Yakshas v2.c6: Explanation of Plates

Yakṣas v2.c6

Language: English

Explanation of Plates

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¹ When “Amarāvatī” is given as source, it is to be understood that the drawings have been made from the various well-known publications of Amarāvatī reliefs, or more often directly from the series of photos taken by M. Goloubew in the Madras Museum. Nearly all of the drawings have been made by Mr. Sunchiro Tomita.

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PLATE I

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The well-known *kalpa-vṛkṣa* capital of a *dhvaja-stambha* from Besnagar, usually dated in the third century B. C. The wishing-tree is a banyan (*nyagrodha*), and between the hanging aerial roots will be seen a pot, and two bags, overflowing with money: on the other side of the tree, in a corresponding position, are found a lotus flower and a conch each similarly exuding coins. These last (shown in detail on pl. 47, figs. 1, 2) are clearly the *nidhis* (*śaṅkha* and *padma*) of Kubera. Height 5 ft. 8 in.; Calcutta Museum. India Office photograph.

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PLATE 2

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1. Seated pot-bellied Yakṣa, with curly hair and moustache; he wears a *dhotī*, and is seated with a supporting *paṭṭa* encircling stomach and left knee. Height 3 ft. 8 in. From near Pālī Kherā, Mathurā, now C3 in the Mathurā Museum. Archaeological Survey photograph.
2. Fragment of a railing pillar. Yakṣa under a mango-tree; perhaps Kāmadeva. Height 2 ft. 7½ in. 2nd century A. D. From the Chaubārā mounds, Mathurā, now J7 in the Mathurā Museum. A. K. C. photograph.
3. Fragment of a railing pillar (from a stairway). Yakṣī under tree, with vessels of food and drink. Perhaps a form of *Śrī-Lakṣmī*, cf. my *Early Indian iconography*, 2. *Śrī-Lakṣmī*, in Eastern Art, 1, 1928, figs. 16, 28, and B, C. 2nd Century A. D. Mathurā Museum. A. K. C. photograph.

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PLATE 3

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Relief from Nāgārjunikoṇḍa, detail. Standing Buddha with the Yakṣa Vajrapāṇi below his right arm; Yakṣa *dvārapāla* with *cāmara* on lower left; on the left, above, as coping relief, a Yakṣa supporting a lotus-rhizome garland drawn from the open jaws of a *makara*. Third century A. D. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photograph by the same.

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PLATE 4

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1. *Mithuna* (Yakṣa and Yakṣī) under a tree, supported by addorsed *makara* heads; from the jaws of one of the latter there emerges a lion. For the paired addorsed *makara* heads, cf. pl. 37, fig. 5, and pl. 39, fig. 2. On the lower left will be noticed a *garuḍa* bracket. From the right end of an architrave from Nāgārjunikoṇḍa, third century A. D. Madras Museum.
2. Kubera. Cup in right hand, purse in left (cf. pl. 8, fig. 1, right hand figure), Kuṣāṇa; Mathurā. Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

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PLATE 5

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1. Relief: Hāritī and Pāñcika, with some of their 500 children. Ajaṇṭā, Cave 11. About 500 A. D.
2. Makara, with lotus rhizome. From a Sinhalese knife, eighteenth century.

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PLATE 6

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MEDIEVAL JĀINA IMAGES OF KUBERA AND HIS CONSORT

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1, 2. Kubera and Bhadrā, relief images in the Cāmuṇḍaraya Basti, Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa. His attributes seem to be a lotus and a citron, hers perhaps the same. The trees, though considerably conventionalized, seem to be banyan and mango. Eleventh century. Mysore Arch. Surv. photograph.
3. Kubera and Bhadrā seated on a bench under a tree, each with a child in the arm. Money pots below the bench. Small seated image of Pārśvanātha above the fork of the tree. About tenth to eleventh century. From Maldeh. India Museum photograph.

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PLATE 7

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1. Śālabhañjikā figure, viz. Yakṣī under a mango tree, forming an architrave bracket of the north toraṇa, Sāñcī.
2. Lotus altar for bali offerings to Yakṣas (cf. p. 5). From Anurādhapura, Early Medieval, Colombo Museum.

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PLATE 8

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1. Trinity of Fortune: Gaṇeśa, Lakṣmī (abhiṣeka) and Kubera, seated on lotus seats on a common stem. About eighth century A. D. University Museum, Philadelphia. Photograph by the same. See The University Museum Bulletin, Vol. 2, 1930, p. 15.
2. Yakṣa Atlantes; verandah of Cave III, Nāsik. Early second century A. D. Cf. Pethavatthu Aṭṭhakathā, 45, 55, where Yakṣas are called Bhumma deva, “Earth gods.” Cf. also Yakṣas, I, pl. 13, and Cunningham, Bharhut, pl. XV.

