistoric rock-painting. See p. 11. From Gordon, *ibid.* fig. 14 (1).

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Fig. 5 A giant leading a tiger with a rope. Prehistoric rock-painting. Fourth Series. Mahadeva Hills. See p. 12.

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Fig. 6 Copper harpoon with a spear-blade and barbs (*Patra*). Prehistoric. See p. 13.

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Fig. 7 Anthropomorphic figure. Copper. Prehistoric. See p. 13.

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Fig. 8 Copper celt or cutting tool (*āyasī vāsī*). Prehistoric. See p. 14.

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Fig. 9 Copper axe (*paraśu*). Prehistoric. See p. 14.

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Fig. 10 a. Map of Harappan sites. Chalcolithic Period. See pp. 15 f. b. Site-plans showing cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. See p. 17. After *ASI* 1946. c. Isometric projection of the Great Bath (*Mahāpuṣkariṇī*). Mohenjo-daro. See p. 19. After Marshall. d. Isometric projection from southwest of the Great Granary (*Mahākoṣṭhā gāra*). Harappa. See p. 19. After Marshall.

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Fig. 11 a and b. Dockyard. Lothal. See p. 20. a. showing dockyard spill-channel. b. showing a general view.

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Fig. 12 Bearded male head and bust, figure of a Yogī. Limestone. The figure is draped in a shawl with trefoil pattern. From its eyes it seems to have been either a deity or a Yogī priest. The receding forehead, inlaid eyes and shaven upper lip show similarity with Summerian figures. Ht. 17. 5 cm. Mohenjo-daro. See p. 20.

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Fig. 13 Male torso. Red sandstone. Drilled holes for movable arms and head. Harappa. Ht. 9 cm. See p. 22.

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Fig. 14 Female torso, dancing figure reconstructed. Noteworthy are the narrow waist and the feminine hips of the figure. Grey limestone. Ht. 10 cm. Harappa. See p. 22.

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Fig. 15 Dancing girl (Nṛitū). Cast Bronze figure (madūchchhiṣhṭa kāmsya-bimba) Mohenjo-daro. See pp. 22-3.

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Fig. 16 Mother Goddess. Terracotta figure. Mohenjo-daro. See p. 24.

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Fig. 17 Standing female figure. Terracotta. Mohenjo-daro. See p. 24.

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Fig. 18 a. Terracotta female figurine. Mathura. 4th cent. B. C. b. Terracotta female figure. Taxila. 3rd cent. B.C. See p. 24.

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Fig. 19 Humped bull. Terracotta. Mohenjo-daro. See p. 25.

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Fig. 20 Incised and painted designs on pottery. Indus Valley. See p. 26. a. concentric circles. Incised. Mohenjo-daro. b. check pattern with animals, birds, fishes and human figures. Harappa. c. intersecting bangles. Incised. Mohenjo-daro. d. fisherman with two nets. Harappa. e. wavy lines, and triangles. Mohenjo-daro. f. tree with part of diamond-chequer. Harappa. i. red vase with black painted designs. Harappa (cemetery R 37). j. sun-symbol with a thousand rays. Mohenjo-daro. k. fret. l. animal with enormous horns. Two stags with a hunter, and two horned peacocks in flight. Burial, Harappa. m. parabolas. n. tree in the centre and patterns round it. Harappa. o. punched circlets. (Not on pottery). Mackay, FEM. pl. LXXI, 26. Mohenjo-daro. p. zig-zag design in bolder manner. Nāl. q. pipal tree. Burial, Harappa.

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r. four-petalled flowers (*chauphuliā*). Harappa. s. *pīpal* leaves and birds. Mohenjo-daro. t. birds surrounded by plants. Comb design before them. Also human-eye-like design. Mohenjo-daro. u. fish-scales (*śalka*). Mohenjo-daro.

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Fig. 21 Pottery types. Indus Valley. See pp. 26-8. a. necked goblet with round bottom. b. pot with round bottom. c. knobbed goblet. d. dish-on-stand. e. decorated jar. f. shallow dish. g. beaker with flat base. h. cup with conical bottom. i. deeper dish or bowl. j. perforated charcoal burner. k. jar-stand. l. wide and shallow broad-based dish or platter. m. ellipsoid jar with raised horizontal mouldings on the base. n. deeper dish. o. large bulging jar with narrow bottom. p. drinking cup. q. large storage jar with conical bottom. r. large storage jar. s. cup with lug handle. t-u. vessels with narrow base. v. flask with bulging girth. w. cylindrical vessel with round base.

