Jain Miniature Paintings from Western India c9.s9.14

c9.s9.14

Besides the size, the *Viṣṇudharmottara*⁵⁶ commends the exudation of the *sindūra* tree (*Grislea Tomentosa*) as an astringent for tempering the colours. In the *Silparatna*⁵⁷, in addition to the size, exudations of the *kapittha* and *nīm* are suggested as astringents for the ground made of burnt conch-shell and oyster-shell powders. These were also used as binding media for the lampblack and *śyāmadhātu*.⁵⁸ With the red lead, the *nīm* exudation served as astringent.⁵⁹ In another place, the exudations of the *kapittha* and *nīm* are ordained to be used with all colours.⁶⁰