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PLATE 9

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1, 2, 3. Pilasters from the pākāra slabs, Jaggayyapeṭa. Left, Yakṣī on fish-tailed elephant (jalebha or jala-hastin) = pl. 43, fig. 4; center, Yakṣī on fish-tailed horse (jala-turaga); right, padmapāṇi Yakṣa on fish-tailed lion. Second century B. C. Madras Museum. India office photographs.

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PLATE 10

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1. Camdā Yakhi, under tree, supported by a fish-tailed horse (jala-turaga). Bharhut railing pillar, 150-175 B. C. Indian Museum, Calcutta. India Office photograph.
2. Yakṣī under a tree, supported on a cushion on a makara; from a railing pillar, Mathurā District. First or second century A. D. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Photograph by the same.

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PLATE II

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1, 2, 3. Lotus rhizomes bearing flowers, fruits, garment, jewels, etc., and proceeding from the mouth of a (sky-) elephant. The text cited above, p. 4, suggests that the spray is here conceived as “torn by Airāvata from the Wishing-tree of Paradise.” Bharhut coping, 150-175 B. C. Indian Museum, Calcutta. Photograph by the same. See p. 4.

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4. Viṣṇu Anantaśayana, and the Birth of Brahmā. Cambodian, classical period. Collection of C. T. Loo, Paris.

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PLATE 12

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1. Architrave, south *toraṇa*, Sāñcī: Yakṣas spouting lotus sprays (rhizome and flowers). Two Yakṣas in the center holding jewelled garlands. India office photograph.

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2. Detail of fig. 1. Goloubew photograph.

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3. Lotus rhizome borne by Yakṣas, and decoratively treated, providing a transitional type between those of Bharhut and Sāñcī, and Amarāvatī, N¹ in the Mathurā Museum, Vogel, *Catalogue* . . . , pl. IV. About 100 A. D. A. S. I. photograph.

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¹ Center medallion: Śrī-Lakṣmī or a *nadī-devatā*, amongst lotuses, cf. pl. 2, fig. 3, and pl. 19, fig.

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¹ Another figure in the doorway above. Right and left, below, lotus rhizome rising from the jaws of *makaras*, and above, from the navels of dwarf Yakṣas. Jamb pillar of railing, stupa II, Sāñcī, first century B. C. or A. D. A. K. C. photograph.

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¹ A. S. C. photograph.

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4. The lotus rhizome now fully decorated, drawn from the jaws of a *makara* by a lotus-seated goddess, probably Śrī-Lakṣmī, and supported by a dwarf Yakṣa. Note incidentally the cable moulding above the lotus petal course; like the torus of a “bell-capital,” this cable-moulding represents the stamens of the open lotus flower. Madras Museum. India Office photograph.

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PLATE 13

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1. Similar lotus rhizome, rising from the jaws of a *makara*. Sāñcī, east *toraṇa*. Goloubew photograph. Cf. Smith, *Jaina stūpa of Mathurā*, pl. XXVI.

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2. Lotus rhizome, flower and jewel bearing, and framing human figures, two of which are seated on lotus flowers, also animals and birds. The whole spray originates from the navel of a seated dwarf Yakṣa at the base of the pillar, no longer extant, but shown in Fergusson, *Tree and serpent worship*, pl. VIII, and our reproduction, pl. 36, fig. 1. Sāñcī, south *toraṇa*. Goloubew photograph.

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² Lotus rhizome rising from a full vase (*pūrṇa-ghaṭa*) supported by a dwarf Yakṣa. Stele at Vihāre II, Poḷonnāruva, Ceylon, medieval. Cf. pl. 42, fig.

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PLATE 14

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PLATE 15

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1. Yakṣas, apparently returning the end of the ornamented lotus rhizome to the mouth of a dwarf Yakṣa. Coping, Amarāvatī, ca. 200 A. D. Madras Museum. India Office photograph.
2. Makara, with the ornamented lotus rhizome proceeding from its mouth, and dominated by a dwarf Yakṣa. Coping, Amarāvatī, ca. 200 A. D. Madras Museum. India Office photograph.