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Fig. 22 Fillets, combs and hair-pins. Indus Valley. See p. 31. a. fillet. b. conical gold cap. Mohenjo-daro. c. bronze mirror. d. V-shaped ivory comb. Mohenjo-daro. e. fine ivory comb. Mohenjo-daro. f. stag with circle ornament (from Alaca "Royal Tombs", see *Ancient India*, No. 4, p. 34). Similar ivory pin with an ibex comes from Mohenjo-daro (not illustrated).

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g. steatite bead-like object showing three coalesced monkeys. h. well-made ivory hair-pin surmounted by the head of a dog-like animal. Mohenjo-daro. i. bronze pin surmounted with two heads of black bucks. Mohenjo-daro. j. ivory hair-pin with flat top decorated on both sides with incised lines. Mohenjo-daro. k. spiral-headed metal pin. Mohenjo-daro.

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Fig. 23 Representative seals and copper tablets from Indus Valley. See pp. 32-37. a. inscribed seal showing unicorn, b. bull, c. elephant, d. tiger. e. inscribed copper tablet showing unicorn, f. bull, g. elephant, h. tiger. j. prismatic seal showing a file of four marching animals. See pp. 37-8. i. and, k. seals showing mythological creatures.

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Fig. 24 Winged lion (*sapaksha simha*). See p. 72. a & d. from Sanchi gateway. b. from Amaravatī Stūpa. c. from Mathura Kushāṇa lion-capital.

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Fig. 25 Griffin. See p. 72. a. from Bharhut copings. b. from Sanchi gateway.

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Fig. 26 Triton (*mahoraga*). See p. 72. a. from Greek art. After Combaz, *L' Inde et l' Orient classique*, pl. 84. b & d. from Mathura. c. from Sanchi.

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Fig. 27 Centaur (*Kinnara*). See p. 72. a. from Mesopotamia. Combaz, pl. 75. b. from Sanchi gateway. c. from Bodhgaya railing. d. from Gandhāra.

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Fig. 28 Suparṇa. See p. 73. a. from Amaravati reliefs. b. from Bharhut reliefs. c. from Sanchi reliefs. d. from Mathura.

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Fig. 29 Double-headed eagle. a-c. from Cappadocia, Si-ngan-fou & Kizil respectively. After Combaz, pl. 155.

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Fig. 30 *Ekagrīva bahūdara*. From Ajanta. See p 73.

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Fig. 31 Gaja-Saṃghāta. From Karle cave. See p. 73.

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Fig. 32 Haya-Saṃghāta. From Bedsa cave. See p. 73.

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Fig. 33 Sūrya. See p. 73. a. from Bamiyan. Combaz, pl. 137. b. from Bodhgaya relief. c. after Combaz, pl. 133.

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Fig. 34 Kapi-śirshaka (battlement or merlon). See p. 73. a. from Mesopotamia. Combaz, pl. 13. b. from Bharhut.

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Fig. 35 Tree-of-Life (Śrī-vriksha). a. & b. from Egypt and Western Asia. Combaz, pl. 62. c. from Sanchi.

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Fig. 36 Palmette and honeysuckle. a. honeysuckle. From Rampurvā Bull capital. b. and c. palmette. From Western Asia. Combaz, pl. 149; d. from Rampurvā Bull-capital.

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Fig. 37 Various motifs. See p. 74. a-c. volute, from Sarnath and Patna. d. from Babylonia. e-f. acanthus leaf (kaṇṭakārī). From Gandhāra.

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Fig. 38 Site-map of Rājgṛiha and Giriyeka. Based on Cunningham, ASR. I, and Ancient India, No. 7. See p. 75.

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Fig. 39 Rājgṛiha cyclopean wall at the Bāṇa Gaṅgā defile. See p. 75.

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Fig. 40 Jarāsandha kā Baiṭhaka. From Cunningham, ASR. I. See p. 76.

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Fig. 41 Site-map of Lauriā Nandangarh. From Cunningham, ASR. I, pl. XXIII.

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Fig. 42 Repoussé gold plaque showing the Earth Goddess. Lauriā Nandangarh. See p. 77.

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Fig. 43 Mother-Goddess Ring-stones from various ancient sites. For details of illustrations see pp. 77-80.