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PLATE 16

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1. *Makara*, limestone, length 21 in., property of K. Minassian, New York. There is a socket in the center of the belly, and an opening extended from the mouth to the socket. This has evidently been a *makara* standard or small *makara dhvaja stambha*, and may have been connected with a temple of Pradyumna (= Kāmadeva) or even Varuṇa. Mr. Minassian possesses another incomplete example of the same kind. Nothing is known of the source, except that both were obtained in northern India. A date about the third or second century B. C. may be conjectured. Museum of Fine Arts photograph.
2. The *makara* of the *makara-dhvaja stambha* from Besnagar¹ (see pl. 45, fig. 3). Length 3 ft. Second century B. C. Gwalior Museum. Gwalior, A. S., photograph.
3. *Makara*, in a railing cross-bar medallion, Mathurā District, ca. second century B. C. Similar examples from Bharhut and Bodhgayā are known. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Photograph by the same.

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¹ See Cunningham, A. S., Reports, X, pp. 42, 43, and pl. XIV; Bhandarkar, D. R., in A. S. I., A. R., 1913-14, pp. 189-191 (that the *makara* had a rider is unlikely), and *Archaeology and Vaiṣṇava tradition*, Mem. A. S. I., 5.

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PLATE 17

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Full vases:
1. Full vase (*pūrṇa-ghaṭa*) in center; on each side a conch with a lotus springing from it, a *vardhamānaka* (powder box), and a lotus apparently with a flame rising from it. Early ninth century. Caṇḍi Sewu, Java. A. K. C. photograph. Similar conches with lotuses are used also at Borobuḍur in the scene representing the honoring of the Bodhi-trees previous to the Great Enlightenment.
2. Richly developed full vase as part of a pillar, with dwarf Yakṣas at the sides blowing conches. Eighth century. Indra Sabhā, Elūrā. India Office photograph.
3. A similar richly developed full vase as a pillar capital; verandah of Cave XXIV, Ajaṇṭā. Sixth century. India Office photograph.
4. Wooden tracery window, with full vase with richly developed foliage. Southern India, eighteenth century present position (probably still Chipping Campden, England) unknown. A. K. C. photograph.

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PLATE 18

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1. One side of the “Pāli Kheṛā group,” C2 in the Mathurā Museum. A Bacchanalian Yakṣa, probably Kubera, seated on a mountain, attended by female cup-bearers, with trees behind, the whole forming the base supporting a bowl, of which only part is preserved. First or second century A. D. Indian Museum photograph.

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2. A similar pedestal which served as the support of a bowl, of which only a part is preserved. The two Yakṣīs stand under an aśoka tree, which is fully represented at the back of the stone. One of the Yakṣīs holds a parrot. From Koṭā, near Mathurā. Probably second century A. D. See Cunningham, A. S. Reports, XX, p. 50, and pl. III. India Museum photograph.

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3. Back and front of a female figure and column supporting a bowl. The female figure suggests Śrī-Lakṣmī and (or) a Yakṣī, cf. pl. 2, fig. 3 (= pl. 45, fig. 2); pl. 14, fig. 1, center. Second century A. D. Bhārata Kalā Pariṣad, Benares. Photograph by the same.

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PLATE 19

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1. Nāga, amongst lotuses, i. e., in water, and attended by nadī-devatās supported by fish or makaras. Detail from a railing pillar, Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D. Madras Museum. India Office photograph.

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2. Left hand part of a scene representing the Buddha’s Bath in the Nerañjanā (for the whole see Vogel, Indian serpent-lore, pl. VII, a), showing nadī-devatās bringing offerings of full vases (puṇṇa-ghaṭa) to the Bodhisattva. Detail of a railing pillar, Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D. British Museum. A. K. C. photograph.

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3. The Jamna River goddess, Yamunā Devī, supported on a tortoise, and attended by a dwarf with an umbrella, and maid with a basket. Both attendants are supported by fish. Gupta. From Pahārpur, Rājshāhi District. A. S. I. photograph.

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PLATE 20

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Reliefs at the two ends of the Varāha cave, Udayagiri, Gwalior. On the left, the two rivers Jamna and Ganges, with the river goddesses standing respectively on a tortoise and a makara, flowing into the ocean, wherein stands a deity, probably Varuṇa, with a vessel. Above the two goddesses, and between the rivers, a dancing scene, with the dancer in the center, surrounded by players on the harp, lute, flute, and drums. Above this, an angel(?) with a garland(?). On the right, a similar composition, omitting the dancing scene. Ca. 400 A. D. India Office photograph enlarged.