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Fig. 44 Relics from the Piprahwā Stūpa. See pp. 82-3. a. stone, pottery and crystal pots and caskets. b. inscription on the stone vase. c. female dancer on gold plaque. f. goddess on gold plaque. d, e, and g-y. various other objects of gold and semi-precious stones.

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Fig. 45 Ground plan of the Mauryan pillared Assembly Hall. Kumrahar. See p. 86.

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Fig. 46 Monolithic animal capitals of Aśokan pillars. Polished Chunar sandstone. Mauryan (3rd cent. B.C.). See pp. 96-101. a. Lion-capital (*Siṃhaśīrshaka*). Bakhira, Muzaffarpur Dt., Bihar. b. Elephant-capital (*Gajendraśīrshaka*). Sankisa, Furrukhabad Dt., U.P. c. Bull-capital (*Vṛishabhaśīrshaka*). Rampurwa, Tirhut, Bihar. d. Lion-capital (*Siṃhaśīrshaka*). Lauriā-Nandangarh. e. Lion-capital (*Siṃhaśīrshaka*). Rampurwa, Tirhut, Bihar. f. Lion-capital (*Siṃhaśīrshaka*). Sarnath, Varanasi Dt., U.P. g.(i) Mahā Dharma Chakra (The Great Wheel-of-Law), reconstructed. (ii-iv) Original fragments of the Great Wheel. Polished Chunār sandstone. Sarnath Museum. h. Lion-capital (*Siṃhaśīrshaka*). In front of the Great Stūpa, Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh. i-l. Four Noble Animals (*Mahā Ājāneya Paśu*), on the round drum (*aṇḍa*) of the Sarnath Lion-capital. Elephant, Lion, Bull and Horse. Styled together as *Chatuppada paṅkti* ("The Team of Quadrupeds"). m. Lion-capital with four great animals on the abacus, winged lion (*sapaksha-siṃha* or *śarabha*), elephant, horse and double-humped Bactrian camel (*dvi-kakubha*, or Rajasthani *bekhūmbhiyā* बेखूँभिया). Udaigiri. After Cunningham, *Inscriptions of Aśoka*, pl. 30. (Probably Gupta).

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Fig. 47 Monolithic stone railing (*ekāśmaka vedikā*). Maurya. Once fixed in the *Harmikā* of the Jagatsimha Stūpa. Sarnath.

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Fig. 48 Rock-cut cave-dwellings (*kubhā=guhā*). Popularly known as Sātghar. Donated by Aśoka and Daśaratha. 3rd cent. B. C. Barabar (Pravaragiri) and Nagarjuni Hills, Gaya Dt., Magadha. Plans from Cunningham, *ASR*. See pp. 92-3. a. Gopī Cave. Nagarjuni Group. b. Vadathi and Vapiya Caves. Nagarjuni Group. c. Sudāmā Cave. Excavated in the 12th year of Aśoka. Barabar Group. d. Lomas Ṛishi. Barabar Group. e. Viśvāmitra or Vishwajhoparī. Barabar Group. f. Karṇa Chopār. Barabar Group.

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Fig. 49 Elephant figure (inscribed, *gajatame*). Carved on Kalsi rock. Dehradun Dt. Mauryan Period. See p. 91.

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Fig. 50 The Great Yaksha (*Mahākāya Yaksharāja*). Inscribed, [*Mā*]nibhada. C. 3rd cent. B. C. Parkham, Mathura. See p. 111.

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Fig. 50x Yaksha statue. Patna. See pp. 112-3.

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Fig. 50y Yakshī statue. Besnagar. See p. 111

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Fig. 50z Maṇibhadra Yaksha statue. Pawaya, Gwalior. See p. 111, 112.

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Fig. 51 Yaksha statue. From Barodā, Mathura Dt. See pp. 111.

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Fig. 52 Yakshī with flywhisk (*Chāmaradhāriṇī*). Didārganj, Patna. See p. 111.

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Fig. 53 Threefaced Yaksha statue (*Trimukha*). From Rajghat, Varanasi. Now, Bharat Kala Bhavan, B. H. U. See p. 111.

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Fig. 54 Ground plan (*talanyāsa*) of a Stūpa. See p. 127.

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Fig. 55 Railing (*vedikā*) and its component parts, *ālambanapiṇḍikā* (basement), *sūchī* (crossbar), *thambha* (upright pillar) and *Ushṇisha* (coping). See p. 127.

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Fig. 56 Toraṇa gateway with the superstructure of three architraves. See p. 127.

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Fig. 57 The Great Stūpa (*Mahāchetiya*), Sanchi. Showing its component parts, as *mahāvedikā*, *toraṇa*, *trimedhi*, *harmikā* and *tri-chhatrāvalī* (triple parasols). See p. 128.

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Fig. 58 Toraṇa pillar with capital of addorsed lions. From Bharhut Stūpa. Now, Indian Museum. See p. 130.

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Fig. 59 Toraṇa gateway of Bharhut Stūpa. Showing a section of the railing, two upright posts with capitals, supporting a complex superstructure of three horizontal architraves and small uprights (*trivalī jāla*). The whole structure being known as *śiṃśumāraśiraḥ* from the crocodile motif on the spiral ends. On the top-most architrave is the Dharmachakra symbol on a honey-suckle, flanked by two *nandipadas*. On the lower architraves are rows of lions and elephants worshipping the Bodhi-tree. See p. 130.

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Fig. 60 Railing carved with lotuses on the cross-bars and pillars of the *Padmavaravedikā* type. On the pillar, figure of Chulakokā Devatā standing under an aśoka tree (*aśokapushpaprachāyikā mudrā*). Bharhut Stūpa. 2nd cent. B.C. See p. 131.

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Fig. 61 Dream of Mahāmāyā and Buddha's descent in her womb as a white elephant (*garbhāvakrānti*). Medallion, Bharhut Stūpa. See p. 131.

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Fig. 62 Yaksha, Nāga and Devatā figures on the gateways of Bharhut Stūpa. See pp. 131-2, 135.

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a. Kubera Yaksha. North Gate. b. Chulakokā Devatā. South Gate. c. Sirimā Devatā. d. Chakavāka Nāga. South Gate. e. Supavaso Yakho.

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Fig. 63 a. Panel on pillar, showing the scene of King Ajātaśatru visiting the Buddha. Bharhut Stūpa. See p. 132. b. Panel on pillar, showing Nāgarāja Erāpata kneeling at the foot of the Bodhi tree. Bharhut Stūpa. See p. 132.

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Fig. 64 Rail medallions. Bharhut Stūpa. a. An elephant catch, showing monkeys driving the beast. See p. 132. b. humorous scene showing monkeys extracting the hair from the nostril of a Mahāyaksha with the help of a giant forceps tucked by an elephant. For the legend of Gaja-vānara-yuddha in which monkeys obtained victory over the elephants, see Viṣṇudharmottara Purāṇa, ch. 253.

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Fig. 65 Gaja-Lakshmī standing on lotus, bathed by elephants. 2nd cent. Rail medallion, Bharhut Stūpa. See p. 135.

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Fig. 66 Dharmachakra Pillar circumambulated by worshippers. 2nd cent. Rail medallion, Bharhut Stūpa.

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Fig. 67 Motifs from Bharhut reliefs. See pp. 141-2. a. i-ii. Vṛishabha machchha (fishtailed bull). b. Śiṃsumāraśiraḥ. c. Lotus rhizome (kalpalatā) issuing from the mouth of a pot-bellied Yaksha. d. Kalpalatā issuing from Yaksha navel. e. Kalpalatā disposed round a female figure. f. Band of moving elephants. g. Band of winged lions.

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Fig. 68 Details of Kalpalatā motif from Bharhut reliefs. See p. 142. a. mango-shaped pendent containers for lac-dye paint. b-c. jack-fruit-shaped wine containers.

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Fig. 69 Ornaments from Bharhut reliefs. See pp. 144, 146. a. Prākāravapra kuṇḍala. b. Triratna-earrings. c. i, iii. spiral anklets; ii girdles.

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Figs. 70-71 Kalpalatā producing ornaments etc. Bharhut reliefs. See p. 146.

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Fig. 72 Ornaments and textiles from Bharhut reliefs. See p. 146. a. a necklace with three pearl strings (*trisara muktāhāra*). b. six-stringed necklace. c-d. double *triratna* necklace pendant. e. Flat studded chaplet. f. ear rosettes. g-h. girdles. i. scarves. j. *Dhotī*.

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Fig. 73 a. Elephant head serving as peg for hanging ornaments etc. Bharhut relief. b. Similar. See p. 146.

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Fig. 74 Scenes from Bharhut reliefs. See p. 146. a. *Mahā-Bhūta Yaksha*. b. *Chakra* worship. c. *Śrī-Devī* inside a band of lotuses.