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PLATE 21

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1. Details of the doorway of the Gupta Daśāvatāra temple, Deogaṛh. On the left the river goddess Gaṅgā Devī, supported by a makara, an umbrella above her head; on the right Yamunā Devī, supported by a tortoise, and with an umbrella over her head. About 600 A. D. India Office photograph.

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2. Left end of the verandah of the Rāmeśvara shrine, Elūrā. On the left, Gaṅgā Devī, with a dwarf, and supported by a makara; center and right, pillars with pūrṇa-ghaṭa capitals, and śālābhañjikā brackets (Yakṣīs under trees). Seventh century. India Office photograph.

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Yamunā Devī, supported by a tortoise, and standing amongst lotuses, under a *makara-toraṇa*, the *makaras* with dwarf Yakṣa riders. Kailāsa, Elūrā; eighth century. Goloubew photograph.

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PLATE 23

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1. Detail from a relief (see H. I. I. A., fig. 92) of the Dīpaṅkara Jātaka. Gandhāra, second century A. D. Prince Megha ("Cloud") with a purse is purchasing lotuses from Prakṛti ("Nature"), alias Bhadrā ("Plenty," also a name of the consort of Kubera); Prakṛti holds the lotuses in her right hand, a vessel under her left arm (cf. fig. 3 on same plate). Property of K. Minassian, New York.

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2. Goddess of a spring, supported by a *makara*; four armed, holding a large vessel perforated from front to back of the slab; a *cāmara* and lotus held in the other hands. Height 28 in. In a temple dated 1428 A. D. at Jagatsukh, Kulū, but the sculpture is probably older. See A. S. I., A. R., 1907-08, p. 267 and fig. 2; and Bhattacharya, B. C., *Indian images*, p. 44 and pl. XXX, fig. 1. Lahore Museum. A. S. I. photograph.

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3, 4. Two goddesses of a sacred spring at Mojokerto, Java, now in the Museum at Batavia; both were "adossées au mur àfin de verser à l'extérieur l'eau des urnes qu'elles tiennent à la main" (Krom, N. J., in *Ars Asiatica* VIII, p. 61 and pl. XXXII). The resemblance between one of these (fig. 3) and the Prakṛti of fig. 1 will be remarked. Height of fig. 3 is .72 m. After Krom, *loc. cit.*

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PLATE 24

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*Abhiṣeka* of Śrī-Lakṣmī, Rāvaṇa kā Khāī, Elūrā; eighth century. There are four *dig-gajas*, or sky elephants. Right and left of the goddess are four-armed crowned male deities holding vessels; one of these, probably the one on the right who holds a conch in the upper left hand, must be Varuṇa. The predella composition represents a lotus pond, with Nāgas amongst the lotuses, holding full vessels (*pūrṇa-ghaṭa*).

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PLATE 25

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Half-seen Yakṣas in trees:

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1. A *rukkha devatā* offering food and drink; probably an illustration to the Story of the Treasurer, etc., *Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā*, I, 204, see Burlingame, *Buddhist legends*, I, 277. From the Bharhut coping, 150-175 B. C. Indian Museum, Calcutta. Cf. J. R. A. S., 1928, p. 393.

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2. Detail from a *Parinirvāṇa*, with a *rukkha-devatā* seen *patreṣu ardhakāyān abhinirmaya* (see Yakṣas, I, p. 33, note 1), or *upaddha-sarira* (Jātaka VI, 370). H8 in the Mathurā Museum, Vogel, *Catalogue*, p. 129.

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3. As fig. 1 on this plate; from a railing pillar, Bodhgayā, about 100 B. C.

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⁴ Detail from the Sutasoma Jātaka; only the face of the *rukkha devatā* is seen. From wall paintings at Degaldōruwa, nr. Kandy, Ceylon. Eighteenth century. See p. 7.

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PLATE 26

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1. The Bodhisattva, after the Bath in the Neranjanā, welcomed by the Nāga Kālika, two Nāginīs and a Deva; and above, left, four *nadī-devatās* with full vases, and other deities on the right. The Deva, apparently with matted locks, may be Brahmā. The Buddha is represented by foot-marks on a lotus pedestal, and a fiery pillar surmounted by the *ratnatraya* (cf. Sāñcī, north *toraṇa*, left pillar, outer face). Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D. After Fergusson, *Tree and serpent worship*, pl. LXVII.