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Fig. 75 w. *Toraṇa* gateway with section of railing. North Gate. Rear view. Great Stūpa. 1st cent. B. C. Sanchi. See pp. 156-59. x. Worship of the *Dharma-Chakra* Pillar. Great Stūpa. Sanchi. y. Worship of the *Dharma-Chakra*. Great Stūpa. Sanchi. z. Fabulous animals. Great Stūpa. Sanchi. (i) *siṃhamachehha*, (ii) *sapaksha mriga*, (iii) *magaramachehha*.

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Fig. 75 Gaja-Lakshmī with *Dampatī* on lotuses. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 168. Fig. 76 *Śrī-Lakshmī* with attendants. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 168. Fig. 77 Elephant sporting with lotuses. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 168. Fig. 78 *Padmalatā* from the mouth of a tortoise. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 168. Fig. 79 *Yaksha* with *Padmalatā*. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 168. Fig. 80 *Padmalatā* from the navel of a *Yakshī*. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 168. Fig. 80 x. *Chakra* Worship. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 168. Fig. 80 y. *Chakra*-pillar worship. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 168. Fig. 81 Stūpa with Tree-of-Life (*Śrī-vriksha*). Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 169. Fig. 82 *Kalpavriksha* and *mithuna*. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 169. Fig. 83 *Kinnara-mithuna*. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 169. Fig. 84 *Garuḍa* and *Nāga* Conflict. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See p. 169. Fig. 85 *Yakshī* on tortoise. Stūpa No. 2. Sanchi. See pp. 168, 169.

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Fig. 85 x. Worship of the Chakra Pillar. Stūpa No. III. Sanchi. See p. 170. y. Worship of the Chakra-Lion Pillar. Stūpa No. III. Sanchi. See p. 170.

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Fig. 86 Apsidal Temple. No. 18. Sanchi. See pp. 171-2.

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Fig. 87 a. Worship of the Dharmachakra Pillar. 2nd cent. B. C. Bodhgaya. See p. 173. b. Same.

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Fig. 88 A dryad climbing up a tree with help of a Yaksha seated below Bodhgaya Stūpa. See p. 173.

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Fig. 89 Gaja-Lakshmī. Bodhgaya Stūpa. See p. 173.

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Fig. 89 a. Corner railing pillar carved with Śrī-Lakshmī, Dampatī motifs. See p. 173.

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Fig. 90 Rail medallion (*paripushkara*). Showing Gandharva Pañchaśikha holding a harp standing outside the Indra-śaila Cave. Bodhgaya Stūpa. See p. 170.

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Fig. 91 Rail medallion. A *mithuna* in adoration standing outside a cave. Bodhgaya Stūpa. See p. 173.

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Fig. 92 A *rishi* seated in front of a *guhā*. Bodhgaya Stūpa. See p. 173.

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Fig. 93 Jetavana-kraya scene. Rail medallion. Bodhgaya Stūpa. See p. 173.

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Fig. 94 Rail medallions. Showing fabulous animals (*Ihāmṛiga*). Bodhgaya. See pp. 173-4. a. *Naramachchha* (Fishtailed human being). b. *Naravyāla*. c. Winged elephant (*pakshī-gajendra*). d. Winged horse (*balāhaka aśva*).

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Fig. 95 Scene of three elephants attacking a panicky crowd. Bas-relief in the upper verandah. Rāṇīgumphā Cave. Udaigiri Hills, Orissa. 1st century B. C. See pp. 177, 180.

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Fig. 96 Flight of Udayana-Vāsavadattā. Bas-relief in the upper verandah. Gaṇeshgumphā. Udaigiri Hills, Orissa. 1st. cent. B. C. See pp. 178-80.

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Fig. 97 So-called rape scene. Uncertain identity. Bas-relief in the upper verandah. Rāṇīgumphā. Udaigiri Hills, Orissa. 1st cent. B. C. See p. 181.

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Fig. 98 A Royal hunting scene identified with Dushyanta-Śakuntalā story. Rāṇīgumphā. Udaigiri Hills, Orissa. 1st cent. B. C. See p. 181.

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Fig. 99 Rail design between the inter spaces of springing arches. Rāṇīgumphā. Udaigiri Hills, Orissa. 1st century B. C. See p. 182.

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Fig. 100 Lotus creeper carved on the arch. Gaṇeshgumphā. Orissa. 1st century B. C. See p. 182.

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Fig. 101 Scythian soldier (*kuṇṭadhāraka rājamānusha*). Upper verandah. Rāṇīgumphā. Udaigiri Hills, Orissa. 1st cent. B. C. See p. 182.

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Fig. 102 Kalpalatā with jack-fruit shaped containers. Rāṇīgumphā. Udaigiri Hills, Orissa. 1st cent. B. C. See p. 182.

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Fig. 103 Capture of elephants by monkeys. Probably a seen from the folk story of Gajavānara *saṅgrāma*. Rāṇīgumphā. Udaigiri Hills, Orissa. 1st cent. B. C. See p. 182.

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Fig. 104 Monkey as mock-ascetic. Same. See p. 182.

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Fig. 105 Woman riding on bull (*vṛishavāhinī*). Same. See p. 182.

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Fig. 106 Plan of Gaṇeshgumphā. Udaigiri Hills, Orissa. 1st cent. B. C. See p. 183.

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Fig. 107 Vyāghragumphā. Frontal view. Udaigiri Hills, Orissa. 1st cent. B. C. See p. 183.

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Fig. 108 Plan of Anantagumphā. Khaṇḍagiri Hills, Orissa. 1st cent. B.C. See p. 184.

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Fig. 109 Gaja-Lakshmī. Anantagumphā. Khaṇḍagiri Hills, Orissa. 1st cent, B. C. See p. 184.

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Fig. 110 Plan of a rock-cut chaitya-ghara, showing colonnade (*stambhamālā*), nave (*nābhi* or *maṇḍapa*), stūpa and path of circumambulation (*pradakshiṇāpatha*). Conjectural. See p. 187.

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Fig. 111 Cross-section of the vaulted roof (*gajapṛishṭa*) with wooden ribs, inside a chaitya-ghara. Conjectural. See p. 187.

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Fig. 112 Plan of the inside of a Brahmanical temple showing *maṇḍapa*, *garbhagṛiha*, pillars, outer and inner circumambulation. Similar to a chaitya-ghara. Conjectural. See p. 188.

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Fig. 113 Plan of a typical rockcut *vihāra* i.e. Buddhist monastery. Conjectural. See p. 189.

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Fig. 114 Chakravartī king Māndhātā with parasol and flywhisk, riding in a chariot, passing over the bodies of Asuras, in the Uttarakuru country. Up to now identified as Sūrya. Rock-cut Vihāra. Bhājā. 2nd cent. B. C. See below, and pp. 191-2.

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Fig. 115 Chakravartī king Māndhātā in the grove of Uttarakuru country, with Kalpavṛikshas. Up to now identified as Indra. Same. See above, and pp. 191-2.

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Fig. 116 Façade and interior view. Chaitya Hall. Bhaja. 2nd cent. B. C. See p. 193.

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Fig. 117 Ground plan of the Chaityaghara. Kondāne. 2nd cent. B. C. See p. 194.

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Fig. 118 a-b. Atlante dwarfs (kiṅkara or guhyaka). Pītalkhorā. 2nd cent. B. C. See p. 196. c. Dwarf yaksha carrying Śivaliṅgam.

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Fig. 119 Gaja-Lakshmī. Cave 4. Pītalkhorā. 2nd cent. B. C. See p. 196.

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Fig. 120 Vedikā pattern on the architrave. Vihāra No. 9. Pītalkhorā. See p. 197.

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Fig. 121 Stūpa inside Chaitya-hall No 10. Ajanta. 2nd cent. B. C. See p. 198.

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Fig. 122 Kīrtimukha or Chaitya-window. Chaitya-hall No. 9. Ajanta. 2nd cent. B. C. See p. 198.

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Fig. 123 Outside view. Pāṇḍuleṇa Chaitya-hall. Nasik. Middle of 1st cent. B. C. See pp. 202-3.

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Fig. 124 Chaitya-mukha showing Nāga-Garuḍa and Śrī-Lakshmī. Mānmoda Chaitya-hall. Junnar. See pp. 203-4.

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Fig. 125 a. Chaitya-mukha with Kīrtistambha in front. Chaitya-hall. Karle. See pp. 206-7. b. Close-up of the above, showing details of Chaitya window.

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Fig. 126 Decorated dwarf rail. Kanheri. 2nd cent. A. D. See pp. 210-11.

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Fig. 127 Plan of the Chaitya-hall. Kanheri. 2nd cent. A. D. See p. 211.