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For analogous but more detailed representations of the same scene, see Vogel, *Indian serpent lore*, pl. VII, a (= in part our pl. 19, fig. 1), Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, No. 160, and Krom, *Life of Buddha on the stupa of Bārābudur*, fig. 91 (= in part our pl. 41, fig. 4). In all cases the *nadī-devatās* bear full vases, but in the Boston and Borobuḍur examples without foliage.

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2. Presentation of the infant Bodhisattva before the Yakṣa Śākyavardhana, who appears within a shrine. Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D. After Fergusson, *loc. cit.* pl. LXIX. Cf. Yakṣas, I, p. 42.

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PLATE 27

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1. Offering vase with vegetation. Sumerian relief from Susa, third millennium B. C. Original in the Louvre; for the whole, see Unger, E., *Sumerische und akkadische Kunst*, 1926, fig. 59; and cf. Ward, *Seal cylinders of Western Asia*, No. 1235, and Heuzey, *Origines orientales de l'art*,

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2. Lower part of a *kumbha-pañjara*, showing a full vase (*pūrṇa-ghaṭa*) with a pilaster taking the place of the central vegetative motifs. Hazāra Rāmacandra temple, Hampi (Vijayanagar); begun A. D. 1513.

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PLATE 28

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Full vases (*pūrṇa-ghaṭa* or *kalaśa*):

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1. Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D.

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2. Used as a welcome offering. Story of Sudhana and Ratnacūḍa, Borobuḍur, Java. About 800 A. D. Krom en Erp, *Beschrijving . . . .*, Series II, pl. XV, No. 30. Cf. our pl. 41, fig. 4.

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PLATE 29

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Lotus:

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1. Rhizome with flowers, buds, and leaves, rising from a full vase. Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D. or earlier. After Fergusson, *Tree and serpent worship*, pl. LXXXIX.

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2. The same motif, Sāñcī, north *toraṇa*, left pillar, outer face.

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3. The same motif, more formally treated, and combined with addorsed animals (as also commonly at Sāñcī). From a stele near the south *vahalkaḍa*. eastern dāgaba, Anurādhapura, Ceylon.

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4. Below, a lotus palmette; above, lotus rhizome springing from a *makara's* jaws, with *haṃsas* perched on the flowers. From a railing pillar, Sārnāth first century B. C.

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5. Rhizome with flowers, buds, and leaves, rising from the navel of a dwarf Yakṣa. Sāñcī, first century. A detail from pl. 14, fig. 1.

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Lotus:
1. Rhizome with foliage dissolved in arabesque, rising from the navel of a Yakṣa. Detail from an early Pāla door jamb, Indian Museum, Calcutta.
2. Rhizome with vine and lotus elements, rising from the jaws of a *makara*. Sāñcī, north *toraṇa*, left pillar, outer face.
3. Rhizome with flowers, buds, and leaves, rising from the mouth of a Yakṣa. Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D. or earlier. After Fergusson, *Tree and serpent worship*, pl. LXXXIX.

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PLATE 31 Full vases and other symbols:
1. Detail from a Jaina tympanum, showing three *vaddhamānakas*, a *paṇṇapacchi* or *paṇṇa-puṭa*, and a *puṇṇa-ghaṭa*. From the Kaṅkālī Ṭīlā, Mathurā now J 555 in the Lucknow Museum, see Smith, *Jaina stūpa of Mathurā*, pl. XIX.
2. Details from a Jaina *āyāgapaṭa*, showing the *aṣṭamaṅgala*, from left to right, above, fish, mirror, *sirivaccha*, *vaddhamānaka*; and below, *ratnatraya*, *paṇṇa-pacchi* or *-puṭa*, *bhaddāsana* (?), and *puṇṇa-ghaṭa*. From the Kaṅkālī Ṭīlā, Mathurā; now J 249 in the Lucknow Museum; see Smith, *Jaina stūpa of Mathurā*, pl. XC.
3. Detail from a Jaina *āyāgapaṭa*, vine springing from a full vase (*puṇṇa-ghaṭa*). From the Kaṅkālī Ṭīlā, Mathurā; now J 253 in the Lucknow Museum. See Smith, *Jaina stūpa . . . .*, pl. X. Cf. *ib.*, pl. XXII.
4. Lotus springing from a full vase, Amarāvatī.

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PLATE 32 Full vases:
1. Full vase capital of a pilaster, Dasāvatāra Gupta temple, Deogaṛh.
2. Full vase, from a railing pillar, Sārnāth; first century B. C. Sahni, *Catalogue*. No. D(a)1.
3. Full vase, Amarāvatī: Fergusson, *Tree and serpent worship*, pl. LXXVII.
4. Full vase, Sāñcī, first century B. C.
5. Full vase, Sāñcī, called early Maurya in A. S. I., A. R., 1906-07, p. 79 and pl. XXVIII.