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Fig. 128 Elephant riders. Railing cross-bar. Kankali Tila, Mathura. Śuṅga. See p. 219.

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Fig. 129 Tympanum showing earliest form of Stūpa at Mathura. Kankali Tila, Mathura. See p. 220.

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Fig. 130 Stūpa carved on the Loṇaśobhikā Āyāgapaṭṭa. Mathura. 1st cent. A. D. See p. 220.

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Fig. 131 Stūpa on an architrave, No. M 3. Mathura. 1st cent. A. D. See p. 220.

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Figs. 132 a-c. Fabulous animals on railing roundels. Kankali Tila, Mathura, See p. 222.

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Figs. 133 a-b. Lotus creeper on railing upright and coping. Kankali Tila, Mathura. See p. 222.

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Fig. 134 Woman drying her hair. Railing pillar. Mathura. 2nd cent. A. D. See p. 227.

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Figs. 135 a-b. Woman with parrot. Railing pillars. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 227.

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Figs. 136 a-c. & 137 a-c. Railing pillars showing female beauties in various poses. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See pp. 227-8.

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Fig. 138 Buddhist subjects on railing pillars. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See pp. 228-9. a. Ṛishya-śṛiṅga Jātaka. b. Bodhisattva with scalloped halo round the head. c. Dharmachakra on pedestal.

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Fig. 139 Railing pillars with carved scenes. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See pp. 228-29. a. Woman pressing her breast. b. Śrī-Lakshmī in milk-giving pose. Pre-Kushāṇa. c-d. Woman with lamp. e. Palace amusement. Showing Dance. f. Palace amusement. Drinking scene. g. Palace amusement. Coiffure of the lady by her lover. h. Palace amusement. Dance.

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Fig. 140 Chakra-paṭa. Mathura. 1st cent. A. D. See p. 232.

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Fig. 141 Svastika-paṭa. Mathura. 1st cent. A. D. See p. 232.

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Fig. 142 Tīrthaṅkara-paṭa. 1st cent. A. D. See p. 233.

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Fig. 143 Tīrthaṅkara seated in padmāsana. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 234.

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Fig. 144 Tīrthaṅkara Mahāvīra. Kaṅkali Tila, Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 234.

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Fig. 145 Balarāma. Junsuṭi, Mathura. Late 2nd cent. B. C. See pp. 235, 256.

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Fig. 146 a. Bodhisattva. Sarnath. Inscribed in year 3 of Kanishka. See p. 241.

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Fig. 146 b. Bodhisattva. Maholi, Mathura. Inscribed in Year 92. Kushāṇa. See p. 241.

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Fig. 147 Bodhisattva in padmāsana. Katrā, Mathura. Inscribed. Kushāṇa. See pp. 241, 242-3.

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Fig. 147 a. Bodhisattva in padmāsana. Anyor, Mathura. Inscribed. Kushāṇa. See p. 241.

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Fig. 148 Seated figures (taken as the Buddha by some scholars) on coins. See pp. 241-2. a. From a coin of Azes. b. From a coin of Maues. c. From a coin of Vema Kadphises.

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Fig. 149 Buddha figures from Kanishka's coins. a. Seated. See pp. 241-2. b. Standing, haloed. Labelled as BODDO.

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Fig. 149 a. Bodhisattva Maitreya. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 244.

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Fig. 150 Kāśyapa Buddha. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 244.

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Fig. 151 Hellenistic motifs in Kushāṇa art of Mathura. See pp. 244-45. a. Heracles fighting the Nemean Lion. b. Rape of Ganymede. c. Garland-bearing Erotes. d. Vine leaves. d. Corinthian Capital.

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Fig. 152 Bodhisattva with amulet. Gaṇeśrā village, Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 245.

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Fig. 153 Bacchus-Kubera. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 247.

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Fig. 154 a. Bacchanalian Group. Pālikherā, Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 247.

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Fig. 154 b. Bacchanalian Group. Maholi, Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 247. i. Obverse. ii. Reverse.

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Fig. 155 Nāga image. Chhargaon vil., Mathura. See p. 248.

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Fig. 156 Balarāma with cup and garland. Kukargām vil., Mathura. See p. 248.

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Fig. 157 Stone Statue of Vema. Headless. Enthroned. From Māṭ Devakula, Mathura. 1st century A.D. See p. 249.