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PLATE 33 Full vases and Fountain of Life:
1. Full vase, from an architrave, Mathurā, second century A. D. M3 in the Mathurā Museum; Vogel, *Catalogue . . . .*, p. 163, and A. S. I., A. R., 1909-10, pl. XXVIII, a.
2. Full vase, one of the *aṣṭamaṅgala*, from a fifteenth century Jaina manuscript; Hütteman, *Miniaturen zum Jinacarita*, Baessler Archiv, 1914.
3. Full vase, from an embroidered jacket, Sinhalese, nineteenth century.
4. Full vase, held by a Nāga *dvārapāla*, Anurādhapura.
5. Lions, emerging with vegetation from the jaws of *makaras*, and running towards a flowing full vase (Fountain of Life motif); Amarāvatī, Ca. 200 A. D.

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PLATE 34

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Lotus and Yakṣa: 1, 2. Two examples of the lotus rhizome, with buds, flowers and leaves, rising from a dwarf Yakṣa's mouth; Bharhut, 150-175 B. C. Fig. 2 is restored.

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PLATE 35

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Lotus and Yakṣa: the juxtaposition of these examples from Sāñcī and Amarāvatī alone suffice to show the identity of the earlier realistic lotus rhizome and the so-called garland of the Amarāvatī coping. For this identity cf. also pl. 40, figs. 1, 2, 3.

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1. Sāñcī, stūpa I, south toraṇa, architrave; first century B. C. A lotus rhizome, bearing flowers, etc., springs from the dwarf Yakṣa's grimacing mouth, narrow at first then swelling to the full size; the Yakṣa's left hand rests on the first node with its scale leaf, while his right hand holds a pearl garland. Another lotus spray springs from his navel. For the whole composition, see pl. 12, fig. 2. Sir John Marshall calls these Yakṣas kīcakas, "spouting forth all summer."

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2. The same motif from the coping, Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D. As before the rhizome rapidly swells to its full thickness, but it is here elaborately decorated, which disguises its true character; the nodes, too, are decoratively treated (and as shown on pl. 12, fig. 4, made symmetrical rather than realistic). The lower course shows a lotus rhizome with flowers rising from the jaws of a water elephant. The upper course shows a decorative treatment of the expanded lotus seen in profile, the cable motif, as already in Aśokan capitals, representing the stamens (cf. Indian Historical Qtly., VI, p. 373).

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PLATE 36

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Lotus rhizomes and Yakṣas:
1. Lotus rhizome rising from the navel of a dwarf Yakṣa, from Fergusson, *Tree and serpent worship*, pl. VIII. This is the now missing base of the toraṇa pillar shown on pl. 13, fig. 2. Cf. Smith, *Jaina stūpa of Mathurā*, pl. XXVI.

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2. Dwarf Yakṣa with exaggerated penis, from a railing pillar, Bodhgayā; about 100 B. C. Cf. pl. 43, fig. 7.

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3. Dwarf Yakṣa, with vine springing from the mouth, and held in the hand; from a stone bowl, Mathurā, of Kuṣāna date. See A. S. I., A. R., 1915-16, Pt. I, pl. V, d.

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4. Dwarf Yakṣa with lotus rhizome apparently (since the direction of growth is from left to right) reëntering his mouth. Amarāvatī, coping, first century B. C.?

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5. Lotus rhizome with nodes and flowers, very simply treated; from the altar in the verandah of the old monastery at Bhājā, early second century B. C.

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PLATE 37

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*Makara* and lotus; water-elephant (*jalebha*) and lotus.

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1. *Kīrttimukha* (full-face *makara*), with vegetation springing from the jaws. From the Daśāvatāra Gupta temple at Deogaṛh. About 600 A. D.

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2. Lotus rhizome with flowers, leaves, and animals, drawn from the jaws of a *makara* by a dwarf Yakṣa; another Yakṣa is using an elephant-goad to open the *makara's* jaws; another *makara* is ridden by a Yakṣa. Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D.

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3. *Makaras* with interlocked tails; a lotus rhizome with flowers and leaves springs from the open jaws on the left, and following the direction of growth around the circumference of the medallion, reënters the jaws of the *makara* on the right. Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D. Cf. Smith, *Jaina stupa of Mathurā*, pl. X.