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Fig. 158 Stone Statue of Kanishka. Headless. Standing. From Māṭ Devakula, Mathura. 1st cent. A.D. See pp. 249-50.

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Fig. 159 A headless torso. Labelled as Shastana. Most probably showing Śaka-Satrap Chashṭana. From Māṭ Devakula, Mathura. Early 2nd cent. A.D. See p. 250.

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Fig. 160 Head with conical hat. Kushāṇa period. From Mathura. Now in the Budapest Museum, Leiden. See pp. 250-1.

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Fig. 161-3 Heads with a helmet with two ram's horns. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See pp. 251. Fig. 161 Mus. No. 2564. Ht. 9". Fig. 162 Mus. No. 157. Fig. 163 From the Indo-Persian Lion-capital, Mathura.

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Fig. 164 a-b. Ram's horns as emblems of "Iranian Majesty". From Herzfeld, *Kushano-Sassanian Coins*, p. 22.

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Fig. 165 a. Nārāyaṇa Vāṭaka. A general view showing ruins of the stupendous stone railing (*prākāra*). Ghosūṇḍi, Nagari near Chittor. 1st-2nd cent. B. C. See p. 252. b. Elevation and section of the stone railing. Same.

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Figs. 166-7 Two male torsos. Perhaps Vṛishṇi heroes. From Mora, Mathura. 1st cent. B. C. See p. 253.

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Fig. 168 Brahmā. With three faces and a haloed superimposed bust at the back. Kushāṇa. Mathura Museum No. 382. See p. 254.

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Fig. 169 Brahmā. With three visible faces and the right hand held in *abhaya* pose. Mathura. Gupta Period. See p. 254.

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Fig. 170 Vishṇu with four hands. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 255.

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Fig. 171 Nṛisimha-Varāha-Vishṇu. Mathura. Gupta Period. See p. 255.

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Fig. 172 Śiva represented by a plain Liṅga. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 257.

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Fig. 173 Ekamukhī Śiva-Liṅga. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 257.

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Fig. 174 Five-faced Śiva-Liṅga. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 257.

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Fig. 175 Nandikeśvara Śiva standing against the Nandī Bull. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 257.

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Fig. 176 Śiva-Pārvatī. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 257.

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Fig. 177 Ardhanārīśvara. With three other Brāhmaṇical deities Vishṇu, Gaja-Lakshmī and Brahmā. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 257.

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Fig. 178 Sūrya as Kushāṇa Emperor, clad in the Northern dress. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 258.

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Fig. 179 Kārttikeya with spear. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See pp. 258-9.

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Fig. 180 Pañchendra form of Indra. Fragmented. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 259.

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Fig. 181 Vajrapāṇi Indra Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 259.

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Fig. 182 Kubera with Lakshmī and Hāritī as his two consorts. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 260.

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Fig. 183 Mahishamardinī Durgā. Mathura. Kushāṇa. See p. 260.

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Fig. 184 Saptamātṛikās in a group. With Kārttikeya on left. Mathura. Kushāṇa.

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Fig. 185 Ground-plan of the Dharmarājikā Stūpa. Taxila, Gandhāra. Kushāṇa, See p. 263.

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Fig. 186 Standing Buddha. Hashtanagar, Gandhāra. Kushāṇa. See p. 264.

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Fig. 187 Hārītī. Sahri-bahlol, Gandhāra. Kushāṇa. See p. 264.

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Fig. 188 The Preaching Buddha seated on a lous-throne supported by two elephants. Sahri-bahlol, Gandhāra. Kushāṇa. See pp. 164-5.

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Fig. 189 Buddha's Parinirvāṇa. Sahri-bahlol, Gandhāra. Kushāṇa. See p. 264.

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Fig. 190 Conversion of Kāśyapas. Sahri-bahlol, Gandhāra. Kushāṇa. See p. 264.

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Fig. 191 Copper reliquary of Kanishka showing Buddha on the lid and Buddhas etc. on the cylinder. Inscribed. From Shah-ji-ki-dheri, Gandhāra. Kushāṇa. See 265.

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Fig. 192 Ivory carvings from Begram. 2nd-3rd cent. A. D. See p. 266. a. Lady with parrot. b. Female attendant. c. Woman coxing a Haṃsa with a lotus. d. Toilet. e-f. Birds. g. Lady wearing a heavy necklace. h. Pūrṇaghaṭa. i. Flying Haṃsas. j. Śalākā-vātāyana as padmavaravedikā.