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4. Lotus rhizome with flowers, buds, and leaves, springing from the jaws of a water-elephant (*jalebha*). Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D. Compare pl. 40, fig. 4, and contrast pl. 11, figs. 1 and 3.

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5. Decorated lotus rhizome springing from *makara* jaws; a combination of the decorated node and source themes, treated symmetrically. Note also the rootlets, which hang from the node. Amarāvatī, coping; about 200 A. D. The motif seems to occur first at Mathurā, see Smith, *Jaina stupa of Mathurā*, pl. IX. For the addorsed *makara* heads, cf. pl. 4, fig. 1, and pl. 39, fig. 2.

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PLATE 38

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1, 2, 3. Lotus rhizome, with leaves, flowers and buds, running between affronted *makaras*. From the direction of growth it will be seen that the spray rises from the jaws of one and enters the jaws of the other *makara*.

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PLATE 39

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1. Lotus rhizome with flowers, buds, fruits and leaves, from the *hammiyā* railing of Stūpa IV, Sāñcī; second century B. C. Length 5 ft. 7 inches. A 69 in the Sāñcī Museum. *Catalogue*, p. 28 and pl. XI.

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2. Detail from a "moonstone," Poḷonnāruva: two pairs of affronted *makara* heads with lotus sprays, and between them a *kīrttimukha*. About the twelfth century.

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3. Lotus spray with fully developed acanthiform leaves, springing from a *makara*. Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D.

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PLATE 40

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Lotus; lotus palmettes and *jalebha*.

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1, 2, 3. Nodes of the lotus rhizome at Bharhut, Sāñcī, and Amarāvatī. The two first are treated realistically, preserving the direction of growth; in the third, while the pedicule motif is retained, the leaf is duplicated for the sake of symmetry, without regard to the direction of growth.

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4. Detail from a tympanum arch, Rānī Gumphā, Udayagiri, first century B. C.: lotus palmettes rising from lotus leaves, and flowers, forming a continuous spray springing from the jaws of a water-elephant (*jalebha*). Cambridge History of India, I, pl. XXVIII.

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PLATE 41

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1. Merman with double fish tail and elephant ears; the latter like those of some dwarf Yakṣas, cf. pl. 43, fig. 7. Sārnāth, railing pillar, first century B. C.: Sahni, *Catalogue* . . . D(a)6, p. 209, and pl. VI. Cf. Smith, *Jaina stūpa of Mathurā*, pl. IX, similar figures but female.
2. Merman with double fish tail, each fork terminating with winged dragons. Mathurā, about 100 A. D.
3. Design of ever-flowing vases, built up from the common Sumerian symbol of the vase and two rivers. After Cros, G., *Nouveaux fouilles de Tello*, 1910, pl. VIII, fig. 2.
4. The Bodhisattva welcomed by Brahmā with a full vase, on emerging from the Nerañjanā. Borobudur, Java. For the whole, see Krom, *The life of Buddha on the stūpa of Bārābudur*, fig. 91. Cf. *Jātaka*, I, 93, where merchant's daughters welcome the Buddha in the same way, also pl. 19, fig. 2.

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PLATE 42

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1. Lotus rhizome with flowers and leaves framing animals, etc., rising from a full vase supported by a dwarf Yakṣa. Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D.
2. Drawing from pl. 9, fig. 2, pilaster with Yakṣī, supported by a water horse (*jalaturaga*); Jaggayyapeta, second century B. C.

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PLATE 43

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1. Water bull, from a railing pillar, Bharhut, 150-175 B. C. Note the small fins.
2. Water horse (*jalaturaga*), vehicle of Camdā Yakkhī, Bharhut (see pl. 10, fig. 1). About 150-175 B. C. Note the small fins.
3. Ratnatraya symbol, the two horns composed of makaras. Amarāvatī, about 200 A. D. Cf. Smith, *Jaina stūpa of Mathurā*, pl. L, 2.
4. Water elephant (*jalebha*), vehicle of a Yakkhī, see pl. 9, fig. 2, and pl. 42, fig. 2. The best example of a *jalebha* or *jala-dvipa* will be found in Smith, *Jaina stūpa of Mathurā*, pl. LXXIII, fig. 1.
5. Typical lotus palmette, composed of leaves, tendrils and flowers, rising from a leaf at a node, cf. pl. 40, fig. 4. Sāñcī, east *torana*.
6. Makara with open jaws, forming a *soma sūtra* of a Śiva temple; a warrior standing in (emerging from ?) the open jaws. Hoyśala. Mysore A. S., 1913-14, pl. V.
7. Dwarf Yakṣa, with elephant ears and exaggerated penis, dragging at the upper jaw of a makara. Bodhgayā coping, about 100 B. C.

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PLATE 44

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1. *Abhiṣeka* of Śrī-Lakṣmī. Tympanum of a doorway, Ananta Gumphā, Udayagiri, Oṛissā. First century B. C.
2. Yakṣa with lotus sprays, seated on lotus; larger rhizome sprays with flowers, etc., and *hamsas* perched on leaves, extending to right and left. Detail from the Dhamekh stūpa, Sārnāth, sixth century A. D.
3. Lotus pedestal of a standing figure, chamfer relief on a Bharhut railing pillar; showing the petals, stamens, and pericarp, corresponding to the petals, cable moulding, and abacus of a lotus (so-called "bell") capital.
4. Similar pedestal, but of a larger figure (unpublished); Bharhut. The composition is here of the lotus-palmette type, with a scale leaf, indicating a node, at the center of the lower margin, cf. pl. 43, fig. 5.

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1. Varuṇa, seated with his *makara*, as Guardian of the *soma*, which seems to be established on a rock (cf. “Varuṇa has placed Agni in the waters, the Sun in heaven, Soma on the rock,” RV., V, 85, 2). From the compositions illustrating the Rape of the Soma, Cave IV, Bādāmī, sixth century; after Chanda, *Bas-reliefs of Badami*, Mem. A. S. I., 1928, pl. XXIII. Another representation of Varuṇa with the *makara* will be found *ib.*, pl. XXI, c.

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2. As pl. 2, fig. 3.

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3. As pl. 16, fig. 2, but showing the *makara* in place; after Cunningham, *loc. cit.*

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PLATE 46

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The conch (*śaṅkha*):

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1, 2. The *śaṅkha* and *padma nidhis* of Kubera; details from pl. I, on the right: both are exuding coins.

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3. A winged *śaṅkha*, similarly exuding coins or pearls; medallion of a railing cross bar, Mathurā. After Smith, *Jāina stūpa of Mathurā*, pl. LXXI, 7.

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In view of the rarity of the winged *śaṅkha* symbol, attention may be called to a winged *śaṅkha* standard at Borobuḍur (Krom en Erp, *Beschrijving . . .*, Series II, pl. IX, No. 18).

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4. *Śaṅkha* with lotus; detail of pl. 17, fig. 1.

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5. Lotus rhizome, dissolving into arabesque, springing from a *śaṅkha*. From Mathurā, probably of Gupta date. After Smith, *Jāina stūpa of Mathurā*, pl. LXXXVIII, 1.

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6. The same, with the nodes now hardly recognizable, from the Daśāvatāra Gupta temple at Deogaṛh.

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7. Plaque with *śaṅkha*, and lotuses in angles; from Basāṛh, of Kuṣāṇa or Gupta date. A. S. I., A. R., 1903-04, p. 98, fig. 10.

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PLATE 47

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1. Birth of Brahmā, from a lotus springing from the navel of Nārāyaṇa (Viṣṇu-Anantaśayana). Daśāvatāra, Elūrā, eighth century. See my *The Tree of Jesse and Indian sources of parallels*, Art Bulletin, Vol. XI, 1929, and above, p. 2.

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“Makara” motifs in European art:

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2. *Kīrttimukha* type, from a 10th century Psalter, British Museum, Harley MS. 2904; Millar, E. J., *English illuminated manuscripts from the Xth to the XIIIth century*, 1926, pl. XI.

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3. *Makara* and lotus rhizome type, from the doorway of Aal church in Hallingdal, Norway, now in Christiania (Oslo) University. About 1200 A. D. From the cast in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

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1. Gaṅgā Devī approaching Śiva. Candimau, Bihār, fifth-sixth century A. D. [= A. S. I., A. R., 1911-12, pl. LXXIV, figs. 1 and 3]. See p. 69. A. S. I. photo.
2. Makara with lotus: Bharhut, ca. 175 B. C. Indian Museum, Calcutta: photograph by the same.
3. Abhiṣeka of Śrī-Lakṣmī: beside her a dwarf Yakṣa seated, supporting a bowl, and a pillar surmounted by a cock. From Lālā Bhagat, Cawnpore District: Śuṅga, second century B. C. Lucknow Museum: photo by the same. See Prayag Dayal, *A note on Lālā Bhagat pillar*, Journ. U. P. Hist. Soc., IV, 2, 1930, p. 38.